Tramadol hydrochlorideProduct ingredient for Tramadol

Name
Tramadol hydrochloride
Drug Entry
Tramadol

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor) that is structurally related to codeine and morphine. Due to its good tolerability profile and multimodal mechanism of action, tramadol is generally considered a lower-risk opioid option for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is considered a Step 2 option on the World Health Organization's pain ladder and has about 1/10th of the potency of morphine.

Tramadol differs from other traditional opioid medications in that it doesn't just act as a μ-opioid agonist, but also affects monoamines by modulating the effects of neurotransmitters involved in the modulation of pain such as serotonin and norepinpehrine which activate descending pain inhibitory pathways.13 Tramadol's effects on serotonin and norepinephrine mimic the effects of other SNRI antidepressants such as duloxetine and venlafaxine.

Tramadol exists as a racemic mixture consisting of two pharmacologically active enantiomers that both contribute to its analgesic property through different mechanisms and are also themselves metabolized into active metabolites: (+)-tramadol and its primary metabolite (+)-O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1) are agonists of the μ opioid receptor while (+)-tramadol inhibits serotonin reuptake and (-)-tramadol inhibits norepinephrine reuptake. These pathways are complementary and synergistic, improving tramadol's ability to modulate the perception of and response to pain.12,25

Tramadol has also been shown to affect a number of other pain modulators within the central nervous system as well as non-neuronal inflammatory markers and immune mediators.17,18,20,26,16 Due to the broad spectrum of targets involved in pain and inflammation, it's not surprising that the evidence has shown that tramadol is effective for a number of pain types including neuropathic pain, post-operative pain, lower back pain, as well as pain associated with labour, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and cancer. Due to its SNRI activity, tramadol also has anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anti-shivering effects which are all frequently found as comorbidities with pain.16

Similar to other opioid medications, tramadol poses a risk for development of tolerance, dependence and abuse. If used in higher doses, or with other opioids, there is a dose-related risk of overdose, respiratory depression, and death.22,37 However, unlike other opioid medications, tramadol use also carries a risk of seizure and serotonin syndrome, particularly if used with other serotonergic medications.23,24

Accession Number
DBSALT000181
Structure
Synonyms
Not Available
UNII
9N7R477WCK
CAS Number
36282-47-0
Weight
Average: 299.84
Monoisotopic: 299.1652068
Chemical Formula
C16H26ClNO2
InChI Key
PPKXEPBICJTCRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H25NO2.ClH/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3;/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3;1H
IUPAC Name
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride
SMILES
Cl.COC1=CC=CC(=C1)C1(O)CCCCC1CN(C)C
PubChem Compound
63013
ChemSpider
8147572
ChEBI
75733
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1237065
Wikipedia
Tramadol
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.75 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.71ALOGPS
logP2.45Chemaxon
logS-2.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.8Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.23Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area32.7 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity78.27 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability30.53 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon