Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate
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Identification
- Generic Name
- Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04315
- Background
A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. [PubChem]
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 443.2005
Monoisotopic: 443.024329371 - Chemical Formula
- C10H15N5O11P2
- Synonyms
- Not Available
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
- Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Not Available
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
- Class
- Purine nucleotides
- Sub Class
- Purine ribonucleotides
- Direct Parent
- Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates
- Alternative Parents
- Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates / Pentose phosphates / Glycosylamines / Hypoxanthines / Monosaccharide phosphates / Organic pyrophosphates / 6-oxopurines / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Monoalkyl phosphates / Pyrimidones show 12 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-diol / 6-oxopurine / Alcohol / Alkyl phosphate / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Glycosyl compound show 33 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate, guanosine 5'-phosphate (CHEBI:17552) / Ribonucleotides (C00035)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- HLJ737P865
- CAS number
- 146-91-8
- InChI Key
- QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- [({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid
- SMILES
- NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001201
- KEGG Compound
- C00035
- PubChem Compound
- 8977
- PubChem Substance
- 46508144
- ChemSpider
- 8630
- BindingDB
- 92459
- ChEBI
- 17552
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL384759
- ZINC
- ZINC000008215481
- PDBe Ligand
- GDP
- PDB Entries
- 1a4r / 1aa9 / 1agr / 1an0 / 1as2 / 1as3 / 1bhn / 1bof / 1byu / 1cc0 … show 2045 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 4.44 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1.5 ALOGPS logP -3.4 Chemaxon logS -2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.79 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 0.48 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 12 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 7 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 248.28 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 86.37 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 35.28 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.6698 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.8818 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7567 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6184 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9234 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9815 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9536 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8501 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8342 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5541 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8523 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9277 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9013 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9263 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9501 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9833 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9091 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9063 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9592 Rat acute toxicity 2.4879 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9753 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8212
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 205.4360054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 207.5835054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 211.3743054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.68535 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 206.4137054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 208.6004054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 212.2763054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.8267 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 205.9126054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 208.6675054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 212.0413054 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 181.68668 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Calcium-dependent acyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between peptide-bound glutamine and various primary amines, such as gamma-amino group of peptide-bound lysine, or mono- and polyamines, thereby producing cross-linked or aminated proteins, respectively (PubMed:23941696, PubMed:31991788, PubMed:9252372). Involved in many biological processes, such as bone development, angiogenesis, wound healing, cellular differentiation, chromatin modification and apoptosis (PubMed:1683874, PubMed:27270573, PubMed:7935379, PubMed:9252372, PubMed:28198360). Acts as a protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase by mediating the cross-linking of proteins, such as ACO2, HSPB6, FN1, HMGB1, RAP1GDS1, SLC25A4/ANT1, SPP1 and WDR54 (PubMed:23941696, PubMed:24349085, PubMed:29618516, PubMed:30458214). Under physiological conditions, the protein cross-linking activity is inhibited by GTP; inhibition is relieved by Ca(2+) in response to various stresses (PubMed:18092889, PubMed:7592956, PubMed:7649299). When secreted, catalyzes cross-linking of proteins of the extracellular matrix, such as FN1 and SPP1 resulting in the formation of scaffolds (PubMed:12506096). Plays a key role during apoptosis, both by (1) promoting the cross-linking of cytoskeletal proteins resulting in condensation of the cytoplasm, and by (2) mediating cross-linking proteins of the extracellular matrix, resulting