Protein S100-A8

Details

Name
Protein S100-A8
Synonyms
  • CAGA
  • Calgranulin-A
  • Calprotectin L1L subunit
  • CFAG
  • Cystic fibrosis antigen
  • Leukocyte L1 complex light chain
  • Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 8
  • MRP-8
  • MRP8
  • p8
  • S100 calcium-binding protein A8
  • Urinary stone protein band A
Gene Name
S100A8
Organism
Humans
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0049626|Protein S100-A8
MLTELEKALNSIIDVYHKYSLIKGNFHAVYRDDLKKLLETECPQYIRKKGADVWFKELDI
NTDGAVNFQEFLILVIKMGVAAHKKSHEESHKE
Number of residues
93
Molecular Weight
10834.43
Theoretical pI
Not Available
GO Classification
Functions
arachidonic acid binding / calcium ion binding / microtubule binding / RAGE receptor binding / Toll-like receptor 4 binding / zinc ion binding
Processes
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process / acute inflammatory response / antimicrobial humoral response / apoptotic process / astrocyte development / autophagy / chemokine production / chronic inflammatory response / cytokine production / defense response to bacterium / defense response to fungus / inflammatory response / innate immune response / leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response / neutrophil aggregation / neutrophil chemotaxis / neutrophil degranulation / peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation / positive regulation of cell growth / positive regulation of inflammatory response / positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway / positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity / positive regulation of peptide secretion / regulation of cytoskeleton organization / response to ethanol / response to lipopolysaccharide / response to zinc ion / sequestering of zinc ion / toll-like receptor signaling pathway / wound healing
Components
cytoskeleton / cytosol / extracellular exosome / extracellular region / extracellular space / intermediate filament cytoskeleton / nucleus / plasma membrane / secretory granule lumen
General Function
S100A8 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex directs selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and probably multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif; S100A8 seems to contribute to S-nitrosylation site selectivity.
Specific Function
Arachidonic acid binding
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane Regions
Not Available
Cellular Location
Secreted
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0049627|Protein S100-A8 (S100A8)
ATGTTGACCGAGCTGGAGAAAGCCTTGAACTCTATCATCGACGTCTACCACAAGTACTCC
CTGATAAAGGGGAATTTCCATGCCGTCTACAGGGATGACCTGAAGAAATTGCTAGAGACC
GAGTGTCCTCAGTATATCAGGAAAAAGGGTGCAGACGTCTGGTTCAAAGAGTTGGATATC
AACACTGATGGTGCAGTTAACTTCCAGGAGTTCCTCATTCTGGTGATAAAGATGGGCGTG
GCAGCCCACAAAAAAAGCCATGAAGAAAGCCACAAAGAGTAG
Chromosome Location
1
Locus
1q21.3
External Identifiers
ResourceLink
UniProtKB IDP05109
UniProtKB Entry NameS10A8_HUMAN
HGNC IDHGNC:10498
General References
  1. Dorin JR, Novak M, Hill RE, Brock DJ, Secher DS, van Heyningen V: A clue to the basic defect in cystic fibrosis from cloning the CF antigen gene. Nature. 1987 Apr 9-15;326(6113):614-7. [Article]
  2. Odink K, Cerletti N, Bruggen J, Clerc RG, Tarcsay L, Zwadlo G, Gerhards G, Schlegel R, Sorg C: Two calcium-binding proteins in infiltrate macrophages of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature. 1987 Nov 5-11;330(6143):80-2. [Article]
  3. Lagasse E, Clerc RG: Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jun;8(6):2402-10. [Article]
  4. Schafer T, Sachse GE, Gassen HG: The calcium-binding protein MRP-8 is produced by human pulmonary tumor cells. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1991 Jan;372(1):1-4. [Article]
  5. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [Article]
  6. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [Article]
  7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [Article]
  8. Marti T, Erttmann KD, Gallin MY: Host-parasite interaction in human onchocerciasis: identification and sequence analysis of a novel human calgranulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Apr 16;221(2):454-8. [Article]
  9. Miyasaki KT, Bodeau AL, Murthy AR, Lehrer RI: In vitro antimicrobial activity of the human neutrophil cytosolic S-100 protein complex, calprotectin, against Capnocytophaga sputigena. J Dent Res. 1993 Feb;72(2):517-23. [Article]
  10. Lemarchand P, Vaglio M, Mauel J, Markert M: Translocation of a small cytosolic calcium-binding protein (MRP-8) to plasma membrane correlates with human neutrophil activation. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 25;267(27):19379-82. [Article]
