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Identification
- Summary
Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat a number of leukemias, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease, systemic mastocytosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
- Brand Names
- Gleevec, Glivec
- Generic Name
- Imatinib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00619
- Background
Imatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor that revolutionized the treatment of cancer, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia, in 2001.10 It was deemed a "miracle drug" due to its clinical success, as oncologist Dr. Brian noted that "complete hematologic responses were observed in 53 of 54 patients with CML treated with a daily dosage of 300 mg or more and typically occurred in the first four weeks of therapy".12. The discovery of imatinib also established a new group of therapy called "targeted therapy", since treatment can be tailored specifically to the unique cancer genetics of each patient.17
Imatinib was approved on February 1st ,2001 by the FDA and November 7th, 2001 by the EMA; however, its European approval has been withdrawn in October 2023.13,18,19
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Imatinib (DB00619)
- Weight
- Average: 493.6027
Monoisotopic: 493.259008649 - Chemical Formula
- C29H31N7O
- Synonyms
- Imatinib
- Imatinibum
- α-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-3'-((4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidinyl)amino)-p-toluidide
- External IDs
- CGP-57148B
Pharmacology
- Indication
Imatinib is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome mutation (Ph+) in blast crisis, accelerated phase, or chronic phase after IFN-alpha therapy failure.15 Additionally, imatinib is also indicated to treat adult and pediatric Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, adult aggressive systemic mastocytosis, adult hypereosinophilic syndrome and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), adult dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).15
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Accelerated phase chronic myologenic leukemia •••••••••••• •••••• Treatment of Aggressive systemic mastocytosis •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Treatment of Chordoma ••• ••••• •••••• Treatment of Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (cel) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Treatment of Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (cel) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Imatinib is a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative neoplastic agent that belongs to the class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.15 Although imatinib inhibits a number of tyrosine kinases, it is quite selective toward the BCR-ABL fusion protein that is present in various cancers.10 BCR-ABL pathway controls many downstream pathways that are heavily implicated in neoplastic growth such as the Ras/MapK pathway (cellular proliferation), Src/Pax/Fak/Rac pathway (cellular motility), and PI/PI3K/AKT/BCL-2 pathway (apoptosis pathway).7,8,9 Therefore, the BCR-ABL pathway is an attractive target for cancer treatment. Although normal cells also depend on these pathways for growth, these cells tend to have redundant tyrosine kinases to continually function in spite of ABL inhibition from imatinib.1 Cancer cells, on the other hand, can have a dependence on BCR-ABL, thus more heavily impacted by imatinib.1
- Mechanism of action
Imatinib mesylate is a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, the constitutively active tyrosine kinase created by the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality in CML.15Although the function of normal BCR is still unclear, ABL activation is overexpressed in various tumors and is heavily implicated in cancer cells growth and survival.10,11 Imatinib inhibits the BCR-ABL protein by binding to the ATP pocket in the active site, thus preventing downstream phosphorylation of target protein.10
Imatinib is also an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF), c-Kit, and inhibits PDGF- and SCF-mediated cellular events. In vitro, imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in GIST cells, which express an activating c-Kit mutation.15
Target Actions Organism ABreakpoint cluster region protein inhibitorHumans AInduced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 other/unknownHumans AMast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit antagonistHumans AProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret inhibitorHumans APlatelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha antagonistHumans ATyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 inhibitorHumans APlatelet-derived growth factor receptor beta antagonistHumans UHigh affinity nerve growth factor receptor antagonistHumans UMacrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor antagonistHumans UEpithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1 antagonistHumans UDiscoidin domain-containing receptor 2 antagonistHumans - Absorption
Imatinib is well absorbed after oral administration with Cmax achieved within 2-4 hours post-dose. Mean absolute bioavailability is 98%.15 Mean imatinib AUC increases proportionally with increasing doses ranging from 25 mg to 1,000 mg.15 There is no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of imatinib on repeated dosing, and accumulation is 1.5- to 2.5-fold at a steady state when Gleevec is dosed once daily.15
- Volume of distribution
Population pharmacokinetics in adult CML patients estimated the steady-state volume of distribution of imatinib to be 295.0 ± 62.5 L.6At a dose of 340 mg/m2, the volume of distribution of imatinib in pediatric patients was calculated to be 167 ± 84 L.6
- Protein binding
At clinically relevant concentrations of imatinib, binding to plasma proteins in in vitro experiments is approximately 95%, mostly to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein.15
- Metabolism
CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of imatinib. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, play a minor role in its metabolism. The main circulating active metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, formed predominantly by CYP3A4. It shows in vitro potency similar to the parent imatinib.15
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- Route of elimination
Imatinib elimination is predominately in the feces, mostly as metabolites. Based on the recovery of compound(s) after an oral 14C-labeled dose of imatinib, approximately 81% of the dose was eliminated within 7 days, in feces (68% of dose) and urine (13% of dose).15 Unchanged imatinib accounted for 25% of the dose (5% urine, 20% feces), the remainder being metabolites.15
- Half-life
Following oral administration in healthy volunteers, the elimination half-lives of imatinib and its major active metabolite, the N-desmethyl derivative (CGP74588), are approximately 18 and 40 hours, respectively.15
- Clearance
Typically, clearance of imatinib in a 50-year-old patient weighing 50 kg is expected to be 8 L/h, while for a 50-year-old patient weighing 100 kg the clearance will increase to 14 L/h. The inter-patient variability of 40% in clearance does not warrant initial dose adjustment based on body weight and/or age but indicates the need for close monitoring for treatment-related toxicities.15
- Adverse Effects
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The most frequently reported adverse reactions (>30%) were edema, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, rash, fatigue and abdominal pain.15
In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study administration of imatinib at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the longevity of males at 60 mg/kg/day and females at greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day. Target organs for neoplastic changes were the kidneys (renal tubule and renal pelvis), urinary bladder, urethra, preputial and clitoral gland, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach. Neoplastic lesions were not seen at 30 mg/kg/day for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach, and 15 mg/kg/day for the preputial and clitoral gland. The papilloma/carcinoma of the preputial/clitoral gland was noted at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, representing approximately 0.5 to 4 or 0.3 to 2.4 times the human daily exposure (based on AUC) at 400 mg/day or 800 mg/day, respectively, and 0.4 to 3.0 times the daily exposure in children (based on AUC) at 340 mg/m2. The renal tubule adenoma/carcinoma, renal pelvis transitional cell neoplasms, the urinary bladder and urethra transitional cell papillomas, the small intestine adenocarcinomas, the parathyroid glands adenomas, the benign and malignant medullary tumors of the adrenal glands and the non-glandular stomach papillomas/carcinomas were noted at 60 mg/kg/day. The relevance of these findings in the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known. Positive genotoxic effects were obtained for imatinib in an in vitro mammalian cell assay (Chinese hamster ovary) for clastogenicity (chromosome aberrations) in the presence of metabolic activation. Two intermediates of the manufacturing process, which are also present in the final product, are positive for mutagenesis in the Ames assay. One of these intermediates was also positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Imatinib was not genotoxic when tested in an in vitro bacterial cell assay (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian cell assay (mouse lymphoma) and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.15
In a study of fertility, male rats were dosed for 70 days prior to mating and female rats were dosed 14 days prior to mating and through to gestational Day 6. Testicular and epididymal weights and percent motile sperm were decreased at 60 mg/kg, approximately three-fourths the maximum clinical dose of 800 mg/day based on BSA. This was not seen at doses less than or equal to 20 mg/kg (one-fourth of the maximum human dose of 800 mg). The fertility of male and female rats was not affected.15
Fertility was not affected in the preclinical fertility and early embryonic development study although lower testes and epididymal weights, as well as a reduced number of motile sperm, were observed in the high-dose male rats. In the preclinical pre-and postnatal study in rats, fertility in the first generation offspring was also not affected by imatinib mesylate.15
It is important to consider potential toxicities suggested by animal studies, specifically, liver, kidney, and cardiac toxicity and immunosuppression. Severe liver toxicity was observed in dogs treated for 2 weeks, with elevated liver enzymes, hepatocellular necrosis, bile duct necrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Renal toxicity was observed in monkeys treated for 2 weeks, with focal mineralization and dilation of the renal tubules and tubular nephrosis. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were observed in several of these animals. An increased rate of opportunistic infections was observed with chronic imatinib treatment in laboratory animal studies. In a 39-week monkey study, treatment with imatinib resulted in the worsening of normally suppressed malarial infections in these animals. Lymphopenia was observed in animals (as in humans). Additional long-term toxicities were identified in a 2-year rat study. Histopathological examination of the treated rats that died in the study revealed cardiomyopathy (both sexes), chronic progressive nephropathy (females), and preputial gland papilloma as principal causes of death or reasons for sacrifice. Non-neoplastic lesions seen in this 2-year study that were not identified in earlier preclinical studies were the cardiovascular system, pancreas, endocrine organs, and teeth. The most important changes included cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, leading to signs of cardiac insufficiency in some animals.15
- Pathways
Pathway Category Imatinib Inhibition of BCR-ABL Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Imatinib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Imatinib can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Imatinib. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Imatinib. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Imatinib can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. - Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which can increase serum levels of imatinib.
