Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat asthma and COPD.
- Brand Names
- Advair, Airduo, Airduo Respiclick, Serevent, Serevent Diskus, Wixela
- Generic Name
- Salmeterol
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00938
- Background
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist drug that is currently prescribed for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD.8,9,10,11,12 It has a longer duration of action than the short-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol.5 Salmeterol was first described in the literature in 1988.6 Salmeterol's structure is similar to salbutamol's with an aralkyloxy-alkyl substitution on the amine.1
Salmeterol was granted FDA approval on 4 February 1994.7
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Salmeterol (DB00938)
- Weight
- Average: 415.5656
Monoisotopic: 415.272258677 - Chemical Formula
- C25H37NO4
- Synonyms
- Salmaterol
- Salmeterol
- Salmeterolum
- External IDs
- GR 33343 X
- GR-33343-X
- SN408D
Pharmacology
- Indication
Salmeterol is indicated in the treatment of asthma with an inhaled corticosteroid, prevention of exercise induced bronchospasm, and the maintenance of airflow obstruction and prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.8,9,10,11,12
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Asthma Combination Product in combination with: Fluticasone propionate (DB00588) •••••••••••• Management of Asthma •••••••••••• Management of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease •••••••••••• Used in combination to manage Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Combination Product in combination with: Fluticasone propionate (DB00588) •••••••••••• Prophylaxis of Exercise-induced bronchospasm •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Salmeterol is a long acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that binds to both the active and exo sites of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor.1 Salmeterol has a longer duration of action than other beta-2 agonists like salbutamol.5 Patients should be counselled regarding the risks of long acting beta agonist (LABA) monotherapy, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and not to take this drug with another LABA.8,9,10,11,12
- Mechanism of action
Beta-2 adrenoceptor stimulation causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilation, and increased airflow.1
Salmeterol is hypothesized to bind to 2 sites on the beta-2 adrenoceptor.1 The saligenin moiety binds to the active site of the beta-2 adrenoceptor.1 The hydrophilic tail of salmeterol binds to leucine residues in the exo-site of the beta-2 adrenoceptor almost irreversibly, allowing salmeterol to persist in the active site, which is responsible for it's long duration of action.1,3
Another hypothesis is that the lipophilic drug diffuses into lipid bilayer of smooth muscle cells and provides a depot of drug to the cells over a longer period of time.1
Target Actions Organism ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor inverse agonistHumans UBeta-3 adrenergic receptor inverse agonistHumans - Absorption
In asthmatic patients, a 50µg dose of inhaled salmeterol powder reaches a Cmax of 47.897pg/mL, with a Tmax of 0.240h, and an AUC of 156.041pg/mL/h.5
- Volume of distribution
In asthmatic patients, the volume of distribution of the central compartment is 177L and the volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment is 3160L.5
- Protein binding
Salmeterol is 96%8 protein bound in plasma to albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.1
- Metabolism
Salmeterol is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 to alpha-hydroxysalmeterol,1 and minorly by an unknown mechanism to an O-dealkylated metabolite.2
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Salmeterol is 57.4% eliminated in the feces9 and 23% in the urine.1 Less than 5% of a dose is eliminated in the urine as unchanged salmeterol.1
- Half-life
The half life of salmeterol is 5.5h.1
- Clearance
The average clearance of salmeterol in a group of asthmatic patients was 392L/h.5 Further data regarding the clearance of salmeterol is not readily available.8,9,10,11,12
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Patients experiencing an overdose have presented with metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, anxiety, palpitations, chest pain, sinus tachycardia, ST depression, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia.4 Though patients may also present with seizures, angina, hypertension or hypotension, arrhythmia, headache, tremor, muscle cramps, dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, insomnia, and hyperglycemia.9 Patients should be given symptomatic and supportive treatment which may include intravenous fluids, potassium supplementation, a cardioselective beta-blocker, and cardiac monitoring.4,9