in the irreversible formation of scaffolds that stabilize the integrity of the dying cells before their clearance by phagocytosis, thereby preventing the leakage of harmful intracellular components (PubMed:7935379, PubMed:9252372). In addition to protein cross-linking, can use different monoamine substrates to catalyze a vast array of protein post-translational modifications: mediates aminylation of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline or histamine into glutamine residues of target proteins to generate protein serotonylation, dopaminylation, noradrenalinylation or histaminylation, respectively (PubMed:23797785, PubMed:30867594). Mediates protein serotonylation of small GTPases during activation and aggregation of platelets, leading to constitutive activation of these GTPases (By similarity). Plays a key role in chromatin organization by mediating serotonylation and dopaminylation of histone H3 (PubMed:30867594, PubMed:32273471). Catalyzes serotonylation of 'Gln-5' of histone H3 (H3Q5ser) during serotonergic neuron differentiation, thereby facilitating transcription (PubMed:30867594). Acts as a mediator of neurotransmission-independent role of nuclear dopamine in ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons: catalyzes dopaminylation of 'Gln-5' of histone H3 (H3Q5dop), thereby regulating relapse-related transcriptional plasticity in the reward system (PubMed:32273471). Regulates vein remodeling by mediating serotonylation and subsequent inactivation of ATP2A2/SERCA2 (By similarity). Also acts as a protein deamidase by mediating the side chain deamidation of specific glutamine residues of proteins to glutamate (PubMed:20547769, PubMed:9623982). Catalyzes specific deamidation of protein gliadin, a component of wheat gluten in the diet (PubMed:9623982). May also act as an isopeptidase cleaving the previously formed cross-links (PubMed:26250429, PubMed:27131890). Also able to participate in signaling pathways independently of its acyltransferase activity: acts as a signal transducer in alpha-1 adrenergic receptor-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C-delta (PLCD) activity and is required for coupling alpha-1 adrenergic agonists to the stimulation of phosphoinositide lipid metabolism (PubMed:8943303)
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- TGM2
- Uniprot ID
- P21980
- Uniprot Name
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 77328.21 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
2. DetailsElongation factor 1-alpha
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Plasmodium falciparum (isolate K1 / Thailand)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- MEF-1
- Uniprot ID
- Q00080
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor 1-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 49040.52 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
3. DetailsAdenylosuccinate synthetase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Plays an important role in the salvage pathway for purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- adenylosuccinate synthase activity
- Gene Name
- Adss
- Uniprot ID
- Q9U8D3
- Uniprot Name
- Adenylosuccinate synthetase
- Molecular Weight
- 50064.525 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
4. DetailsRas-related protein Rab-9A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Involved in the transport of proteins between the endosomes and the trans Golgi network. Involved in the recruitment of SGSM2 to melanosomes and is required for the proper trafficking of melanogenic enzymes TYR, TYRP1 and DCT/TYRP2 to melanosomes in melanocytes
- Specific Function
- GDP binding
- Gene Name
- RAB9A
- Uniprot ID
- P51151
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rab-9A
- Molecular Weight
- 22837.38 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
5. DetailsGTPase HRas
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the activation of Ras protein signal transduction (PubMed:22821884). Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity (PubMed:12740440, PubMed:14500341, PubMed:9020151)
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- HRAS
- Uniprot ID
- P01112
- Uniprot Name
- GTPase HRas
- Molecular Weight
- 21297.97 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
6. DetailsTransforming protein RhoA
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. Mainly associated with cytoskeleton organization, in active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle (PubMed:23871831). Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers (PubMed:31570889, PubMed:8910519, PubMed:9121475). Involved in a microtubule-dependent signal that is required for the myosin contractile ring formation during cell cycle cytokinesis (PubMed:12900402, PubMed:16236794). Plays an essential role in cleavage furrow formation. Required for the apical junction formation of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion (PubMed:20974804, PubMed:23940119). Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly (PubMed:19934221). The MEMO1-RHOA-DIAPH1 signaling pathway plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. It controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, via the regulation of GSK3B activity. In turn, membrane-bound APC allows the localization of the MACF1 to the cell membrane, which is required for microtubule capture and stabilization (PubMed:20937854). Regulates KCNA2 potassium channel activity by reducing its location at the cell surface in response to CHRM1 activation; promotes KCNA2 endocytosis (PubMed:19403695, PubMed:9635436). Acts as an allosteric activator of guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 by binding in its activated GTP-bound form to the PH domain of ECT2 which stimulates the release of PH inhibition and promotes the binding of substrate RHOA to the ECT2 catalytic center (PubMed:31888991). May be an activator of PLCE1 (PubMed:16103226). In neurons, involved in the inhibition of the initial spine growth. Upon activation by CaMKII, modulates dendritic spine structural plasticity by relaying CaMKII transient activation to synapse-specific, long-term signaling (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of platelet alpha-granule release during activation and aggregation of platelets (By similarity). When activated by DAAM1 may signal centrosome maturation and chromosomal segregation during cell division. May also be involved in contractile ring formation during cytokinesis