- Exercise caution with St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of imatinib.
- Take with a full glass of water. Taking imatinib with water may reduce gastric irritation.
- Take with food. Food reduces gastric irritation.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Imatinib mesylate 8A1O1M485B 220127-57-1 YLMAHDNUQAMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Celonib (Celon) / Enliven (Orion) / Imatib (Grey Inversiones) / Mesylonib (Miracalus) / Mitinab (Glenmark) / Plivatinib (Pliva) / Shantinib (Shantha)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Gleevec Tablet 400 mg/1 Oral Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation 2014-12-23 Not applicable US 
Gleevec Tablet 400 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2005-11-09 2013-06-30 US Gleevec Capsule 100 mg Oral Novartis 2001-09-26 2008-09-24 Canada 
Gleevec Tablet 100 mg/1 Oral Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation 2001-05-15 Not applicable US Gleevec Tablet 100 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2005-10-07 2013-06-30 US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ach-imatinib Tablet 400 mg Oral Accord Healthcare Inc 2020-11-24 Not applicable Canada Ach-imatinib Tablet 100 mg Oral Accord Healthcare Inc 2020-11-24 Not applicable Canada Apo-imatinib Tablet 400 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2013-04-19 Not applicable Canada Apo-imatinib Tablet 100 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2013-04-19 Not applicable Canada Imatinib Tablet 100 mg/1 Oral Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Inc 2018-08-13 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01EA01 — Imatinib
- Drug Categories
- Amides
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Benzamides and benzamide derivatives
- Benzene Derivatives
- BSEP/ABCB11 Substrates
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cardiotoxic antineoplastic agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Immunotherapy
- Kinase Inhibitor
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- OATP1B3 substrates
- OCT1 substrates
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Photosensitizing Agents
- Piperazines
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Pyrimidines
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- UDP Glucuronosyltransferases Inhibitors
- UGT2B17 Inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzanilides. These are aromatic compounds containing an anilide group in which the carboxamide group is substituted with a benzene ring. They have the general structure RNC(=O)R', where R,R'= benzene.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Anilides
- Direct Parent
- Benzanilides
- Alternative Parents
- Pyridinylpyrimidines / Benzamides / Diaminotoluenes / Aniline and substituted anilines / Benzoyl derivatives / Benzylamines / Phenylmethylamines / N-methylpiperazines / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Aralkylamines show 11 more
- Substituents
- 1,4-diazinane / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminopyrimidine / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzamide / Benzanilide show 27 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- pyrimidines, benzamides, pyridines, aromatic amine, N-methylpiperazine (CHEBI:45783)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- BKJ8M8G5HI
- CAS number
- 152459-95-5
- InChI Key
- KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C29H31N7O/c1-21-5-10-25(18-27(21)34-29-31-13-11-26(33-29)24-4-3-12-30-19-24)32-28(37)23-8-6-22(7-9-23)20-36-16-14-35(2)15-17-36/h3-13,18-19H,14-17,20H2,1-2H3,(H,32,37)(H,31,33,34)
- IUPAC Name
- N-(4-methyl-3-{[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}phenyl)-4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzamide
- SMILES
- CN1CCN(CC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=O)NC2=CC(NC3=NC=CC(=N3)C3=CN=CC=C3)=C(C)C=C2)CC1
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US5521184
- General References
- Deininger MW, Druker BJ: Specific targeted therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with imatinib. Pharmacol Rev. 2003 Sep;55(3):401-23. Epub 2003 Jul 17. [Article]
- Vigneri P, Wang JY: Induction of apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells through nuclear entrapment of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Nat Med. 2001 Feb;7(2):228-34. [Article]
- Droogendijk HJ, Kluin-Nelemans HJ, van Doormaal JJ, Oranje AP, van de Loosdrecht AA, van Daele PL: Imatinib mesylate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis: a phase II trial. Cancer. 2006 Jul 15;107(2):345-51. [Article]
- Lassila M, Allen TJ, Cao Z, Thallas V, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Candido R, Cooper ME: Imatinib attenuates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 May;24(5):935-42. Epub 2004 Feb 26. [Article]
- Reeves PM, Bommarius B, Lebeis S, McNulty S, Christensen J, Swimm A, Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Feinberg MB, Veach D, Bornmann W, Sherman M, Kalman D: Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat Med. 2005 Jul;11(7):731-9. Epub 2005 Jun 26. [Article]
- Peng B, Lloyd P, Schran H: Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200544090-00001. [Article]
- Cilloni D, Saglio G: Molecular pathways: BCR-ABL. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Feb 15;18(4):930-7. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1613. Epub 2011 Dec 8. [Article]
- Haguet H, Douxfils J, Chatelain C, Graux C, Mullier F, Dogne JM: BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Which Mechanism(s) May Explain the Risk of Thrombosis? TH Open. 2018 Feb 14;2(1):e68-e88. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1624566. eCollection 2018 Jan. [Article]
- Bernt KM, Hunger SP: Current concepts in pediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol. 2014 Mar 25;4:54. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00054. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Iqbal N, Iqbal N: Imatinib: a breakthrough of targeted therapy in cancer. Chemother Res Pract. 2014;2014:357027. doi: 10.1155/2014/357027. Epub 2014 May 19. [Article]
- Greuber EK, Smith-Pearson P, Wang J, Pendergast AM: Role of ABL family kinases in cancer: from leukaemia to solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013 Aug;13(8):559-71. doi: 10.1038/nrc3563. Epub 2013 Jul 11. [Article]
- Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, Ohno S, Segal GM, Fanning S, Zimmermann J, Lydon NB: Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med. 1996 May;2(5):561-6. doi: 10.1038/nm0596-561. [Article]
- Dagher R, Cohen M, Williams G, Rothmann M, Gobburu J, Robbie G, Rahman A, Chen G, Staten A, Griebel D, Pazdur R: Approval summary: imatinib mesylate in the treatment of metastatic and/or unresectable malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Oct;8(10):3034-8. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet 2022 [Link]
- Cayman Chemical: Imatinib MSDS [Link]
- How Imatinib Transformed Leukemia Treatment and Cancer Research [Link]
- Imatinib Koanaa [Link]
- Imatinib Glivec [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014757
- KEGG Drug
- D01441
- PubChem Compound
- 5291
- PubChem Substance
- 46505055
- ChemSpider
- 5101
- BindingDB
- 13530
- 282388
- ChEBI
- 45783
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL941
- ZINC
- ZINC000019632618
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DNC001383
- PharmGKB
- PA10804
- PDBe Ligand
- STI
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Imatinib
- PDB Entries
- 1iep / 1opj / 1t46 / 1xbb / 2hyy / 2oiq / 2pl0 / 3fw1 / 3gvu / 3hec … show 16 more
- FDA label
- Download (129 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (217 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Available Not Available Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available All Indications for Glivec/Gleevec and Tasigna 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) / Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) / Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia / Philadelphia Chromosome Positive (Ph+) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Packagers