Data regarding the LD50 of salmeterol is not readily available.13
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Salmeterol can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Salmeterol can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Salmeterol can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Salmeterol can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Salmeterol is combined with Aceclofenac. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Salmeterol xinafoate 6EW8Q962A5 94749-08-3 XTZNCVSCVHTPAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Aeromax Diskus / Arial / Salmetedur
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Serevent Aerosol 21 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) GlaxoSmithKline 2006-05-10 2006-08-29 US 
Serevent (25mcg/actuation) Aerosol, metered 25 mcg / act Respiratory (inhalation) Glaxosmithkline Inc 1998-04-09 2006-07-12 Canada 
Serevent Diskhaler Disk (50mcg/dose) Powder 50 mcg / act Respiratory (inhalation) Glaxosmithkline Inc 1998-02-11 2017-09-20 Canada Serevent Diskus Powder, metered 50 ug/1 Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Dispensing Solutions, Inc. 1997-11-25 Not applicable US Serevent Diskus Powder, metered 50 ug/1 Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) GlaxoSmithKline LLC 1997-12-01 2021-12-31 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image \- Salmeterol xinafoate (50 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (250 mcg) บริษัท แกล็กโซสมิทไคล์น (ประเทศไทย) 2019-07-23 Not applicable Thailand 
ACTİONFLU 50 MCG/100 MCG İNHALASYON İÇİN TOZ İÇEREN KAPSÜL,120 KAPSÜL Salmeterol xinafoate (50 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (100 mcg) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) EXELTIS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2015-07-06 2022-12-21 Turkey 
ACTİONFLU 50 MCG/100 MCG İNHALASYON İÇİN TOZ İÇEREN KAPSÜL,180 KAPSÜL Salmeterol xinafoate (50 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (100 mcg) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) EXELTIS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2015-07-06 2022-12-21 Turkey ACTİONFLU 50 MCG/100 MCG İNHALASYON İÇİN TOZ İÇEREN KAPSÜL,60 KAPSÜL Salmeterol xinafoate (50 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (100 mcg) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) EXELTIS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2015-07-06 2022-12-21 Turkey ACTİONFLU 50 MCG/250 MCG İNHALASYON İÇİN TOZ İÇEREN KAPSÜL,120 KAPSÜL Salmeterol xinafoate (50 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (250 mcg) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) EXELTIS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2015-07-06 2022-12-21 Turkey - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AIRPLUS 25/125 MCG INHALASYON ICIN OLCULU DOZLU AEROSOL 120 DOZ Salmeterol (25 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) TAKEDA İLAÇ SAĞLIK SAN. TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2018-02-20 Not applicable Turkey
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R03AK06 — Salmeterol and fluticasone
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists
- Adrenergics, Inhalants
- Agents Causing Muscle Toxicity
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Agents to Treat Airway Disease
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Autonomic Agents
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs for Obstructive Airway Diseases
- Ethanolamines
- Ethylamines
- Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Phenethylamines
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Respiratory System Agents
- Selective Beta 2-adrenergic Agonists
- Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyl alcohols. These are organic compounds containing the phenylmethanol substructure.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Benzyl alcohols
- Direct Parent
- Benzyl alcohols
- Alternative Parents
- Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Dialkyl ethers / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzyl alcohol / Dialkyl ether / Ether
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- secondary alcohol, phenols, secondary amino compound, ether, primary alcohol (CHEBI:64064)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 2I4BC502BT
- CAS number
- 89365-50-4
- InChI Key
- GIIZNNXWQWCKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C25H37NO4/c27-20-23-18-22(13-14-24(23)28)25(29)19-26-15-7-1-2-8-16-30-17-9-6-12-21-10-4-3-5-11-21/h3-5,10-11,13-14,18,25-29H,1-2,6-9,12,15-17,19-20H2
- IUPAC Name
- 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
- SMILES
- OCC1=C(O)C=CC(=C1)C(O)CNCCCCCCOCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Panayiotis Procopiou, "Novel process for preparing salmeterol." U.S. Patent US20030162840, issued August 28, 2003.
