Formoterol
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Identification
- Summary
Formoterol is an inhaled long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and COPD.
- Brand Names
- Bevespi, Breyna, Breztri, Duaklir, Duaklir Genuair, Dulera, Foradil, Oxeze, Perforomist, Symbicort, Zenhale
- Generic Name
- Formoterol
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00983
- Background
Formoterol is an inhaled beta2-agonist used in the management of COPD and asthma that was first approved for use in the United States in 2001.10 It acts on bronchial smooth muscle to dilate and relax airways, and is administered as a racemic mixture of its active (R;R)- and inactive (S;S)-enantiomers.2 A major clinical advantage of formoterol over other inhaled beta-agonists is its rapid onset of action (2-3 minutes), which is at least as fast as salbutamol, combined with a long duration of action (12 hours) - for this reason, treatment guidelines for asthma recommend its use as both a reliever and maintenance medication.18 It is available as a single-entity product 10,16 and in several formulations in combination with both inhaled corticosteroids 13,15 and long-acting muscarinic antagonists.12,11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 344.4049
Monoisotopic: 344.173607266 - Chemical Formula
- C19H24N2O4
- Synonyms
- 2'-hydroxy-5'-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide
- 2'-hydroxy-5'-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide
- Formoterol
- Formoterolum
- N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide
Pharmacology
- Indication
Formoterol is indicated in various formulations for the treatment of asthma and COPD. For the treatment of COPD, formoterol is available as a single-entity inhalation solution,10 in combination with the long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) aclidinium12 and glycopyrronium,11 and in combination with the corticosteroid budesonide.15 For the treatment of asthma, formoterol is available in combination with mometasone furoate for patients 5 years and older13 and with budesonide for patients 6 years and older.15 Formoterol may also be used on an as-needed basis for prophylaxis against exercise-induced bronchospasm.14
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to manage Asthma Combination Product in combination with: Budesonide (DB01222) •••••••••••• ••••••• Used in combination to manage Asthma Combination Product in combination with: Mometasone furoate (DB14512) •••••••••••• ••••••• Management of Asthma •••••••••••• •••••• Used in combination to manage Bronchial asthma Combination Product in combination with: Budesonide (DB01222) •••••••••••• •••••••••• Management of Bronchoconstriction •••••••••••• •••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Formoterol works locally in the lungs as a bronchodilator, relaxing smooth muscle and opening up the airways. It possesses both a rapid onset of action (approximately 2-3 minutes)8 and a long duration of action (up to 12 hours).16 The use of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), such as formoterol, without concomitant inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic patients should be avoided, as LABA monotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of asthma-related death.16
- Mechanism of action
Formoterol is a relatively selective long-acting agonist of beta2-adrenergic receptors,10,16 although it does carry some degree of activity at beta1 and beta3 receptors.9 Beta2 receptors are found predominantly in bronchial smooth muscle (with a relatively minor amount found in cardiac tissue) whereas beta1 receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors found in the heart - for this reason, selectivity for beta2 receptors is desirable in the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as COPD and asthma.10 Formoterol has demonstrated an approximately 200-fold greater activity at beta2 receptors over beta1 receptors.10
On a molecular level, activation of beta receptors by agonists like formoterol stimulates intracellular adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). The increased levels of cAMP in bronchial smooth muscle tissue result in relaxation of these muscles and subsequent dilation of the airways, as well as inhibition of the release of hypersensitivity mediators (e.g. histamine, leukotrienes) from culprit cells, especially mast cells.10
Target Actions Organism ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UBeta-3 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
The pulmonary bioavailability of formoterol has been estimated to be about 43% of the delivered dose, while the total systemic bioavailability is approximately 60% of the delivered dose (as systemic bioavailability accounts for absorption in the gut).16
Formoterol is rapidly absorbed into plasma following inhalation. In healthy adults, formoterol Tmax ranged from 0.167 to 0.5 hours.13 Following a single dose of 10 mcg, Cmax and AUC were 22 pmol/L and 81 pmol.h/L, respectively. In asthmatic adult patients, Tmax ranged from 0.58 to 1.97 hours.13 Following single-dose administration of 10mcg, Cmax and AUC0-12h were 22 pmol/L and 125 pmol.h/L, respectively; following multiple-dose administration of 10 mcg, Cmax and AUC0-12h were 41 pmol/L and 226 pmol.h/L, respectively. Absorption appears to be proportional to dose across standard dosing ranges.13,10