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet, film coated Oral 100.0 mg Tablet Oral 478.000 mg Tablet Oral 478 mg Tablet Oral 100.00 mg Tablet Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg/1 Capsule Oral 50 MG Tablet Oral 400.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 400.00 mg Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspension Oral 100 MG Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspension Oral 400 MG Capsule Oral 119.47 Mg Capsule Oral 477.88 Mg Capsule Oral 200 MG Capsule Oral 400 MG Capsule Oral Tablet, for suspension Oral Solution Oral 80 mg/mL Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 400 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg/1 Capsule Oral 100 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 600 MG Capsule, coated Oral 400 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 478 mg Tablet Oral 400.00 mg Tablet Oral 119.500 mg Capsule Oral 119.500 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 119.5 mg Tablet Oral 100.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 119.47 Mg Tablet, film coated Oral 477.88 MG Capsule Oral 478 mg Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, coated Oral 400 mg Capsule, coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Gleevec 400 mg tablet 174.38USD tablet Gleevec 100 mg tablet 41.69USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region CA2093203 No 2002-11-26 2013-04-01 Canada USRE43932 Yes 2013-01-15 2019-07-16 US US7544799 Yes 2009-06-09 2019-07-16 US US6894051 Yes 2005-05-17 2019-11-23 US US6958335 Yes 2005-10-25 2022-06-19 US US5521184 Yes 1996-05-28 2015-07-04 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 226 °C (mesylate salt) Not Available water solubility Very soluble in water at pH < 5.5 (mesylate salt) Not Available logP 3 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0146 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.47 ALOGPS logP 4.38 Chemaxon logS -4.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 12.69 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 7.84 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 86.28 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 7 Chemaxon Refractivity 148.93 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 55.54 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 5 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9865 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7624 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5076 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7863 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8107 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.5326 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.5299 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8287 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6547 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.6602 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8813 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7933 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8516 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9313 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7962 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8134 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.919 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9819 Rat acute toxicity 2.6013 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.7709 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.8887
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 264.4177818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 264.2338818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 215.90251 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 264.6296818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 264.6094818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 218.29808 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 263.8360818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 264.4182818 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 224.21059 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Protein with a unique structure having two opposing regulatory activities toward small GTP-binding proteins. The C-terminus is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain which stimulates GTP hydrolysis by RAC1, RAC2 and CDC42. Accelerates the intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis of RAC1 or CDC42, leading to down-regulation of the active GTP-bound form (PubMed:17116687, PubMed:1903516, PubMed:7479768). The central Dbl homology (DH) domain functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that modulates the GTPases CDC42, RHOA and RAC1. Promotes the conversion of CDC42, RHOA and RAC1 from the GDP-bound to the GTP-bound form (PubMed:23940119, PubMed:7479768). The amino terminus contains an intrinsic kinase activity (PubMed:1657398). Functions as an important negative regulator of neuronal RAC1 activity (By similarity). Regulates macrophage functions such as CSF1-directed motility and phagocytosis through the modulation of RAC1 activity (PubMed:17116687). Plays a major role as a RHOA GEF in keratinocytes being involved in focal adhesion formation and keratinocyte differentiation (PubMed:23940119)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- BCR
- Uniprot ID
- P11274
- Uniprot Name
- Breakpoint cluster region protein
- Molecular Weight
- 142818.07 Da
References
- Nadal E, Olavarria E: Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec/Glivec) a molecular-targeted therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia and other malignancies. Int J Clin Pract. 2004 May;58(5):511-6. [Article]
- Waller CF: Imatinib mesylate. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010;184:3-20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01222-8_1. [Article]
- Croom KF, Perry CM: Imatinib mesylate: in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Drugs. 2003;63(5):513-22; discussion 523-4. [Article]
- Reddy EP, Aggarwal AK: The ins and outs of bcr-abl inhibition. Genes Cancer. 2012 May;3(5-6):447-54. doi: 10.1177/1947601912462126. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the regulation of apoptosis versus cell survival, and in the maintenance of viability but not of proliferation. Mediates its effects by interactions with a number of other regulators of apoptosis. Isoform 1 inhibits apoptosis. Isoform 2 promotes apoptosis
- Specific Function
- BH domain binding
- Gene Name
- MCL1
- Uniprot ID
- Q07820
- Uniprot Name
- Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1
- Molecular Weight
- 37336.975 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for the cytokine KITLG/SCF and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis. In response to KITLG/SCF binding, KIT can activate several signaling pathways. Phosphorylates PIK3R1, PLCG1, SH2B2/APS and CBL. Activates the AKT1 signaling pathway by phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Activated KIT also transmits signals via GRB2 and activation of RAS, RAF1 and the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. Promotes activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. KIT signaling is modulated by protein phosphatases, and by rapid internalization and degradation of the receptor. Activated KIT promotes phosphorylation of the protein phosphatases PTPN6/SHP-1 and PTPRU, and of the transcription factors STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B. Promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1, CBL, CRK (isoform Crk-II), LYN, MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1, PLCG1, SRC and SHC1
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- KIT
- Uniprot ID
- P10721
- Uniprot Name
- Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit
- Molecular Weight
- 109863.655 Da
References
- Lee JL, Kim JY, Ryu MH, Kang HJ, Chang HM, Kim TW, Lee H, Park JH, Kim HC, Kim JS, Kang YK: Response to imatinib in KIT- and PDGFRA-wild type gastrointestinal stromal associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Jun;51(6):1043-6. [Article]
- Dy GK, Miller AA, Mandrekar SJ, Aubry MC, Langdon RM Jr, Morton RF, Schild SE, Jett JR, Adjei AA: A phase II trial of imatinib (ST1571) in patients with c-kit expressing relapsed small-cell lung cancer: a CALGB and NCCTG study. Ann Oncol. 2005 Nov;16(11):1811-6. Epub 2005 Aug 8. [Article]
- Rutkowski P, Nowecki ZI, Debiec-Rychter M, Grzesiakowska U, Michej W, Wozniak A, Siedlecki JA, Limon J, vel Dobosz AJ, Kakol M, Osuch C, Ruka W: Predictive factors for long-term effects of imatinib therapy in patients with inoperable/metastatic CD117(+) gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep;133(9):589-97. Epub 2007 Apr 26. [Article]
- De Giorgi U: KIT mutations and imatinib dose effects in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Mar 20;25(9):1146-7; author reply 1147-8. [Article]
