Beta-carotene and apocarotenals promote retinoid signaling in BEAS-2B human bronchioepithelial cells.
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Kuntz E, Hoeller U, Greatrix B, Lankin C, Seifert N, Acharya S, Riss G, Buchwald-Hunziker P, Hunziker W, Goralczyk R, Wertz K
Beta-carotene and apocarotenals promote retinoid signaling in BEAS-2B human bronchioepithelial cells.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Nov 1;455(1):48-60. Epub 2006 Sep 20.
- PubMed ID
- 17034753 [ View in PubMed]
- Abstract
High dose beta-carotene supplementation of smokers was associated with increased lung cancer risk in two intervention trials. It was proposed that generation of apocarotenals in smoke-exposed lungs impaired retinoic acid (RA) signaling, leading to squamous metaplasia and cell proliferation. To test this, we compared RA target gene regulation by retinoids, apocarotenals or beta-carotene by transcriptomics in BEAS-2B cells cultured to promote squamous differentiation. Retinoids, beta-carotene as well as apocarotenals induced known RA target genes. Retinoids upregulated involucrin, indicating that retinoids did not rescue BEAS-2B cells from squamous differentiation. Muc5AC, a marker for mucous differentiation, was transiently induced. beta-Carotene and apocarotenals less strongly induced involucrin and did not induce muc5AC. In summary, apocarotenals or beta-carotene upregulated RA target genes suggesting promotion, not inhibition, of RA signaling in BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, apocarotenals and beta-carotene regulated gene expression independently of RA signaling. Squamous differentiation is not unequivocally linked to RA deficiency in BEAS-2B cells.
DrugBank Data that Cites this Article
- Pharmaco-transcriptomics
Drug Drug Groups Gene Gene ID Change Interaction Chromosome 4-Oxoretinol Experimental COL1A1 1277 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA 17q21.33 4-Oxoretinol Experimental COL4A2 1284 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of COL4A2 mRNA 13q34 4-Oxoretinol Experimental CRABP2 1382 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of CRABP2 mRNA 1q23.1 4-Oxoretinol Experimental FAS 355 downregulated 4-oxoretinol results in decreased expression of FAS mRNA 10q23.31 4-Oxoretinol Experimental FOXA1 3169 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of FOXA1 mRNA 14q21.1 4-Oxoretinol Experimental GATA6 2627 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of GATA6 mRNA 18q11.2 4-Oxoretinol Experimental IVL 3713 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of IVL mRNA 1q21.3 4-Oxoretinol Experimental KRT18 3875 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of KRT18 mRNA 12q13.13 4-Oxoretinol Experimental KRT19 3880 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of KRT19 mRNA 17q21.2 4-Oxoretinol Experimental KRT7 3855 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of KRT7 mRNA 12q13.13 4-Oxoretinol Experimental KRT8 3856 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of KRT8 mRNA 12q13.13 4-Oxoretinol Experimental MCL1 4170 downregulated 4-oxoretinol results in decreased expression of MCL1 mRNA 1q21.2 4-Oxoretinol Experimental MEIS1 4211 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of MEIS1 mRNA 2p14 4-Oxoretinol Experimental MEIS2 4212 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of MEIS2 mRNA 15q14 4-Oxoretinol Experimental MEOX1 4222 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of MEOX1 mRNA 17q21.31 4-Oxoretinol Experimental MUC5AC 4586 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of MUC5AC mRNA 11p15.5 4-Oxoretinol Experimental OLR1 4973 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of OLR1 mRNA 12p13.2 4-Oxoretinol Experimental RARA 5914 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of RARA mRNA 17q21.2 4-Oxoretinol Experimental RARRES1 5918 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of RARRES1 mRNA 3q25.32 4-Oxoretinol Experimental RARRES3 5920 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of RARRES3 mRNA 11q12.3 4-Oxoretinol Experimental TGM2 7052 upregulated 4-oxoretinol results in increased expression of TGM2 mRNA 20q11.23 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational COL1A1 1277 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA 17q21.33 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational COL4A2 1284 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of COL4A2 mRNA 13q34 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational CRABP2 1382 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of CRABP2 mRNA 1q23.1 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational FAS 355 downregulated alitretinoin results in decreased expression of FAS mRNA 10q23.31 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational FOXA1 3169 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of FOXA1 mRNA 14q21.1 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational GATA6 2627 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of GATA6 mRNA 18q11.2 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational IVL 3713 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of IVL mRNA 1q21.3 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational KRT18 3875 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of KRT18 mRNA 12q13.13 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational KRT19 3880 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of KRT19 mRNA 17q21.2 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational KRT7 3855 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of KRT7 mRNA 12q13.13 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational KRT8 3856 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of KRT8 mRNA 12q13.13 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational MEIS1 4211 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of MEIS1 mRNA 2p14 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational MEIS2 4212 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of MEIS2 mRNA 15q14 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational MEOX1 4222 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of MEOX1 mRNA 17q21.31 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational MUC5AC 4586 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of MUC5AC mRNA 11p15.5 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational OLR1 4973 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of OLR1 mRNA 12p13.2 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational RARA 5914 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of RARA mRNA 17q21.2 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational RARRES1 5918 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of RARRES1 mRNA 3q25.32 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational RARRES3 5920 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of RARRES3 mRNA 11q12.3 Alitretinoin Approved Investigational TGM2 7052 upregulated alitretinoin results in increased expression of TGM2 mRNA 20q11.23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ADH1A 124 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ADH1A mRNA 4q23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ADH5 128 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ADH5 mRNA 4q23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ALDH3B1 221 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of ALDH3B1 mRNA 11q13.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ALDH4A1 8659 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of ALDH4A1 mRNA 1p36.13 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ANK2 287 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ANK2 mRNA 4q25-q26 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ANK3 288 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ANK3 mRNA 10q21.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ASAH1 427 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ASAH1 mRNA 8p22 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ASB1 51665 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ASB1 mRNA 2q37.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ASB9 140462 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of ASB9 mRNA Xp22.