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Plasma protein binding to serum albumin in vitro is approximately 31%-38% over a plasma concentration range of 5-500 ng/mL - it should be noted, however, that these concentrations are higher than that seen following inhalation.10
- Metabolism
Formoterol is metabolized primarily via direct glucuronidation of the parent drug and via O-demethylation of the parent drug followed by glucuronidation.10,7 Minor pathways include sulfate conjugation of the parent drug and deformylation of the parent drug followed by sulfate conjugation, though these minor pathways have not been fully characterized. The major pathway of formoterol metabolism is a direct glucuronidation of the parent drug at its phenolic hydroxyl group, while the second most prominent pathway involves O-demethylation following by glucuronidation at the phenolic hydroxyl group.10,7
In vitro studies of formoterol disposition indicate that O-demethylation of formoterol involves a number of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2A6) and glucuronidation involves a number of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoenzymes (UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15), though specific roles for individual enzymes have not been elucidated.10
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- Route of elimination
Elimination differs depending on the route and formulation administered. Following oral administration in 2 healthy subjects, approximately 59-62% and 32-34% of an administered dose was eliminated in the urine and feces, respectively.14 Another study which attempted to mimic inhalation via combined intravenous/oral administration noted approximately 62% of the administered dose in the urine and 24% in the feces.7 Following inhalation in patients with asthma, approximately 10% and 15-18% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged parent drug and direct formoterol glucuronides, respectively, and corresponding values in patients with COPD were 7% and 6-9%, respectively.14
- Half-life
The average terminal elimination half-life of formoterol following inhalation is 7-10 hours, depending on the formulation given.10,16,4 The plasma half-life of formoterol has been estimated to be 3.4 hours following oral administration and 1.7-2.3 hours following inhalation.1
- Clearance
Renal clearance of formoterol following inhalation is approximately 157 mL/min.10
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
The oral LD50 in rats is 3130 mg/kg.17
Symptoms of overdose are likely consistent with formoterol's adverse effect profile (i.e. consistent with excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation) and may include angina, hyper or hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmia, nervousness, headache, tremor, seizures, dry mouth, etc. Patients may experience laboratory abnormalities including hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and metabolic acidosis.10 Treatment of overdosage should consist of symptomatic and supportive therapy, with a particular focus on cardiac monitoring. Consider the use of a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker to oppose excessive adrenergic stimulation if clinically appropriate.10
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The metabolism of Formoterol can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Formoterol can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Formoterol. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Formoterol can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Formoterol is combined with Aceclofenac. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Formoterol fumarate W34SHF8J2K 183814-30-4 RATSWNOMCHFQGJ-AYJOUMQSSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Foradil / Oxis Turbuhaler
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V. 2001-02-16 2017-01-31 US Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2004-05-28 Not applicable US Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V. 2001-02-16 2017-01-31 US Foradil Dry Powder Capsules for Inhalation Capsule 12 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Novartis 1997-07-08 2023-01-20 Canada Oxeze Turbuhaler Powder 6 mcg / act Respiratory (inhalation) Astrazeneca Ab 1998-03-12 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Formoterol fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Northstar RxLLC 2024-07-01 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Alembic Pharmaceuticals Limited 2021-11-22 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 0.02 mg/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2022-12-15 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2021-06-22 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Rhodes Pharmaceuticals L.P. 2023-11-15 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (10 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (250 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (50 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2018-09-18 2021-02-01 Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2018-09-18 2021-02-01 Italy
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R03AL09 — Formoterol, glycopyrronium bromide and beclometasone
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03CC — Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
- R03C — ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AC — Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists
- Adrenergics for Systemic Use
- Adrenergics, Inhalants
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Agents to Treat Airway Disease
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Autonomic Agents
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs for Obstructive Airway Diseases
- Ethanolamines
- Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Respiratory System Agents
- Selective Beta 2-adrenergic Agonists
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A9 Substrates
- UGT2B7 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as amphetamines and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing or derived from 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Phenethylamines
- Direct Parent
- Amphetamines and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylpropanes / Phenoxy compounds / Methoxybenzenes / Anisoles / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds show 5 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amphetamine or derivatives / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound show 19 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- phenylethanolamines, secondary alcohol, phenols, formamides, secondary amino compound (CHEBI:63082)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5ZZ84GCW8B
- CAS number
- 73573-87-2
- InChI Key
- BPZSYCZIITTYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C19H24N2O4/c1-13(9-14-3-6-16(25-2)7-4-14)20-11-19(24)15-5-8-18(23)17(10-15)21-12-22/h3-8,10,12-13,19-20,23-24H,9,11H2,1-2H3,(H,21,22)
- IUPAC Name
- N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide
- SMILES
- COC1=CC=C(CC(C)NCC(O)C2=CC(NC=O)=C(O)C=C2)C=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Jan W. Trofast, Edib Jakupovic, Katarina L. Mansson, "Process for preparing formoterol and related compounds." U.S. Patent US5434304, issued August, 1992.
US5434304- General References
- Bartow RA, Brogden RN: Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):303-22. [Article]
- Zhang M, Fawcett JP, Shaw JP: Stereoselective urinary excretion of formoterol and its glucuronide conjugate in human. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;54(3):246-50. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01641.x. [Article]
- Somers GI, Lindsay N, Lowdon BM, Jones AE, Freathy C, Ho S, Woodrooffe AJ, Bayliss MK, Manchee GR: A comparison of the expression and metabolizing activities of phase I and II enzymes in freshly isolated human lung parenchymal cells and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1797-805. Epub 2007 Jul 12. [Article]
- Tronde A, Gillen M, Borgstrom L, Lotvall J, Ankerst J: Pharmacokinetics of budesonide and formoterol administered via 1 pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with asthma and COPD. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;48(11):1300-8. doi: 10.1177/0091270008322122. [Article]
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
- Rosenborg J, Larsson P, Tegner K, Hallstrom G: Mass balance and metabolism of [(3)H]Formoterol in healthy men after combined i.v. and oral administration-mimicking inhalation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Oct;27(10):1104-16. [Article]
- Anderson GP: Formoterol: pharmacology, molecular basis of agonism, and mechanism of long duration of a highly potent and selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator. Life Sci. 1993;52(26):2145-60. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90729-m. [Article]
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Bevespi Aerosphere inhalation aerosol [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Duaklir® Pressair® inhalation powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Dulera® inhalation aerosol [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Foradil® Aerolizer inhalation powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol fumarate) inhalation aerosol [Link]
- Health Canada Product Monograph: Oxeze (formoterol) dry powder inhaler [Link]
- CaymanChem: Formoterol MSDS [Link]
- Global Initiative for Asthma: 2019 Guidelines Pocket Guide [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015118
- KEGG Drug
- D07990
- KEGG Compound
- C07805
- PubChem Compound
- 3410
- PubChem Substance
- 46507099
- ChemSpider
- 3292
- BindingDB
- 86453
- 25255
- ChEBI
- 63082
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1256786
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000247
- PharmGKB
- PA134687907
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Formoterol
- FDA label
- Download (1.48 MB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Asthma 7 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Chronic Obstructive (MeSH) / Lung Disorder / Retrospective Studies 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 5 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers (HV) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Dey pharma lp
- Packagers
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Dey Pharma LP
- Medisca Inc.