- Posadas EM, Kwitkowski V, Kotz HL, Espina V, Minasian L, Tchabo N, Premkumar A, Hussain MM, Chang R, Steinberg SM, Kohn EC: A prospective analysis of imatinib-induced c-KIT modulation in ovarian cancer: a phase II clinical study with proteomic profiling. Cancer. 2007 Jul 15;110(2):309-17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation in response to glia cell line-derived growth family factors (GDNF, NRTN, ARTN, PSPN and GDF15) (PubMed:20064382, PubMed:20616503, PubMed:20702524, PubMed:21357690, PubMed:21454698, PubMed:24560924, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886, PubMed:31118272). In contrast to most receptor tyrosine kinases, RET requires not only its cognate ligands but also coreceptors, for activation (PubMed:21994944, PubMed:23333276, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). GDNF ligands (GDNF, NRTN, ARTN, PSPN and GDF15) first bind their corresponding GDNFR coreceptors (GFRA1, GFRA2, GFRA3, GFRA4 and GFRAL, respectively), triggering RET autophosphorylation and activation, leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the MAPK- and AKT-signaling pathways (PubMed:21994944, PubMed:23333276, PubMed:24560924, PubMed:25242331, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). Acts as a dependence receptor via the GDNF-GFRA1 signaling: in the presence of the ligand GDNF in somatotrophs within pituitary, promotes survival and down regulates growth hormone (GH) production, but triggers apoptosis in absence of GDNF (PubMed:20616503, PubMed:21994944). Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis via the ARTN-GFRA3 signaling: involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and promotes the formation of Peyer's patch-like structures, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (By similarity). Mediates, through interaction with GDF15-receptor GFRAL, GDF15-induced cell-signaling in the brainstem which triggers an aversive response, characterized by nausea, vomiting, and/or loss of appetite in response to various stresses (PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). Modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons and mediates cell migration in an integrin (e.g. ITGB1 and ITGB3)-dependent manner (PubMed:20702524, PubMed:21357690). Also active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage (PubMed:21357690). Triggers the differentiation of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors (PubMed:20064382). Involved in the development of the neural crest (By similarity). Regulates nociceptor survival and size (By similarity). Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1 (PubMed:21454698)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- RET
- Uniprot ID
- P07949
- Uniprot Name
- Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret
- Molecular Weight
- 124317.465 Da
References
- de Groot JW, Plaza Menacho I, Schepers H, Drenth-Diephuis LJ, Osinga J, Plukker JT, Links TP, Eggen BJ, Hofstra RM: Cellular effects of imatinib on medullary thyroid cancer cells harboring multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2A and 2B associated RET mutations. Surgery. 2006 Jun;139(6):806-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development and cephalic closure during embryonic development. Required for normal development of the mucosa lining the gastrointestinal tract, and for recruitment of mesenchymal cells and normal development of intestinal villi. Plays a role in cell migration and chemotaxis in wound healing. Plays a role in platelet activation, secretion of agonists from platelet granules, and in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Binding of its cognate ligands - homodimeric PDGFA, homodimeric PDGFB, heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB or homodimeric PDGFC -leads to the activation of several signaling cascades; the response depends on the nature of the bound ligand and is modulated by the formation of heterodimers between PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Phosphorylates PIK3R1, PLCG1, and PTPN11. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, mobilization of cytosolic Ca(2+) and the activation of protein kinase C. Phosphorylates PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and thereby mediates activation of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Mediates activation of HRAS and of the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. Promotes activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5A and/or STAT5B. Receptor signaling is down-regulated by protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate the receptor and its down-stream effectors, and by rapid internalization of the activated receptor
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- PDGFRA
- Uniprot ID
- P16234
- Uniprot Name
- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 122668.46 Da
References
- Yi ES, Strong CR, Piao Z, Perucho M, Weidner N: Epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor with PDGFRA activating mutation and immunoreactivity. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2005 Jun;13(2):157-61. [Article]
- Borbenyi Z: [Disorders with eosinophilia, treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome]. Orv Hetil. 2005 May 1;146(18 Suppl 1):911-6. [Article]
- Corless CL, Schroeder A, Griffith D, Town A, McGreevey L, Harrell P, Shiraga S, Bainbridge T, Morich J, Heinrich MC: PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 10;23(23):5357-64. Epub 2005 May 31. [Article]
- Chen LL, Sabripour M, Andtbacka RH, Patel SR, Feig BW, Macapinlac HA, Choi H, Wu EF, Frazier ML, Benjamin RS: Imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Curr Oncol Rep. 2005 Jul;7(4):293-9. [Article]
- Tefferi A: Modern diagnosis and treatment of primary eosinophilia. Acta Haematol. 2005;114(1):52-60. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-binding proteins). Phosphorylation of WASF3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of key regulators of these processes such as BCAR1, CRK, CRKL, DOK1, EFS or NEDD9 (PubMed:22810897). Phosphorylates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and more particularly promotes endocytosis of EGFR, facilitates the formation of neuromuscular synapses through MUSK, inhibits PDGFRB-mediated chemotaxis and modulates the endocytosis of activated B-cell receptor complexes. Other substrates which are involved in endocytosis regulation are the caveolin (CAV1) and RIN1. Moreover, ABL1 regulates the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that drive receptor down-regulation and actin remodeling. Phosphorylation of CBL leads to increased EGFR stability. Involved in late-stage autophagy by regulating positively the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. ABL1 targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In response to oxidative stress, phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase PRKD2 at 'Tyr-717' (PubMed:28428613). ABL1 is also translocated in the nucleus where it has DNA-binding activity and is involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis. Many substrates are known mediators of DNA repair: DDB1, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC6, RAD9A, RAD51, RAD52 or WRN. Activates the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates TP73, a primary regulator for this type of damage-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspase CASP9 on 'Tyr-153' and regulates its processing in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks. ABL1 acts also as a regulator of multiple pathological signaling cascades during infection. Several known tyrosine-phosphorylated microbial proteins have been identified as ABL1 substrates. This is the case of A36R of Vaccinia virus, Tir (translocated intimin receptor) of pathogenic E.coli and possibly Citrobacter, CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) of H.pylori, or AnkA (ankyrin repeat-containing protein A) of A.phagocytophilum. Pathogens can highjack ABL1 kinase signaling to reorganize the host actin cytoskeleton for multiple purposes, like facilitating intracellular movement and host cell exit. Finally, functions as its own regulator through autocatalytic activity as well as through phosphorylation of its inhibitor, ABI1. Regulates T-cell differentiation in a TBX21-dependent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates chemokine-mediated T-cell migration, polarization, and homing to lymph nodes and immune-challenged tissues, potentially via activation of NEDD9/HEF1 and RAP1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates TBX21 on tyrosine residues leading to an enhancement of its transcriptional activator activity (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- ABL1
- Uniprot ID
- P00519
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
- Molecular Weight
- 122871.435 Da
References
- Hoerth E, Kodym R: Involvment of c-Abl in the radiation-induced inhibition of myoblast differentiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 2004 Oct;80(10):729-36. [Article]
- Dewar AL, Zannettino AC, Hughes TP, Lyons AB: Inhibition of c-fms by imatinib: expanding the spectrum of treatment. Cell Cycle. 2005 Jul;4(7):851-3. Epub 2005 Jul 28. [Article]