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical BAG3 9531 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of BAG3 mRNA 10q26.11 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical BAG4 9530 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of BAG4 mRNA 8p11.23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical BAG5 9529 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of BAG5 mRNA 14q32.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical BAX 581 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of BAX mRNA 19q13.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CDH1 999 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CDH1 mRNA 16q22.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CFLAR 8837 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CFLAR mRNA 2q33.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CLDN10 9071 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CLDN10 mRNA 13q32.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CLDN18 51208 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CLDN18 mRNA 3q22.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical COL1A1 1277 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of COL1A1 mRNA 17q21.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical COL4A1 1282 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of COL4A1 mRNA 13q34 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical COL4A2 1284 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of COL4A2 mRNA 13q34 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CRADD 8738 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CRADD mRNA 12q22 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CTSB 1508 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of CTSB mRNA 8p23.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CXCL12 6387 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CXCL12 mRNA 10q11.21 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CXCL6 6372 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CXCL6 mRNA 4q13.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CXCL9 4283 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CXCL9 mRNA 4q21.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CXCR4 7852 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CXCR4 mRNA 2q22.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CYP2C9 1559 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CYP2C9 mRNA 10q23.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical CYP3A43 64816 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of CYP3A43 mRNA 7q22.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical DLX2 1746 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of DLX2 mRNA 2q31.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical DLX4 1748 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of DLX4 mRNA 17q21.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ERCC2 2068 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of ERCC2 mRNA 19q13.32 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical FAIM2 23017 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of FAIM2 mRNA 12q13.12 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical FAS 355 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of FAS mRNA 10q23.31 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical FOXA1 3169 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of FOXA1 mRNA 14q21.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GATA6 2627 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of GATA6 mRNA 18q11.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GBP1 2633 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of GBP1 mRNA 1p22.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GJA9 81025 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of GJA9 mRNA 1p34.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GSTK1 373156 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of GSTK1 mRNA 7q34 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GSTM2 2946 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of GSTM2 mRNA 1p13.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GSTM4 2948 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of GSTM4 mRNA 1p13.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GSTM5 2949 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of GSTM5 mRNA 1p13.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical GSTZ1 2954 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of GSTZ1 mRNA 14q24.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical HOXA7 3204 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of HOXA7 mRNA 7p15.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical HOXB6 3216 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of HOXB6 mRNA 17q21.32 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical HOXC10 3226 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of HOXC10 mRNA 12q13.13 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IFNA14 3448 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IFNA14 mRNA 9p21.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IFNA16 3449 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IFNA16 mRNA 9p21.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IFNA17 3451 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IFNA17 mRNA 9p21.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IFNA5 3442 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IFNA5 mRNA 9p21.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IRF8 3394 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IRF8 mRNA 16q24.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IRX4 50805 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of IRX4 mRNA 5p15.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ITGB1 3688 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of ITGB1 mRNA 10p11.22 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical ITGB4 3691 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of ITGB4 mRNA 17q25.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical IVL 3713 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of IVL mRNA 1q21.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical KRT18 3875 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of KRT18 mRNA 12q13.13 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical KRT19 3880 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of KRT19 mRNA 17q21.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical KRT2 3849 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of KRT2 mRNA 12q13.13 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical KRT8 3856 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of KRT8 mRNA 12q13.13 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical LHX3 8022 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of LHX3 mRNA 9q34.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical MEIS2 4212 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of MEIS2 mRNA 15q14 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical MEOX1 4222 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of MEOX1 mRNA 17q21.31 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical MNX1 3110 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of MNX1 mRNA 7q36.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical MSH5 4439 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of MSH5 mRNA 6p21.33 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical MUC5AC 4586 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of MUC5AC mRNA 11p15.5 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical NOS1 4842 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of NOS1 mRNA 12q24.22 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical OLR1 4973 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of OLR1 mRNA 12p13.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical PCDHGC3 5098 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of PCDHGC3 mRNA 5q31.3 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical PLSCR1 5359 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of PLSCR1 mRNA 3q24 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical PLSCR3 57048 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of PLSCR3 mRNA 17p13.