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- RHOA
- Uniprot ID
- P61586
- Uniprot Name
- Transforming protein RhoA
- Molecular Weight
- 21767.94 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
7. DetailsRas-related protein Rab-11A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (PubMed:15601896, PubMed:15689490, PubMed:17462998, PubMed:19542231, PubMed:20026645, PubMed:20890297, PubMed:21282656). The small Rab GTPase RAB11A regulates endocytic recycling (PubMed:20026645). Forms a functional Rab11/FIP3/dynein complex that regulates the movement of peripheral sorting endosomes (SE) along microtubule tracks toward the microtubule organizing center/centrosome, generating the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) (PubMed:20026645). Acts as a major regulator of membrane delivery during cytokinesis (PubMed:15601896). Together with MYO5B and RAB8A participates in epithelial cell polarization. Together with RAB3IP, RAB8A, the exocyst complex, PARD3, PRKCI, ANXA2, CDC42 and DNMBP promotes transcytosis of PODXL to the apical membrane initiation sites (AMIS), apical surface formation and lumenogenesis. Together with MYO5B participates in CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane and TF (Transferrin) recycling in nonpolarized cells. Required in a complex with MYO5B and RAB11FIP2 for the transport of NPC1L1 to the plasma membrane. Participates in the sorting and basolateral transport of CDH1 from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Regulates the recycling of FCGRT (receptor of Fc region of monomeric Ig G) to basolateral membranes. May also play a role in melanosome transport and release from melanocytes (PubMed:15689490, PubMed:17462998, PubMed:19542231, PubMed:20890297, PubMed:21282656). Promotes Rabin8/RAB3IP preciliary vesicular trafficking to mother centriole by forming a ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, thereby regulating ciliogenesis initiation (PubMed:25673879, PubMed:31204173). On the contrary, upon LPAR1 receptor signaling pathway activation, interaction with phosphorylated WDR44 prevents Rab11-RAB3IP-RAB11FIP3 complex formation and cilia growth (PubMed:31204173). Participates in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-endososomal dependent export route via interaction with WDR44 (PubMed:32344433)
- Specific Function
- dynein light intermediate chain binding
- Gene Name
- RAB11A
- Uniprot ID
- P62491
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rab-11A
- Molecular Weight
- 24393.305 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
8. DetailsAdenylosuccinate synthetase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
- Specific Function
- adenylosuccinate synthase activity
- Gene Name
- purA
- Uniprot ID
- P0A7D4
- Uniprot Name
- Adenylosuccinate synthetase
- Molecular Weight
- 47344.585 Da
References
9. DetailsCell division protein FtsZ
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Essential cell division protein that forms a contractile ring structure (Z ring) at the future cell division site. The regulation of the ring assembly controls the timing and the location of cell division. One of the functions of the FtsZ ring is to recruit other cell division proteins to the septum to produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells. Binds GTP and shows GTPase activity.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- ftsZ
- Uniprot ID
- P9WN95
- Uniprot Name
- Cell division protein FtsZ
- Molecular Weight
- 38755.52 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the calcium-dependent formation of isopeptide cross-links between glutamine and lysine residues in various proteins, as well as the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. Involved in the formation of the cornified envelope (CE), a specialized component consisting of covalent cross-links of proteins beneath the plasma membrane of terminally differentiated keratinocytes. Catalyzes small proline-rich proteins (SPRR1 and SPRR2) and LOR cross-linking to form small interchain oligomers, which are further cross-linked by TGM1 onto the growing CE scaffold (By similarity). In hair follicles, involved in cross-linking structural proteins to hardening the inner root sheath
- Specific Function
- acyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- TGM3
- Uniprot ID
- Q08188
- Uniprot Name
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E
- Molecular Weight
- 76631.26 Da
References
11. DetailsRas-related protein Rab-8B
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab may be involved in polarized vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter release. May participate in cell junction dynamics in Sertoli cells (By similarity). May participate in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-dependent endososomal export route (PubMed:32344433)
- Specific Function
- GDP binding
- Gene Name
- RAB8B
- Uniprot ID
- Q92930
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rab-8B
- Molecular Weight
- 23583.84 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
12. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor 6
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking that regulates endocytic recycling and cytoskeleton remodeling (PubMed:11266366, PubMed:16737952, PubMed:18400762, PubMed:21170023, PubMed:32103017, PubMed:7589240). GTP-bound form plays an important role in the transport of multiple palmitoylated proteins form the Golgi to the plasma membrane (PubMed:37461827). Required for normal completion of mitotic cytokinesis (By similarity). Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of stress fibers (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of dendritic spine development, contributing to the regulation of dendritic branching and filopodia extension (PubMed:14978216). Potentiates the neurite outgrowth in primary neurons by interacting with the molecular adapter APBB1 (PubMed:36250347). Plays an important role in membrane trafficking, during junctional remodeling and epithelial polarization (PubMed:36017701). Regulates surface levels of adherens junction proteins such as CDH1 (By similarity). Required for NTRK1 sorting to the recycling pathway from early endosomes (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- ARF6
- Uniprot ID
- P62330
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor 6
- Molecular Weight
- 20082.01 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
13. DetailsAdenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP
- Specific Function
- actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- ADSS1
- Uniprot ID
- Q8N142
- Uniprot Name
- Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1
- Molecular Weight
- 50208.16 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
14. DetailsElongation factor G
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
- Specific Function
- GDP binding
- Gene Name
- fusA
- Uniprot ID
- P13551
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor G
- Molecular Weight
- 76878.69 Da
References
15. DetailsElongation factor Tu, mitochondrial
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. Also plays a role in the regulation of autophagy and innate immunity. Recruits ATG5-ATG12 and NLRX1 at mitochondria and serves as a checkpoint of the RIGI-MAVS pathway. In turn, inhibits RLR-mediated type I interferon while promoting autophagy
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- TUFM
- Uniprot ID
- P49411
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 49874.55 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
16. DetailsGTPase Der
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTPase that plays an essential role in the late steps of ribosome biogenesis (By similarity). Has GTPase activity but no ATPase activity. GTP, GDP, and dGTP but not GMP, ATP, CTP, and UTP compete for GTP binding.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- der
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X1F8
- Uniprot Name
- GTPase Der
- Molecular Weight
- 50014.38 Da
References
17. DetailsGDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Hydrolyzes both GDP-mannose and GDP-glucose (PubMed:10913267, PubMed:23481913, PubMed:7592609). Could participate in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis by influencing the concentration of GDP-mannose or GDP-glucose in the cell. Might also be involved in the biosynthesis of the slime polysaccharide colanic acid (PubMed:10913267, PubMed:7592609).
- Specific Function
- GDP-glucosidase activity
- Gene Name
- gmm
- Uniprot ID
- P32056
- Uniprot Name
- GDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase
- Molecular Weight
- 18273.34 Da
References
18. DetailsProbable GTP-binding protein EngB
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Necessary for normal cell division and for the maintenance of normal septation.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- engB
- Uniprot ID
- P38424
- Uniprot Name
- Probable GTP-binding protein EngB
- Molecular Weight
- 22026.23 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Member of the eIF2 complex that functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA (PubMed:31836389). This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC) (By similarity). Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF2 and release of an eIF2-GDP binary complex (By similarity). In order for eIF2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- EIF2S3
- Uniprot ID
- P41091
- Uniprot Name
- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 3
- Molecular Weight
- 51109.075 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades (PubMed:18434541, PubMed:8774883, PubMed:34239069, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220, PubMed:37963465, PubMed:37935377, PubMed:37935376, PubMed:38552625). The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state (PubMed:18434541, PubMed:8774883). Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding (PubMed:18434541, PubMed:8774883). The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal (PubMed:18434541, PubMed:8774883). Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modulated by numerous regulatory proteins (PubMed:18434541, PubMed:8774883). Signaling is mediated via effector proteins, such as adenylate cyclase: inhibits adenylate cyclase activity of ADCY1, ADCY5 and ADCY6, leading to decreased intracellular cAMP levels (PubMed:8119955). The inactive GDP-bound form prevents the association of RGS14 with centrosomes and is required for the translocation of RGS14 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Required for normal cytokinesis during mitosis (PubMed:17635935). Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (PubMed:22327364)
- Specific Function
- D2 dopamine receptor binding
- Gene Name
- GNAI1
- Uniprot ID
- P63096
- Uniprot Name
- Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 40360.685 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
21. DetailsSignal recognition particle protein
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus aquaticus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in targeting and insertion of nascent membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane. Binds to the hydrophobic signal sequence of the ribosome-nascent chain (RNC) as it emerges from the ribosomes. The SRP-RNC complex is then targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane where it interacts with the SRP receptor FtsY.
- Specific Function
- 7S RNA binding
- Gene Name
- ffh
- Uniprot ID
- O07347
- Uniprot Name
- Signal recognition particle protein
- Molecular Weight
- 47355.705 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Functions as a signal transducer for the rod photoreceptor RHO. Required for normal RHO-mediated light perception by the retina (PubMed:22190596). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the photoreceptor RHO. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Activated RHO promotes GDP release and GTP binding. Signaling is mediated via downstream effector proteins, such as cGMP-phosphodiesterase (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- acyl binding
- Gene Name
- GNAT1
- Uniprot ID
- P11488
- Uniprot Name
- Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 40040.415 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
23. DetailsElongation factor Tu-B
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- tufB
- Uniprot ID
- P60339
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor Tu-B
- Molecular Weight
- 44782.015 Da
References
24. DetailsNucleoside diphosphate kinase A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination. During GZMA-mediated cell death, works in concert with TREX1. NME1 nicks one strand of DNA and TREX1 removes bases from the free 3' end to enhance DNA damage and prevent DNA end reannealing and rapid repair
- Specific Function
- 3'-5' exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- NME1
- Uniprot ID
- P15531
- Uniprot Name
- Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A
- Molecular Weight
- 17148.635 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
25. DetailsGTP-binding protein Rheb
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase that acts as an allosteric activator of the canonical mTORC1 complex, an evolutionarily conserved central nutrient sensor that stimulates anabolic reactions and macromolecule biosynthesis to promote cellular biomass generation and growth (PubMed:12172553, PubMed:12271141, PubMed:12842888, PubMed:12869586, PubMed:12906785, PubMed:15340059, PubMed:15854902, PubMed:16098514, PubMed:20381137, PubMed:22819219, PubMed:24529379, PubMed:29416044, PubMed:32470140, PubMed:33157014). In response to nutrients, growth factors or amino acids, specifically activates the protein kinase activity of MTOR, the catalytic component of the mTORC1 complex: acts by causing a conformational change that allows the alignment of residues in the active site of MTOR, thereby enhancing the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KB1 and RPS6KB2) and EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) (PubMed:29236692, PubMed:33157014). RHEB is also required for localization of the TSC-TBC complex to lysosomal membranes (PubMed:24529379). In response to starvation, RHEB is inactivated by the TSC-TBC complex, preventing activation of mTORC1 (PubMed:24529379, PubMed:33157014). Has low intrinsic GTPase activity (PubMed:15340059)
- Specific Function
- GDP binding
- Gene Name
- RHEB
- Uniprot ID
- Q15382
- Uniprot Name
- GTP-binding protein Rheb
- Molecular Weight
- 20497.335 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
26. DetailsCell division control protein 42 homolog
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. Involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. Regulates the bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochores before chromosome congression in metaphase (PubMed:15642749). Regulates cell migration (PubMed:17038317, PubMed:22843693). In neurons, plays a role in the extension and maintenance of the formation of filopodia, thin and actin-rich surface projections (PubMed:14978216). Required for DOCK10-mediated spine formation in Purkinje cells and hippocampal neurons. In podocytes, facilitates filopodia and podosomes formation upon DOCK11-activation (PubMed:33523862). Upon activation by CaMKII, modulates dendritic spine structural plasticity by relaying CaMKII transient activation to synapse-specific, long-term signaling (By similarity). Also plays a role in phagocytosis through organization of the F-actin cytoskeleton associated with forming phagocytic cups (PubMed:26465210). Upon activation by PLEKHG4B, involved in actin cytoskeletal remodeling during epithelial cell-cell junction formation (PubMed:33310911)
- Specific Function
- apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding
- Gene Name
- CDC42
- Uniprot ID
- P60953
- Uniprot Name
- Cell division control protein 42 homolog
- Molecular Weight
- 21258.42 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
27. DetailsElongation factor Tu
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shigella flexneri
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- tufA
- Uniprot ID
- Q83JC4
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor Tu
- Molecular Weight
- 43283.275 Da
References
28. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase involved in protein trafficking between different compartments (PubMed:8253837). Modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi complex (PubMed:8253837). In its GTP-bound form, triggers the recruitment of coatomer proteins to the Golgi membrane (PubMed:8253837). The hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP, which is mediated by ARFGAPs proteins, is required for dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi membranes and vesicles (PubMed:8253837). The GTP-bound form interacts with PICK1 to limit PICK1-mediated inhibition of Arp2/3 complex activity; the function is linked to AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking, regulation of synaptic plasticity of excitatory synapses and spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD) (By similarity). Plays a key role in the regulation of intestinal stem cells and gut microbiota, and is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis (By similarity). Plays also a critical role in mast cell expansion but not in mast cell maturation by facilitating optimal mTORC1 activation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- ARF1