- Agirre X, Roman-Gomez J, Vazquez I, Jimenez-Velasco A, Larrayoz MJ, Lahortiga I, Andreu EJ, Marquez J, Beltran de Heredia JM, Odero MD, Prosper F, Calasanz MJ: Coexistence of different clonal populations harboring the b3a2 (p210) and e1a2 (p190) BCR-ABL1 fusion transcripts in chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2005 Jul 1;160(1):22-6. [Article]
- Brueggemeier SB, Wu D, Kron SJ, Palecek SP: Protein-acrylamide copolymer hydrogels for array-based detection of tyrosine kinase activity from cell lysates. Biomacromolecules. 2005 Sep-Oct;6(5):2765-75. [Article]
- Haberler C, Gelpi E, Marosi C, Rossler K, Birner P, Budka H, Hainfellner JA: Immunohistochemical analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha, -beta, c-kit, c-abl, and arg proteins in glioblastoma: possible implications for patient selection for imatinib mesylate therapy. J Neurooncol. 2006 Jan;76(2):105-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for homodimeric PDGFB and PDGFD and for heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB, and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, chemotaxis and migration. Plays an essential role in blood vessel development by promoting proliferation, migration and recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells to endothelial cells. Plays a role in the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and the formation of neointima at vascular injury sites. Required for normal development of the cardiovascular system. Required for normal recruitment of pericytes (mesangial cells) in the kidney glomerulus, and for normal formation of a branched network of capillaries in kidney glomeruli. Promotes rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of membrane ruffles. Binding of its cognate ligands - homodimeric PDGFB, heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB or homodimeric PDGFD -leads to the activation of several signaling cascades; the response depends on the nature of the bound ligand and is modulated by the formation of heterodimers between PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Phosphorylates PLCG1, PIK3R1, PTPN11, RASA1/GAP, CBL, SHC1 and NCK1. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, mobilization of cytosolic Ca(2+) and the activation of protein kinase C. Phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, leads to the activation of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Phosphorylation of SHC1, or of the C-terminus of PTPN11, creates a binding site for GRB2, resulting in the activation of HRAS, RAF1 and down-stream MAP kinases, including MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. Promotes phosphorylation and activation of SRC family kinases. Promotes phosphorylation of PDCD6IP/ALIX and STAM. Receptor signaling is down-regulated by protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate the receptor and its down-stream effectors, and by rapid internalization of the activated receptor
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- PDGFRB
- Uniprot ID
- P09619
- Uniprot Name
- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta
- Molecular Weight
- 123966.895 Da
References
- Basciani S, Brama M, Mariani S, De Luca G, Arizzi M, Vesci L, Pisano C, Dolci S, Spera G, Gnessi L: Imatinib mesylate inhibits Leydig cell tumor growth: evidence for in vitro and in vivo activity. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1;65(5):1897-903. [Article]
- Jones RL, Judson IR: The development and application of imatinib. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005 Mar;4(2):183-91. [Article]
- Modi S, Seidman AD, Dickler M, Moasser M, D'Andrea G, Moynahan ME, Menell J, Panageas KS, Tan LK, Norton L, Hudis CA: A phase II trial of imatinib mesylate monotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Mar;90(2):157-63. [Article]
- Johnson FM, Saigal B, Donato NJ: Induction of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and activation of EGF receptor in imatinib mesylate-treated squamous carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol. 2005 Nov;205(2):218-27. [Article]
- Chen J, Rocken C, Nitsche B, Hosius C, Gschaidmeier H, Kahl S, Malfertheiner P, Ebert MP: The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib fails to inhibit pancreatic cancer progression. Cancer Lett. 2006 Feb 28;233(2):328-37. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and the maturation of the central and peripheral nervous systems through regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival of sympathetic and nervous neurons. High affinity receptor for NGF which is its primary ligand (PubMed:1281417, PubMed:15488758, PubMed:17196528, PubMed:1849459, PubMed:1850821, PubMed:22649032, PubMed:27445338, PubMed:8325889). Can also bind and be activated by NTF3/neurotrophin-3. However, NTF3 only supports axonal extension through NTRK1 but has no effect on neuron survival (By similarity). Upon dimeric NGF ligand-binding, undergoes homodimerization, autophosphorylation and activation (PubMed:1281417). Recruits, phosphorylates and/or activates several downstream effectors including SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 and PLCG1 that regulate distinct overlapping signaling cascades driving cell survival and differentiation. Through SHC1 and FRS2 activates a GRB2-Ras-MAPK cascade that regulates cell differentiation and survival. Through PLCG1 controls NF-Kappa-B activation and the transcription of genes involved in cell survival. Through SHC1 and SH2B1 controls a Ras-PI3 kinase-AKT1 signaling cascade that is also regulating survival. In absence of ligand and activation, may promote cell death, making the survival of neurons dependent on trophic factors
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- NTRK1
- Uniprot ID
- P04629
- Uniprot Name
- High affinity nerve growth factor receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 87496.465 Da
References
- Catani M, De Milito R, Simi M: [New orientations in the management of advanced, metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): combination of surgery and systemic therapy with imatinib in a case of primary gastric location]. Chir Ital. 2005 Jan-Feb;57(1):127-33. [Article]
- Kovacs M, Nagy P, Pak G, Feher J: [Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): clinical and pathological features]. Orv Hetil. 2005 Jun 26;146(26):1375-81. [Article]
- de Groot JW, Plaza Menacho I, Schepers H, Drenth-Diephuis LJ, Osinga J, Plukker JT, Links TP, Eggen BJ, Hofstra RM: Cellular effects of imatinib on medullary thyroid cancer cells harboring multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2A and 2B associated RET mutations. Surgery. 2006 Jun;139(6):806-14. [Article]
- de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, van Ufford-Mannesse PQ, de Vries MM, Links TP, Lips CJ, Voest EE: A phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3466-9. Epub 2007 Jun 19. [Article]
- Delbaldo C: [Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics relationships of imatinib (Glivec)]. Therapie. 2007 Mar-Apr;62(2):87-90. Epub 2007 Jun 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for CSF1 and IL34 and plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines in response to IL34 and CSF1, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. Required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration, and promotes cancer cell invasion. Activates several signaling pathways in response to ligand binding, including the ERK1/2 and the JNK pathway (PubMed:20504948, PubMed:30982609). Phosphorylates PIK3R1, PLCG2, GRB2, SLA2 and CBL. Activation of PLCG2 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, that then lead to the activation of protein kinase C family members, especially PRKCD. Phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, leads to activation of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Activated CSF1R also mediates activation of the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1, and of the SRC family kinases SRC, FYN and YES1. Activated CSF1R transmits signals both via proteins that directly interact with phosphorylated tyrosine residues in its intracellular domain, or via adapter proteins, such as GRB2. Promotes activation of STAT family members STAT3, STAT5A and/or STAT5B. Promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC1 and INPP5D/SHIP-1. Receptor signaling is down-regulated by protein phosphatases, such as INPP5D/SHIP-1, that dephosphorylate the receptor and its downstream effectors, and by rapid internalization of the activated receptor. In the central nervous system, may play a role in the development of microglia macrophages (PubMed:30982608)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- CSF1R
- Uniprot ID
- P07333
- Uniprot Name
- Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 107982.955 Da