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Schering Corp.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MCG Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 6 MCG Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 9.83 µg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MIKROGRAMM Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 0.012 mg/inhalation Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Buccal 0.012 mg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 343 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule; powder Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Buccal Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Spray, suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MCG Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 ug/1 Capsule, coated Respiratory (inhalation) 0.0012 mg Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg/capsule Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Capsule, coated Respiratory (inhalation) 0.012 mg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 12 Mikrogramm Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 UG Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 0.02 mg/2mL Kit; solution Respiratory (inhalation) 20 ug/2mL Tablet Oral 10 cg Capsule Oral 12 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 6 MCG Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MICROGRAMMI Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 100 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 0.100 mg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule, coated Oral Aerosol Buccal Aerosol, metered; solution Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 Mikrogramm Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg / act Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 mcg / act Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 4.5 MICROGRAMMI Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 9 MICROGRAMMI Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 4.5 mcg Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 µg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 20 ug/2mL Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 160 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 40 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 80 mcg Suspension Buccal; Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Buccal Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 160 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 80 mcg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Formoterol fumarate powder 1346.4USD g Foradil Aerolizer 60 12 mcg capsule Box 170.72USD box Foradil aerolizer 12 mcg cap 2.83USD each Foradil 12 mcg Capsule 0.88USD capsule Oxeze Turbuhaler 12 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder 0.82USD dose Oxeze Turbuhaler 6 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder 0.61USD dose DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6182655 No 2001-02-06 2016-12-05 US US6887459 No 2005-05-03 2020-11-28 US US6488027 No 2002-12-03 2019-03-08 US US6814953 No 2004-11-09 2021-06-22 US US7348362 No 2008-03-25 2021-06-22 US US7462645 No 2008-12-09 2021-06-22 US US6667344 No 2003-12-23 2021-06-22 US US7759328 Yes 2010-07-20 2023-07-29 US US7897646 Yes 2011-03-01 2019-03-09 US US8143239 Yes 2012-03-27 2023-07-29 US US8461211 Yes 2013-06-11 2019-03-09 US US8575137 Yes 2013-11-05 2023-07-29 US US6123924 No 2000-09-26 2017-09-26 US US7967011 Yes 2011-06-28 2022-02-11 US US8616196 Yes 2013-12-31 2029-10-07 US US8387615 Yes 2013-03-05 2025-05-10 US US7587988 Yes 2009-09-15 2026-10-10 US US7367333 Yes 2008-05-06 2019-05-11 US US8528545 Yes 2013-09-10 2029-04-16 US US8875699 Yes 2014-11-04 2025-05-10 US US8623922 No 2014-01-07 2021-06-22 US US6068832 No 2000-05-30 2017-08-27 US US7067502 Yes 2006-06-27 2020-11-21 US US7566705 Yes 2009-07-28 2020-11-21 US US7078412 No 2006-07-18 2020-07-16 US US9056100 No 2015-06-16 2020-07-07 US US6681768 No 2004-01-27 2022-08-07 US US8051851 No 2011-11-08 2027-04-22 US USRE46417 No 2017-05-30 2020-09-05 US US9333195 No 2016-05-10 2020-07-07 US US9463161 No 2016-10-11 2030-05-28 US US9415009 No 2016-08-16 2030-05-28 US US8808713 No 2014-08-19 2030-05-28 US US8324266 No 2012-12-04 2030-05-28 US US8703806 No 2014-04-22 2030-05-28 US US8815258 No 2014-08-26 2031-03-17 US US9730890 No 2017-08-15 2021-06-22 US US10085974 No 2018-10-02 2029-03-13 US US10034867 No 2018-07-31 2020-07-07 US US10166247 Yes 2019-01-01 2023-07-29 US US7750023 No 2010-07-06 2020-07-07 US US8129405 No 2012-03-06 2020-07-07 US US10588895 No 2020-03-17 2022-01-14 US US10716753 No 2020-07-21 2030-05-28 US US11000517 No 2021-05-11 2029-03-13 US US11311558 Yes 2003-07-29 2023-07-29 US US11331442 No 2018-05-10 2038-05-10 US US11833292 No 2018-10-05 2038-10-05 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility Slightly (as fumarate salt) Foradil FDA Label logP 2.2 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0416 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.91 ALOGPS logP 1.06 Chemaxon logS -3.9 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 8.61 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.81 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 90.82 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 8 Chemaxon Refractivity 97.87 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 36.56 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8991 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.8026 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6916 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.747 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8773 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8561 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8818 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.714 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7086 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5556 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.6609 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.907 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8994 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8757 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8442 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7517 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8704 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.992 Rat acute toxicity 2.4047 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9611 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6602