  11. Umekawa T, Kurita T: Calprotectin-like protein is related to soluble organic matrix in calcium oxalate urinary stone. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994 Sep;34(2):309-13. [Article]
  12. Nakai M, Ishikawa M, Hamada Y, Sugano S: Isolation of an ascitic oncodevelopmental protein exhibiting high sequence homology with calcium-binding protein MRP8. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1994 Nov;375(11):789-92. [Article]
  13. Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J: Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Electrophoresis. 1992 Dec;13(12):960-9. [Article]
  14. Rammes A, Roth J, Goebeler M, Klempt M, Hartmann M, Sorg C: Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14, calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family, are secreted by activated monocytes via a novel, tubulin-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 4;272(14):9496-502. [Article]
  15. Streichert T, Ebrahimnejad A, Ganzer S, Flayeh R, Wagener C, Brummer J: The microbial receptor CEACAM3 is linked to the calprotectin complex in granulocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 23;289(1):191-7. [Article]
  16. Ryckman C, Vandal K, Rouleau P, Talbot M, Tessier PA: Proinflammatory activities of S100: proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. J Immunol. 2003 Mar 15;170(6):3233-42. [Article]
  17. Vogl T, Ludwig S, Goebeler M, Strey A, Thorey IS, Reichelt R, Foell D, Gerke V, Manitz MP, Nacken W, Werner S, Sorg C, Roth J: MRP8 and MRP14 control microtubule reorganization during transendothelial migration of phagocytes. Blood. 2004 Dec 15;104(13):4260-8. Epub 2004 Aug 26. [Article]
  18. Viemann D, Strey A, Janning A, Jurk K, Klimmek K, Vogl T, Hirono K, Ichida F, Foell D, Kehrel B, Gerke V, Sorg C, Roth J: Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 induce a specific inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood. 2005 Apr 1;105(7):2955-62. Epub 2004 Dec 14. [Article]
  19. Kerkhoff C, Nacken W, Benedyk M, Dagher MC, Sopalla C, Doussiere J: The arachidonic acid-binding protein S100A8/A9 promotes NADPH oxidase activation by interaction with p67phox and Rac-2. FASEB J. 2005 Mar;19(3):467-9. Epub 2005 Jan 10. [Article]
  20. Nakatani Y, Yamazaki M, Chazin WJ, Yui S: Regulation of S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) binding to tumor cells by zinc ion and its implication for apoptosis-inducing activity. Mediators Inflamm. 2005 Oct 24;2005(5):280-92. [Article]
  21. Bode G, Luken A, Kerkhoff C, Roth J, Ludwig S, Nacken W: Interaction between S100A8/A9 and annexin A6 is involved in the calcium-induced cell surface exposition of S100A8/A9. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 14;283(46):31776-84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M803908200. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
  22. Lim SY, Raftery M, Cai H, Hsu K, Yan WX, Hseih HL, Watts RN, Richardson D, Thomas S, Perry M, Geczy CL: S-nitrosylated S100A8: novel anti-inflammatory properties. J Immunol. 2008 Oct 15;181(8):5627-36. [Article]
  23. Hsu K, Champaiboon C, Guenther BD, Sorenson BS, Khammanivong A, Ross KF, Geczy CL, Herzberg MC: ANTI-INFECTIVE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF S100 CALGRANULINS. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2009 Dec 4;8(4):290-305. [Article]
  24. Ghavami S, Chitayat S, Hashemi M, Eshraghi M, Chazin WJ, Halayko AJ, Kerkhoff C: S100A8/A9: a Janus-faced molecule in cancer therapy and tumorgenesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 25;625(1-3):73-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.044. Epub 2009 Oct 14. [Article]
  25. Sroussi HY, Kohler GA, Agabian N, Villines D, Palefsky JM: Substitution of methionine 63 or 83 in S100A9 and cysteine 42 in S100A8 abrogate the antifungal activities of S100A8/A9: potential role for oxidative regulation. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009 Jan;55(1):55-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00498.x. Epub 2008 Dec 11. [Article]
  26. Champaiboon C, Sappington KJ, Guenther BD, Ross KF, Herzberg MC: Calprotectin S100A9 calcium-binding loops I and II are essential for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion. J Biol Chem. 2009 Mar 13;284(11):7078-90. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M806605200. Epub 2009 Jan 3. [Article]