US20030162840- General References
- Cazzola M, Testi R, Matera MG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241010-00003. [Article]
- Manchee GR, Barrow A, Kulkarni S, Palmer E, Oxford J, Colthup PV, Maconochie JG, Tarbit MH: Disposition of salmeterol xinafoate in laboratory animals and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993 Nov-Dec;21(6):1022-8. [Article]
- Prentice B, Jaffe A, Thomas P: Beta2 Receptor Agonists Parnham M. (eds) Compendium of Inflammatory Diseases. [Article]
- Manara A, Hantson P, Vanpee D, Thys F: Lactic acidosis following intentional overdose by inhalation of salmeterol and fluticasone. CJEM. 2012 Nov;14(6):378-81. doi: 10.2310/8000.2012.110581. [Article]
- Soulele K, Macheras P, Karalis V: Pharmacokinetic analysis of inhaled salmeterol in asthma patients: Evidence from two dry powder inhalers. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2017 Oct;38(7):407-419. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2077. Epub 2017 Jul 12. [Article]
- Ullman A, Svedmyr N: Salmeterol, a new long acting inhaled beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist: comparison with salbutamol in adult asthmatic patients. Thorax. 1988 Sep;43(9):674-8. doi: 10.1136/thx.43.9.674. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Serevent Salmeterol Xinafoate Inhaled Metered Aerosol (Discontinued) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Wixela Inhub Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Serevent Diskus Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Airduo Respiclick Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Advair HFA Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Aerosol [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Advair Diskus Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- Cayman Chemical: Salmeterol MSDS [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015073
- KEGG Drug
- D05792
- KEGG Compound
- C07241
- PubChem Compound
- 5152
- PubChem Substance
- 46508024
- ChemSpider
- 4968
- BindingDB
- 25771
- 36117
- ChEBI
- 64064
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1263
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000947
- PharmGKB
- PA451300
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Salmeterol
- FDA label
- Download (132 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (51 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Asthma 10 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Asthma / Obesity 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 14 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Respiratory Disorders 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Asthma, Allergic 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Glaxosmithkline
- Glaxo group ltd dba glaxosmithkline
- Packagers
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Powder Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 0.500 mg Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol Buccal 0.480 mg Suspension Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Buccal; Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol; aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 100 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 500 mcg Aerosol Buccal 0.4539 mg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 25 MCG Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 25 mcg Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 50 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 50 MICROGRAMMI Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 50 MCG Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 25 µg Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 100 mcg/inhalation Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg/inhalation Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 500 mcg/inhalation Aerosol Buccal Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) 125 mcg Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) 50 mcg Aerosol Buccal 0.330 mg Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) 21 ug/1 Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) 25 mcg Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 50 mcg / act Powder, metered Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) 50 ug/1 Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 50 µg Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) 25 mcg/1dose Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 25 Mikrogramm Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 25 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 25 mcg / act Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 50 mcg / pck Powder Buccal 0.0725 mg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 25 UG Powder Buccal - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Serevent Diskus 60 50 mcg/dose Powder Inhaler 182.81USD inhaler Serevent Diskhaler Device 6.15USD device Serevent 50 mcg/dose Disk 4.21USD disk Serevent diskus 50 mcg 3.71USD each Serevent Diskus 50 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder 1.05USD dose DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5590645 No 1997-01-07 2011-03-01 US CA2165830 No 2005-04-26 2014-06-30 Canada CA1335999 No 1995-06-20 2012-06-20 Canada US5873360 Yes 1999-02-23 2016-08-23 US US6446627 No 2002-09-10 2017-12-18 US US6743413 Yes 2004-06-01 2021-12-01 US US6938796 Yes 2005-09-06 2018-07-16 US US6997349 Yes 2006-02-14 2018-07-16 US US6431168 Yes 2002-08-13 2018-12-08 US US7107986 Yes 2006-09-19 2018-12-06 US US7500444 Yes 2009-03-10 2026-08-26 US US6315173 Yes 2001-11-13 2018-06-23 US US7143908 Yes 2006-12-05 2018-07-16 US US6170717 Yes 2001-01-09 2018-06-23 US US7350676 Yes 2008-04-01 2019-02-24 US US7832351 Yes 2010-11-16 2023-12-19 US US6161724 Yes 2000-12-19 2018-07-16 US US6510969 Yes 2003-01-28 2018-06-23 US US6966467 Yes 2005-11-22 2018-06-23 US US6435372 Yes 2002-08-20 2018-07-16 US US6871646 No 2005-03-29 2021-06-23 US US8978966 Yes 2015-03-17 2032-07-13 US US6701917 No 2004-03-09 2021-06-23 US US7540282 Yes 2009-06-02 2023-11-06 US US6748947 No 2004-06-15 2021-06-23 US US8006690 No 2011-08-30 2021-06-23 US US6718972 No 2004-04-13 2021-06-23 US US9216260 Yes 2015-12-22 2031-12-28 US US8651103 Yes 2014-02-18 2028-09-26 US US9463288 Yes 2016-10-11 2025-11-19 US US8714149 Yes 2014-05-06 2032-08-25 US US9616024 Yes 2017-04-11 2025-03-01 US US9066957 Yes 2015-06-30 2035-04-06 US US9415008 Yes 2016-08-16 2035-04-06 US US9731087 Yes 2017-08-15 2031-11-18 US US9861771 No 2018-01-09 2020-10-11 US US9987229 Yes 2018-06-05 2025-03-01 US US10022510 Yes 2018-07-17 2031-11-18 US US10124131 Yes 2018-11-13 2031-11-18 US US9782550 Yes 2017-10-10 2036-02-28 US US9782551 Yes 2017-10-10 2036-02-28 US US10195375 Yes 2019-02-05 2031-08-14 US US10569034 Yes 2020-02-25 2037-02-16 US US10561808 Yes 2020-02-18 2032-07-01 US US10765820 Yes 2020-09-08 2025-11-19 US US10918816 Yes 2021-02-16 2036-06-14 US US11000653 Yes 2021-05-11 2039-06-18 US US11173259 Yes 2021-11-16 2041-01-06 US US11266796 Yes 2021-08-22 2041-08-22 US US11344685 Yes 2020-03-26 2040-03-26 US US11351317 Yes 2018-08-10 2038-08-10 US US11357935 Yes 2019-03-24 2039-03-24 US US11439777 Yes 2020-11-24 2040-11-24 US US11464923 Yes 2020-12-19 2040-12-19 US US11969544 Yes 2020-02-20 2040-02-20 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 75.5-76.5 °C ChemSpider boiling point (°C) 603 ChemSpider water solubility Sparingly soluble FDA Label logP 4.2 Prentice, Jaffe, and Thomas, 2016 - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00226 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.82 ALOGPS logP 3.61 Chemaxon logS -5.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.12 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.4 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 81.95 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 16 Chemaxon Refractivity 122.39 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 50.6 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8516 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.8862 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6968 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7767 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.539 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.7663 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.6106 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5937 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9106 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9099 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6121 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8618 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.807 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9378 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.5587 Rat acute toxicity 2.0830 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.741 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7149
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 210.3203598 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 199.08626 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 210.7013598 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 201.50056 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 211.9158598 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 208.66173 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
- Specific Function
- adenylate cyclase binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Rong Y, Arbabian M, Thiriot DS, Seibold A, Clark RB, Ruoho AE: Probing the salmeterol binding site on the beta 2-adrenergic receptor using a novel photoaffinity ligand, [(125)I]iodoazidosalmeterol. Biochemistry. 1999 Aug 31;38(35):11278-86. [Article]
- Finney PA, Donnelly LE, Belvisi MG, Chuang TT, Birrell M, Harris A, Mak JC, Scorer C, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Giembycz MA: Chronic systemic administration of salmeterol to rats promotes pulmonary beta(2)-adrenoceptor desensitization and down-regulation of G(s alpha). Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;132(6):1261-70. [Article]
- Green SA, Rathz DA, Schuster AJ, Liggett SB: The Ile164 beta(2)-adrenoceptor polymorphism alters salmeterol exosite binding and conventional agonist coupling to G(s). Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Jun 15;421(3):141-7. [Article]
- Meliton AY, Munoz NM, Liu J, Lambertino AT, Boetticher E, Myo S, Myou S, Zhu X, Johnson M, Leff AR: Blockade of LTC4 synthesis caused by additive inhibition of gIV-PLA2 phosphorylation: Effect of salmeterol and PDE4 inhibition in human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Aug;112(2):404-10. [Article]
- Brogden RN, Faulds D: Salmeterol xinafoate: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in reversible obstructive airways disease. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1992 Mar-Apr;20(2):72-84. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Cazzola M, Testi R, Matera MG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241010-00003. [Article]
- Coleman RA, Johnson M, Nials AT, Vardey CJ: Exosites: their current status, and their relevance to the duration of action of long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1996 Sep;17(9):324-30. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inverse agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:31473062)
- Specific Function
- alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51222.97 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inverse agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis
- Specific Function
- beta-3 adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB3
- Uniprot ID
- P13945
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 43518.615 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Cazzola M, Testi R, Matera MG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241010-00003. [Article]
- Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Wixela Inhub Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Serevent Diskus Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Airduo Respiclick Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Advair Diskus Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation Powder [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins during embryogenesis (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA), a precursor in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen steroid hormones (PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1), particularly D-ring hydroxylated estrone at the C16-alpha position (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Mainly hydroxylates all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in atRA clearance during fetal development (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics including anticonvulsants (PubMed:9555064)
- Specific Function
- all-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57469.95 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Walsky RL, Gaman EA, Obach RS: Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):68-78. [Article]
- Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Cazzola M, Testi R, Matera MG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241010-00003. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
Components:
References
- Cazzola M, Testi R, Matera MG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241010-00003. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:10196521, PubMed:10966924, PubMed:12538837, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:20858707). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:10966924). Functions as a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:12538837). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a role in homeostatic regulation of aminergic neurotransmission in the brain (PubMed:10196521, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:20858707). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with low efficiency (PubMed:17460754). May be involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:10966924). May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Mediates the transport of polyamine spermidine and putrescine (By similarity). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine (PubMed:12538837). Also transports guanidine (PubMed:10966924). May also mediate intracellular transport of organic cations, thereby playing a role in amine metabolism and intracellular signaling (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A3
- Uniprot ID
- O75751
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 61279.485 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 08, 2024 09:29