- Uniprot ID
- P84077
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor 1
- Molecular Weight
- 20696.62 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
29. DetailsElongation factor 2
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation (PubMed:26593721). During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively (PubMed:26593721). Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome (PubMed:26593721)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- EEF2
- Uniprot ID
- P13639
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor 2
- Molecular Weight
- 95337.385 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- In eubacteria ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) is a mediator of the stringent response that coordinates a variety of cellular activities in response to changes in nutritional abundance. This enzyme catalyzes both the formation of pppGpp which is then hydrolyzed to form ppGpp, and the hydrolysis of ppGpp. The enzyme does not simultaneously display both synthase and hydrolase activities. In the structure of residues 1-385 there are 2 conformations seen, the hydrolase-OFF/synthase-ON and hydrolase-ON/synthase-OFF, suggesting there is ligand-induced signal transmission between the 2 active sites.
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- relA
- Uniprot ID
- Q54089
- Uniprot Name
- Bifunctional (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase RelA
- Molecular Weight
- 83912.61 Da
References
31. DetailsRas-related protein Rap-2a
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTP-binding protein which cycles between a GDP-bound inactive and a GTP-bound active form. In its active form interacts with and regulates several effectors including MAP4K4, MINK1 and TNIK. Part of a signaling complex composed of NEDD4, RAP2A and TNIK which regulates neuronal dendrite extension and arborization during development. More generally, it is part of several signaling cascades and may regulate cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell migration, cell adhesion and cell spreading
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- RAP2A
- Uniprot ID
- P10114
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rap-2a
- Molecular Weight
- 20615.3 Da
References
32. DetailsElongation factor-like GTPase 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit and translational activation of ribosomes. Together with SBDS, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Has low intrinsic GTPase activity. GTPase activity is increased by contact with 60S ribosome subunits
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- EFL1
- Uniprot ID
- Q7Z2Z2
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor-like GTPase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 125428.745 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
33. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTP-binding protein that recruits several effectors, such as golgins, arfaptins and Arf-GEFs to the trans-Golgi network, and modulates their functions at the Golgi complex (PubMed:21239483, PubMed:22679020, PubMed:27373159, PubMed:27436755, PubMed:9624189). Plays thereby a role in a wide range of fundamental cellular processes, including cell polarity, innate immunity, or protein secretion mediated by arfaptins, which were shown to play a role in maintaining insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells (PubMed:22981988)
- Specific Function
- enzyme activator activity
- Gene Name
- ARL1
- Uniprot ID
- P40616
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 20417.36 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
34. DetailsGTP-binding nuclear protein Ran
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTPase involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, participating both to the import and the export from the nucleus of proteins and RNAs (PubMed:10400640, PubMed:17209048, PubMed:26272610, PubMed:27306458, PubMed:8276887, PubMed:8636225, PubMed:8692944, PubMed:8896452, PubMed:9351834, PubMed:9428644, PubMed:9822603). Switches between a cytoplasmic GDP- and a nuclear GTP-bound state by nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis (PubMed:11336674, PubMed:26272610, PubMed:29040603, PubMed:7819259, PubMed:8636225, PubMed:8692944, PubMed:8896452, PubMed:9351834, PubMed:9428644, PubMed:9822603). Nuclear import receptors such as importin beta bind their substrates only in the absence of GTP-bound RAN and release them upon direct interaction with GTP-bound RAN, while export receptors behave in the opposite way. Thereby, RAN controls cargo loading and release by transport receptors in the proper compartment and ensures the directionality of the transport (PubMed:8896452, PubMed:9351834, PubMed:9428644). Interaction with RANBP1 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by XPO1 and RAN that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins (PubMed:20485264). RAN (GTP-bound form) triggers microtubule assembly at mitotic chromosomes and is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation (PubMed:10408446, PubMed:29040603). Required for normal progress through mitosis (PubMed:12194828, PubMed:29040603, PubMed:8421051). The complex with BIRC5/survivin plays a role in mitotic spindle formation by serving as a physical scaffold to help deliver the RAN effector molecule TPX2 to microtubules (PubMed:18591255). Acts as a negative regulator of the kinase activity of VRK1 and VRK2 (PubMed:18617507). Enhances AR-mediated transactivation. Transactivation decreases as the poly-Gln length within AR increases (PubMed:10400640)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- RAN