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-00or-2902000000-10d83ebb89a446028d15 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kb-0339000000-4770ea45defc3ce5dd7d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kf-0039000000-580612758f9fa39d013d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0axs-0595000000-98fa7f0601b82bf7bd69 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0a4m-2291000000-4d74be9d2942b9535015 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-03di-1943000000-6ce745c4ba53a4187edb Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0293000000-9aa9d932000b1476cd8c Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 185.1723367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 183.3181 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 187.1848367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 186.01819 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 186.5801367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 194.83327 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
- Specific Function
- adenylate cyclase binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Bartow RA, Brogden RN: Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):303-22. [Article]
- Faulds D, Hollingshead LM, Goa KL: Formoterol. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in reversible obstructive airways disease. Drugs. 1991 Jul;42(1):115-37. [Article]
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- Coleman RA, Johnson M, Nials AT, Vardey CJ: Exosites: their current status, and their relevance to the duration of action of long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1996 Sep;17(9):324-30. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Foradil® Aerolizer inhalation powder [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:31473062)
- Specific Function
- alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51222.97 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis
- Specific Function
- beta-3 adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB3
- Uniprot ID
- P13945
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 43518.615 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2A6
- Uniprot ID
- P11509
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Molecular Weight
- 56517.005 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19545173, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:23288867). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens and estrogens (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT) diglucuronide from the DHT after two subsequent glucoronidation steps (PubMed:16595710). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAW9
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8
- Molecular Weight
- 59741.035 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:19545173). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:20610558). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A9
- Uniprot ID
- O60656
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9
- Molecular Weight
- 59940.495 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60720.15 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:7835232, PubMed:9295060). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:7835232). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (testosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:7835232, PubMed:9295060). Displays glucuronidation activity toward several classes of xenobiotic substrates, including phenolic compounds (eugenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl) and phenylpropanoids (naringenin, coumarins) (PubMed:7835232). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of monoterpenoid alcohols such as borneol, menthol and isomenthol, a class of natural compounds used in essential oils (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B15
- Uniprot ID
- P54855
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15
- Molecular Weight
- 61035.815 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Involved in the glucuronidation of bilirubin, a degradation product occurring in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates (PubMed:17187418, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:24525562). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:20610558)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:10196521, PubMed:10966924, PubMed:12538837, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:20858707). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:10966924). Functions as a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:12538837). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a role in homeostatic regulation of aminergic neurotransmission in the brain (PubMed:10196521, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:20858707). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with low efficiency (PubMed:17460754). May be involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:10966924). May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Mediates the transport of polyamine spermidine and putrescine (By similarity). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine (PubMed:12538837). Also transports guanidine (PubMed:10966924). May also mediate intracellular transport of organic cations, thereby playing a role in amine metabolism and intracellular signaling (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A3
- Uniprot ID
- O75751
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 61279.485 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter that mediates the transport of endogenous and microbial zwitterions and organic cations (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:15795384, PubMed:16729965, PubMed:20601551, PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296, PubMed:29530864). Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:29530864, PubMed:33124720). Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body (PubMed:20601551). Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet (PubMed:22206629). Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system (PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296). Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:22206629). May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:16729965). May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938, PubMed:17509700, PubMed:20722056, PubMed:33124720). Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938). In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from Bacillus Subtilis wich induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis (PubMed:18005709). May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 30, 2024 22:47