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical PLSCR4 57088 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of PLSCR4 mRNA 3q24 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical RAD51AP1 10635 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of RAD51AP1 mRNA 12p13.32 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical RAD51D 5892 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of RAD51D mRNA 17q12 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical RARA 5914 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of RARA mRNA 17q21.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical RARB 5915 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of RARB mRNA 3p24.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical RARRES1 5918 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of RARRES1 mRNA 3q25.32 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical SIX6 4990 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of SIX6 mRNA 14q23.1 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical SOD1 6647 downregulated beta Carotene results in decreased expression of SOD1 mRNA 21q22.11 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical SREBF1 6720 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of SREBF1 mRNA 17p11.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical TGM2 7052 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of TGM2 mRNA 20q11.23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical TGM4 7047 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of TGM4 mRNA 3p21.31 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical TNFRSF9 3604 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of TNFRSF9 mRNA 1p36.23 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical TNFSF10 8743 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of TNFSF10 mRNA 3q26 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical TXNDC9 10190 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of TXNDC9 mRNA 2q11.2 Beta carotene Approved Nutraceutical XRCC3 7517 upregulated beta Carotene results in increased expression of XRCC3 mRNA 14q32.3 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical COL1A1 1277 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA 17q21.33 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical COL4A2 1284 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of COL4A2 mRNA 13q34 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical CRABP2 1382 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of CRABP2 mRNA 1q23.1 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical FAS 355 downregulated Tretinoin results in decreased expression of FAS mRNA 10q23.31 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical FOXA1 3169 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of FOXA1 mRNA 14q21.1 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical GATA6 2627 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of GATA6 mRNA 18q11.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical IVL 3713 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of IVL mRNA 1q21.3 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical KRT18 3875 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of KRT18 mRNA 12q13.13 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical KRT19 3880 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of KRT19 mRNA 17q21.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical KRT2 3849 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of KRT2 mRNA 12q13.13 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical KRT7 3855 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of KRT7 mRNA 12q13.13 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical KRT8 3856 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of KRT8 mRNA 12q13.13 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical MCL1 4170 downregulated Tretinoin results in decreased expression of MCL1 mRNA 1q21.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical MEIS1 4211 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of MEIS1 mRNA 2p14 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical MEIS2 4212 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of MEIS2 mRNA 15q14 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical MEOX1 4222 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of MEOX1 mRNA 17q21.31 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical MUC5AC 4586 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of MUC5AC mRNA 11p15.5 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical OLR1 4973 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of OLR1 mRNA 12p13.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical RARA 5914 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of RARA mRNA 17q21.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical RARB 5915 downregulated Tretinoin results in decreased expression of RARB mRNA 3p24.2 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical RARRES1 5918 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of RARRES1 mRNA 3q25.32 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical RARRES3 5920 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of RARRES3 mRNA 11q12.3 Tretinoin Approved Investigational Nutraceutical TGM2 7052 upregulated Tretinoin results in increased expression of TGM2 mRNA 20q11.23 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved COL1A1 1277 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA 17q21.33 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved COL4A2 1284 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of COL4A2 mRNA 13q34 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved CRABP2 1382 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of CRABP2 mRNA 1q23.1 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved FAS 355 downregulated Vitamin A results in decreased expression of FAS mRNA 10q23.31 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved FOXA1 3169 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of FOXA1 mRNA 14q21.1 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved GATA6 2627 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of GATA6 mRNA 18q11.2 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved IVL 3713 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of IVL mRNA 1q21.3 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved KRT18 3875 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of KRT18 mRNA 12q13.13 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved KRT19 3880 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of KRT19 mRNA 17q21.2 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved KRT7 3855 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of KRT7 mRNA 12q13.13 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved KRT8 3856 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of KRT8 mRNA 12q13.13 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved MEIS1 4211 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of MEIS1 mRNA 2p14 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved MEIS2 4212 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of MEIS2 mRNA 15q14 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved MEOX1 4222 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of MEOX1 mRNA 17q21.31 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved MUC5AC 4586 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of MUC5AC mRNA 11p15.5 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved OLR1 4973 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of OLR1 mRNA 12p13.2 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved RARA 5914 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of RARA mRNA 17q21.2 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved RARB 5915 downregulated Vitamin A results in decreased expression of RARB mRNA 3p24.2 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved RARRES1 5918 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of RARRES1 mRNA 3q25.32 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved RARRES3 5920 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of RARRES3 mRNA 11q12.3 Vitamin A Approved Nutraceutical Vet Approved TGM2 7052 upregulated Vitamin A results in increased expression of TGM2 mRNA 20q11.23