References
- Dewar AL, Zannettino AC, Hughes TP, Lyons AB: Inhibition of c-fms by imatinib: expanding the spectrum of treatment. Cell Cycle. 2005 Jul;4(7):851-3. Epub 2005 Jul 28. [Article]
- Taylor JR, Brownlow N, Domin J, Dibb NJ: FMS receptor for M-CSF (CSF-1) is sensitive to the kinase inhibitor imatinib and mutation of Asp-802 to Val confers resistance. Oncogene. 2006 Jan 5;25(1):147-51. [Article]
- Dewar AL, Farrugia AN, Condina MR, Bik To L, Hughes TP, Vernon-Roberts B, Zannettino AC: Imatinib as a potential antiresorptive therapy for bone disease. Blood. 2006 Jun 1;107(11):4334-7. Epub 2006 Jan 31. [Article]
- Ando W, Hashimoto J, Nampei A, Tsuboi H, Tateishi K, Ono T, Nakamura N, Ochi T, Yoshikawa H: Imatinib mesylate inhibits osteoclastogenesis and joint destruction in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(4):274-82. [Article]
- El Hajj Dib I, Gallet M, Mentaverri R, Sevenet N, Brazier M, Kamel S: Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) enhances mature osteoclast apoptosis and suppresses osteoclast bone resorbing activity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec 3;551(1-3):27-33. Epub 2006 Sep 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine kinase that functions as a cell surface receptor for fibrillar collagen and regulates cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration, differentiation, survival and cell proliferation. Collagen binding triggers a signaling pathway that involves SRC and leads to the activation of MAP kinases. Regulates remodeling of the extracellular matrix by up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9, and thereby facilitates cell migration and wound healing. Required for normal blastocyst implantation during pregnancy, for normal mammary gland differentiation and normal lactation. Required for normal ear morphology and normal hearing (By similarity). Promotes smooth muscle cell migration, and thereby contributes to arterial wound healing. Also plays a role in tumor cell invasion. Phosphorylates PTPN11
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- DDR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q08345
- Uniprot Name
- Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1
- Molecular Weight
- 101126.72 Da
References
- Gotlib J, Berube C, Growney JD, Chen CC, George TI, Williams C, Kajiguchi T, Ruan J, Lilleberg SL, Durocher JA, Lichy JH, Wang Y, Cohen PS, Arber DA, Heinrich MC, Neckers L, Galli SJ, Gilliland DG, Coutre SE: Activity of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PKC412 in a patient with mast cell leukemia with the D816V KIT mutation. Blood. 2005 Oct 15;106(8):2865-70. Epub 2005 Jun 21. [Article]
- Xu L, Tong R, Cochran DM, Jain RK: Blocking platelet-derived growth factor-D/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta signaling inhibits human renal cell carcinoma progression in an orthotopic mouse model. Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 1;65(13):5711-9. [Article]
- Neef M, Ledermann M, Saegesser H, Schneider V, Widmer N, Decosterd LA, Rochat B, Reichen J: Oral imatinib treatment reduces early fibrogenesis but does not prevent progression in the long term. J Hepatol. 2006 Jan;44(1):167-75. Epub 2005 Jul 12. [Article]
- Jubert C, Geoerger B, Grill J, Hartmann O, Vassal G: [Targeted therapies in pediatric oncology: a new therapeutic approach?]. Arch Pediatr. 2006 Feb;13(2):189-94. Epub 2005 Nov 17. [Article]
- Benjamin RS, Blanke CD, Blay JY, Bonvalot S, Eisenberg B: Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the imatinib era: selected case studies. Oncologist. 2006 Jan;11(1):9-20. [Article]
- Day E, Waters B, Spiegel K, Alnadaf T, Manley PW, Buchdunger E, Walker C, Jarai G: Inhibition of collagen-induced discoidin domain receptor 1 and 2 activation by imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 3;599(1-3):44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.014. Epub 2008 Oct 11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of tissues remodeling (PubMed:30449416). It functions as a cell surface receptor for fibrillar collagen and regulates cell differentiation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration and cell proliferation. Required for normal bone development. Regulates osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation via a signaling pathway that involves MAP kinases and leads to the activation of the transcription factor RUNX2. Regulates remodeling of the extracellular matrix by up-regulation of the collagenases MMP1, MMP2 and MMP13, and thereby facilitates cell migration and tumor cell invasion. Promotes fibroblast migration and proliferation, and thereby contributes to cutaneous wound healing
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- DDR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q16832
- Uniprot Name
- Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2
- Molecular Weight
- 96735.44 Da
References
- Day E, Waters B, Spiegel K, Alnadaf T, Manley PW, Buchdunger E, Walker C, Jarai G: Inhibition of collagen-induced discoidin domain receptor 1 and 2 activation by imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 3;599(1-3):44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.014. Epub 2008 Oct 11. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Koudriakova T, Iatsimirskaia E, Utkin I, Gangl E, Vouros P, Storozhuk E, Orza D, Marinina J, Gerber N: Metabolism of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors indinavir and ritonavir by human intestinal microsomes and expressed cytochrome P4503A4/3A5: mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P4503A by ritonavir. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):552-61. [Article]
- Filppula AM, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01732.x. [Article]
- Peng B, Lloyd P, Schran H: Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200544090-00001. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- GLEEVEC (imatinib mesylate) FDA Label [Link]
- FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Peng B, Lloyd P, Schran H: Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200544090-00001. [Article]
- Adehin A, Adeagbo BA, Kennedy MA, Bolaji OO, Olugbade TA, Bolarinwa RA, Durosinmi MA: Inter-individual variation in imatinib disposition: any role for prevalent variants of CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A5 in Nigerian CML patients? Leuk Lymphoma. 2019 Jan;60(1):216-221. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1466291. Epub 2018 May 9. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- Curator comments
- Although CYP3A7 was thought to mostly be involved in the metabolism of imatinib in pediatric patients, it was recently found that a subset of adult patients also have a significant CYP3A7 activity. [A249160]
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins during embryogenesis (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA), a precursor in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen steroid hormones (PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1), particularly D-ring hydroxylated estrone at the C16-alpha position (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Mainly hydroxylates all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in atRA clearance during fetal development (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics including anticonvulsants (PubMed:9555064)
- Specific Function
- all-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57469.95 Da
References
- Adiwidjaja J, Boddy AV, McLachlan AJ: Implementation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Guide Optimal Dosing Regimens for Imatinib and Potential Drug Interactions in Paediatrics. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jan 30;10:1672. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01672. eCollection 2019. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Wang B, Zhou SF: Synthetic and natural compounds that interact with human cytochrome P450 1A2 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(31):4066-218. [Article]
- van Erp N, Gelderblom H, van Glabbeke M, Van Oosterom A, Verweij J, Guchelaar HJ, Debiec-Rychter M, Peng B, Blay JY, Judson I: Effect of cigarette smoking on imatinib in patients in the soft tissue and bone sarcoma group of the EORTC. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 15;14(24):8308-13. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1303. [Article]
- Liu XY, Xu T, Li WS, Luo J, Geng PW, Wang L, Xia MM, Chen MC, Yu L, Hu GX: The effect of apigenin on pharmacokinetics of imatinib and its metabolite N-desmethyl imatinib in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:789184. doi: 10.1155/2013/789184. Epub 2013 Nov 28. [Article]