  27. Ehrchen JM, Sunderkotter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J: The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Sep;86(3):557-66. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1008647. Epub 2009 May 18. [Article]
  28. Ghavami S, Eshragi M, Ande SR, Chazin WJ, Klonisch T, Halayko AJ, McNeill KD, Hashemi M, Kerkhoff C, Los M: S100A8/A9 induces autophagy and apoptosis via ROS-mediated cross-talk between mitochondria and lysosomes that involves BNIP3. Cell Res. 2010 Mar;20(3):314-31. doi: 10.1038/cr.2009.129. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [Article]
  29. Perera C, McNeil HP, Geczy CL: S100 Calgranulins in inflammatory arthritis. Immunol Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;88(1):41-9. doi: 10.1038/icb.2009.88. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [Article]
  30. Goyette J, Geczy CL: Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function. Amino Acids. 2011 Oct;41(4):821-42. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0. Epub 2010 Mar 6. [Article]
  31. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. [Article]
  32. Averill MM, Kerkhoff C, Bornfeldt KE: S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Feb;32(2):223-9. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.236927. Epub 2011 Nov 17. [Article]
  33. Koike A, Arai S, Yamada S, Nagae A, Saita N, Itoh H, Uemoto S, Totani M, Ikemoto M: Dynamic mobility of immunological cells expressing S100A8 and S100A9 in vivo: a variety of functional roles of the two proteins as regulators in acute inflammatory reaction. Inflammation. 2012 Apr;35(2):409-19. doi: 10.1007/s10753-011-9330-8. [Article]
  34. Vogl T, Gharibyan AL, Morozova-Roche LA: Pro-inflammatory S100A8 and S100A9 proteins: self-assembly into multifunctional native and amyloid complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(3):2893-917. doi: 10.3390/ijms13032893. Epub 2012 Mar 5. [Article]
  35. Srikrishna G: S100A8 and S100A9: new insights into their roles in malignancy. J Innate Immun. 2012;4(1):31-40. doi: 10.1159/000330095. Epub 2011 Sep 6. [Article]
  36. Bienvenut WV, Sumpton D, Martinez A, Lilla S, Espagne C, Meinnel T, Giglione C: Comparative large scale characterization of plant versus mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha-acetylation features. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012 Jun;11(6):M111.015131. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M111.015131. Epub 2012 Jan 5. [Article]
  37. Berthier S, Nguyen MV, Baillet A, Hograindleur MA, Paclet MH, Polack B, Morel F: Molecular interface of S100A8 with cytochrome b558 and NADPH oxidase activation. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40277. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040277. Epub 2012 Jul 10. [Article]
  38. Atallah M, Krispin A, Trahtemberg U, Ben-Hamron S, Grau A, Verbovetski I, Mevorach D: Constitutive neutrophil apoptosis: regulation by cell concentration via S100 A8/9 and the MEK-ERK pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e29333. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029333. Epub 2012 Feb 17. [Article]
  39. Jia J, Arif A, Terenzi F, Willard B, Plow EF, Hazen SL, Fox PL: Target-selective protein S-nitrosylation by sequence motif recognition. Cell. 2014 Oct 23;159(3):623-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.032. Epub 2014 Oct 16. [Article]
  40. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. [Article]
  41. Ishikawa K, Nakagawa A, Tanaka I, Suzuki M, Nishihira J: The structure of human MRP8, a member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family, by MAD phasing at 1.9 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 May;56(Pt 5):559-66. [Article]
  42. Korndorfer IP, Brueckner F, Skerra A: The crystal structure of the human (S100A8/S100A9)2 heterotetramer, calprotectin, illustrates how conformational changes of interacting alpha-helices can determine specific association of two EF-hand proteins. J Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 27;370(5):887-98. Epub 2007 May 3. [Article]

Drug Relations

Drug Relations
DrugBank IDNameDrug groupPharmacological action?ActionsDetails
DB09130Copperapproved, investigationalunknownDetails
DB01373CalciumnutraceuticalunknownDetails
DB01593Zincapproved, investigationalunknownDetails
DB14487Zinc acetateapproved, investigationalunknownDetails
DB14533Zinc chlorideapproved, investigationalunknownregulatorDetails
DB14548Zinc sulfate, unspecified formapproved, experimentalunknownregulatorDetails