- Imatinib FDA label [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Recoche I, Rousseau V, Bourrel R, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Chebane L, Despas F, Montastruc JL, Bondon-Guitton E: Drug-drug interactions with imatinib: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(40):e5076. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005076. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Gleevec (Imatinib) Oral Tablet [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ORM1
- Uniprot ID
- P02763
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 23539.43 Da
References
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Engler JR, Frede A, Saunders VA, Zannettino AC, Hughes TP, White DL: Chronic myeloid leukemia CD34+ cells have reduced uptake of imatinib due to low OCT-1 activity. Leukemia. 2010 Apr;24(4):765-70. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.16. Epub 2010 Feb 11. [Article]
- Ahlin G, Karlsson J, Pedersen JM, Gustavsson L, Larsson R, Matsson P, Norinder U, Bergstrom CA, Artursson P: Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1. J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 9;51(19):5932-42. doi: 10.1021/jm8003152. Epub 2008 Sep 13. [Article]
- Watkins DB, Hughes TP, White DL: OCT1 and imatinib transport in CML: is it clinically relevant? Leukemia. 2015 Oct;29(10):1960-9. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.170. Epub 2015 Jul 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Davies A, Jordanides NE, Giannoudis A, Lucas CM, Hatziieremia S, Harris RJ, Jorgensen HG, Holyoake TL, Pirmohamed M, Clark RE, Mountford JC: Nilotinib concentration in cell lines and primary CD34(+) chronic myeloid leukemia cells is not mediated by active uptake or efflux by major drug transporters. Leukemia. 2009 Nov;23(11):1999-2006. doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.166. Epub 2009 Aug 27. [Article]
- Dohse M, Scharenberg C, Shukla S, Robey RW, Volkmann T, Deeken JF, Brendel C, Ambudkar SV, Neubauer A, Bates SE: Comparison of ATP-binding cassette transporter interactions with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Aug;38(8):1371-80. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.031302. Epub 2010 Apr 27. [Article]
- Hamada A, Miyano H, Watanabe H, Saito H: Interaction of imatinib mesilate with human P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Nov;307(2):824-8. Epub 2003 Sep 15. [Article]
- Thomas J, Wang L, Clark RE, Pirmohamed M: Active transport of imatinib into and out of cells: implications for drug resistance. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3739-45. Epub 2004 Aug 17. [Article]
- Hegedus C, Ozvegy-Laczka C, Apati A, Magocsi M, Nemet K, Orfi L, Keri G, Katona M, Takats Z, Varadi A, Szakacs G, Sarkadi B: Interaction of nilotinib, dasatinib and bosutinib with ABCB1 and ABCG2: implications for altered anti-cancer effects and pharmacological properties. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(4):1153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00383.x. Epub 2009 Sep 28. [Article]
- Giannoudis A, Davies A, Lucas CM, Harris RJ, Pirmohamed M, Clark RE: Effective dasatinib uptake may occur without human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1): implications for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2008 Oct 15;112(8):3348-54. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-116236. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [Article]
- Breedveld P, Pluim D, Cipriani G, Wielinga P, van Tellingen O, Schinkel AH, Schellens JH: The effect of Bcrp1 (Abcg2) on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec): implications for the use of breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein inhibitors to enable the brain penetration of imatinib in patients. Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 1;65(7):2577-82. [Article]
- Oka M, Fukuda M, Soda H: [Anticancer drugs and ABC transporters]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 May;32(5):585-92. [Article]
- Burger H, van Tol H, Brok M, Wiemer EA, de Bruijn EA, Guetens G, de Boeck G, Sparreboom A, Verweij J, Nooter K: Chronic imatinib mesylate exposure leads to reduced intracellular drug accumulation by induction of the ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) drug transport pumps. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005 Jul;4(7):747-52. Epub 2005 Jul 9. [Article]
- Galimberti S, Cervetti G, Guerrini F, Testi R, Pacini S, Fazzi R, Simi P, Petrini M: Quantitative molecular monitoring of BCR-ABL and MDR1 transcripts in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia during Imatinib treatment. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2005 Oct 1;162(1):57-62. [Article]
- Gardner ER, Burger H, van Schaik RH, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA, Guetens G, Prenen H, de Jong FA, Baker SD, Bates SE, Figg WD, Verweij J, Sparreboom A, Nooter K: Association of enzyme and transporter genotypes with the pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Aug;80(2):192-201. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Katsura T, Inui K: Protective effect of concomitant administration of imatinib on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity focusing on renal organic cation transporter OCT2. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Nov 1;78(9):1263-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.014. Epub 2009 Jun 18. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- Houghton PJ, Germain GS, Harwood FC, Schuetz JD, Stewart CF, Buchdunger E, Traxler P: Imatinib mesylate is a potent inhibitor of the ABCG2 (BCRP) transporter and reverses resistance to topotecan and SN-38 in vitro. Cancer Res. 2004 Apr 1;64(7):2333-7. [Article]
- An Y, Ongkeko WM: ABCG2: the key to chemoresistance in cancer stem cells? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009 Dec;5(12):1529-42. doi: 10.1517/17425250903228834. [Article]
- Davies A, Jordanides NE, Giannoudis A, Lucas CM, Hatziieremia S, Harris RJ, Jorgensen HG, Holyoake TL, Pirmohamed M, Clark RE, Mountford JC: Nilotinib concentration in cell lines and primary CD34(+) chronic myeloid leukemia cells is not mediated by active uptake or efflux by major drug transporters. Leukemia. 2009 Nov;23(11):1999-2006. doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.166. Epub 2009 Aug 27. [Article]
- Dohse M, Scharenberg C, Shukla S, Robey RW, Volkmann T, Deeken JF, Brendel C, Ambudkar SV, Neubauer A, Bates SE: Comparison of ATP-binding cassette transporter interactions with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Aug;38(8):1371-80. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.031302. Epub 2010 Apr 27. [Article]
- Burger H, van Tol H, Boersma AW, Brok M, Wiemer EA, Stoter G, Nooter K: Imatinib mesylate (STI571) is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 drug pump. Blood. 2004 Nov 1;104(9):2940-2. Epub 2004 Jul 13. [Article]
- Hegedus C, Ozvegy-Laczka C, Apati A, Magocsi M, Nemet K, Orfi L, Keri G, Katona M, Takats Z, Varadi A, Szakacs G, Sarkadi B: Interaction of nilotinib, dasatinib and bosutinib with ABCB1 and ABCG2: implications for altered anti-cancer effects and pharmacological properties. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(4):1153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00383.x. Epub 2009 Sep 28. [Article]
- Breedveld P, Pluim D, Cipriani G, Wielinga P, van Tellingen O, Schinkel AH, Schellens JH: The effect of Bcrp1 (Abcg2) on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec): implications for the use of breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein inhibitors to enable the brain penetration of imatinib in patients. Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 1;65(7):2577-82. [Article]
- Oka M, Fukuda M, Soda H: [Anticancer drugs and ABC transporters]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 May;32(5):585-92. [Article]
- Burger H, van Tol H, Brok M, Wiemer EA, de Bruijn EA, Guetens G, de Boeck G, Sparreboom A, Verweij J, Nooter K: Chronic imatinib mesylate exposure leads to reduced intracellular drug accumulation by induction of the ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) drug transport pumps. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005 Jul;4(7):747-52. Epub 2005 Jul 9. [Article]
- Yanase K, Tsukahara S, Mitsuhashi J, Sugimoto Y: Functional SNPs of the breast cancer resistance protein-therapeutic effects and inhibitor development. Cancer Lett. 2006 Mar 8;234(1):73-80. Epub 2005 Nov 21. [Article]
- Nakanishi T, Shiozawa K, Hassel BA, Ross DD: Complex interaction of BCRP/ABCG2 and imatinib in BCR-ABL-expressing cells: BCRP-mediated resistance to imatinib is attenuated by imatinib-induced reduction of BCRP expression. Blood. 2006 Jul 15;108(2):678-84. Epub 2006 Mar 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the ATP-dependent transport of phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphoglycerol from the cytoplasm into the lumen side of lamellar bodies, in turn participates in the lamellar bodies biogenesis and homeostasis of pulmonary surfactant (PubMed:16959783, PubMed:17574245, PubMed:27177387, PubMed:28887056, PubMed:31473345). Transports preferentially phosphatidylcholine containing short acyl chains (PubMed:27177387). In addition plays a role as an efflux transporter of miltefosine across macrophage membranes and free cholesterol (FC) through intralumenal vesicles by removing FC from the cell as a component of surfactant and protects cells from free cholesterol toxicity (PubMed:25817392, PubMed:26903515, PubMed:27177387)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCA3
- Uniprot ID
- Q99758
- Uniprot Name
- Phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA3
- Molecular Weight
- 191360.235 Da
References
- Chapuy B, Panse M, Radunski U, Koch R, Wenzel D, Inagaki N, Haase D, Truemper L, Wulf GG: ABC transporter A3 facilitates lysosomal sequestration of imatinib and modulates susceptibility of chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines to this drug. Haematologica. 2009 Nov;94(11):1528-36. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2009.008631. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the transport of the major hydrophobic bile salts, such as taurine and glycine-conjugated cholic acid across the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in an ATP-dependent manner, therefore participates in hepatic bile acid homeostasis and consequently to lipid homeostasis through regulation of biliary lipid secretion in a bile salts dependent manner (PubMed:15791618, PubMed:16332456, PubMed:18985798, PubMed:19228692, PubMed:20010382, PubMed:20398791, PubMed:22262466, PubMed:24711118, PubMed:29507376, PubMed:32203132). Transports taurine-conjugated bile salts more rapidly than glycine-conjugated bile salts (PubMed:16332456). Also transports non-bile acid compounds, such as pravastatin and fexofenadine in an ATP-dependent manner and may be involved in their biliary excretion (PubMed:15901796, PubMed:18245269)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type bile acid transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID
- O95342
- Uniprot Name
- Bile salt export pump
- Molecular Weight
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that binds and hydrolyzes ATP to enable active transport of various substrates including many drugs, toxicants and endogenous compound across cell membranes. Transports a wide variety of conjugated organic anions such as sulfate-, glucuronide- and glutathione (GSH)-conjugates of endo- and xenobiotics substrates (PubMed:10220572, PubMed:10421658, PubMed:11500505, PubMed:16332456). Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of mono- and bis-glucuronidated bilirubin molecules and therefore play an important role in bilirubin detoxification (PubMed:10421658). Mediates also hepatobiliary excretion of others glucuronide conjugates such as 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4 (PubMed:11500505). Transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate (PubMed:16332456). Transports various anticancer drugs, such as anthracycline, vinca alkaloid and methotrexate and HIV-drugs such as protease inhibitors (PubMed:10220572, PubMed:11500505, PubMed:12441801). Confers resistance to several anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, methotrexate, etoposide and vincristine (PubMed:10220572, PubMed:11500505)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC2
- Uniprot ID
- Q92887
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 174205.64 Da
References
- Au A, Baba AA, Azlan H, Norsa'adah B, Ankathil R: Clinical impact of ABCC1 and ABCC2 genotypes and haplotypes in mediating imatinib resistance among chronic myeloid leukaemia patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014 Dec;39(6):685-90. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12197. Epub 2014 Jul 24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Confers resistance to anticancer drugs by decreasing accumulation of drug in cells, and by mediating ATP- and GSH-dependent drug export (PubMed:9281595). Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency (PubMed:16230346). Catalyzes the export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from mast cells independently of their degranulation (PubMed:17050692). Participates in inflammatory response by allowing export of leukotriene C4 from leukotriene C4-synthezing cells (By similarity). Mediates ATP-dependent, GSH-independent cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) export (PubMed:36070769). Thus, by limiting intracellular cGAMP concentrations negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway (PubMed:36070769)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC1
- Uniprot ID
- P33527
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 171589.5 Da
References
- Dohse M, Scharenberg C, Shukla S, Robey RW, Volkmann T, Deeken JF, Brendel C, Ambudkar SV, Neubauer A, Bates SE: Comparison of ATP-binding cassette transporter interactions with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Aug;38(8):1371-80. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.031302. Epub 2010 Apr 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938, PubMed:17509700, PubMed:20722056, PubMed:33124720). Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938). In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from Bacillus Subtilis wich induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis (PubMed:18005709). May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Hu S, Franke RM, Filipski KK, Hu C, Orwick SJ, de Bruijn EA, Burger H, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: Interaction of imatinib with human organic ion carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 15;14(10):3141-8. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4913. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver (PubMed:22232210). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:15159445). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- Hu S, Franke RM, Filipski KK, Hu C, Orwick SJ, de Bruijn EA, Burger H, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: Interaction of imatinib with human organic ion carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 15;14(10):3141-8. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4913. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds and xenobiotics from cells. Transports a range of endogenous molecules that have a key role in cellular communication and signaling, including cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), bile acids, steroid conjugates, urate, and prostaglandins (PubMed:11856762, PubMed:12523936, PubMed:12835412, PubMed:12883481, PubMed:15364914, PubMed:15454390, PubMed:16282361, PubMed:17959747, PubMed:18300232, PubMed:26721430). Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 (PubMed:17959747). Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) (PubMed:12523936, PubMed:12883481, PubMed:16282361). Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules (PubMed:11856762, PubMed:12105214, PubMed:15454390, PubMed:17344354, PubMed:18300232). Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate (PubMed:11106685)
- Specific Function
- 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC4
- Uniprot ID
- O15439
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 149525.33 Da
References
- Hu S, Franke RM, Filipski KK, Hu C, Orwick SJ, de Bruijn EA, Burger H, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: Interaction of imatinib with human organic ion carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 15;14(10):3141-8. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4913. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:7557095). Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) (PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:23918469, PubMed:25560245, PubMed:9539145). Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision (PubMed:25560245). Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs (PubMed:17301733, PubMed:20686826, PubMed:27777271). Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20358049). Also transports prostaglandin E2 (PubMed:19129463). Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Hu S, Franke RM, Filipski KK, Hu C, Orwick SJ, de Bruijn EA, Burger H, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: Interaction of imatinib with human organic ion carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 15;14(10):3141-8. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4913. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 08, 2024 09:29