- Uniprot ID
- P62826
- Uniprot Name
- GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran
- Molecular Weight
- 24422.965 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
35. DetailsRas-related protein Rab-7a
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of endo-lysosomal trafficking. Governs early-to-late endosomal maturation, microtubule minus-end as well as plus-end directed endosomal migration and positioning, and endosome-lysosome transport through different protein-protein interaction cascades. Plays a central role, not only in endosomal traffic, but also in many other cellular and physiological events, such as growth-factor-mediated cell signaling, nutrient-transportor mediated nutrient uptake, neurotrophin transport in the axons of neurons and lipid metabolism. Also involved in regulation of some specialized endosomal membrane trafficking, such as maturation of melanosomes, pathogen-induced phagosomes (or vacuoles) and autophagosomes. Plays a role in the maturation and acidification of phagosomes that engulf pathogens, such as S.aureus and M.tuberculosis. Plays a role in the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Plays important roles in microbial pathogen infection and survival, as well as in participating in the life cycle of viruses. Microbial pathogens possess survival strategies governed by RAB7A, sometimes by employing RAB7A function (e.g. Salmonella) and sometimes by excluding RAB7A function (e.g. Mycobacterium). In concert with RAC1, plays a role in regulating the formation of RBs (ruffled borders) in osteoclasts. Controls the endosomal trafficking and neurite outgrowth signaling of NTRK1/TRKA (PubMed:11179213, PubMed:12944476, PubMed:14617358, PubMed:20028791, PubMed:21255211). Regulates the endocytic trafficking of the EGF-EGFR complex by regulating its lysosomal degradation. Involved in the ADRB2-stimulated lipolysis through lipophagy, a cytosolic lipase-independent autophagic pathway (By similarity). Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan (PubMed:22660413). Required for vesicular trafficking and cell surface expression of ACE2 (PubMed:33147445). May play a role in PRPH neuronal intermediate filament assembly (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- RAB7A
- Uniprot ID
- P51149
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rab-7a
- Molecular Weight
- 23489.55 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
36. DetailsInterferon-inducible GTPase 5
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Required for sperm motility and therefore male fertility, via positive regulation of spermatozoa fibrous sheath formation
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- IRGC
- Uniprot ID
- Q6NXR0
- Uniprot Name
- Interferon-inducible GTPase 5
- Molecular Weight
- 50287.62 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTPase component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, a ternary complex that mediates translation termination in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA (PubMed:15987998, PubMed:19417105, PubMed:2511002, PubMed:27863242). GSPT1/ERF3A mediates ETF1/ERF1 delivery to stop codons: The eRF1-eRF3-GTP complex binds to a stop codon in the ribosomal A-site (PubMed:27863242). GTP hydrolysis by GSPT1/ERF3A induces a conformational change that leads to its dissociation, permitting ETF1/ERF1 to accommodate fully in the A-site (PubMed:16777602, PubMed:27863242). Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (PubMed:24486019). Required for SHFL-mediated translation termination which inhibits programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) of mRNA from viruses and cellular genes (PubMed:30682371)
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- GSPT1
- Uniprot ID
- P15170
- Uniprot Name
- Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3A
- Molecular Weight
- 55755.55 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
38. DetailsRas-related protein Rab-5A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Active GTP-bound form is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. RAB5A is required for the fusion of plasma membranes and early endosomes (PubMed:10818110, PubMed:14617813, PubMed:15378032, PubMed:16410077). Contributes to the regulation of filopodia extension (PubMed:14978216). Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63, PDCD6IP and syndecan (PubMed:22660413). Regulates maturation of apoptotic cell-containing phagosomes, probably downstream of DYN2 and PIK3C3 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein activity
- Gene Name
- RAB5A
- Uniprot ID
- P20339
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Rab-5A
- Molecular Weight
- 23658.5 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
39. DetailsElongation factor 1-alpha 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Translation elongation factor that catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the A-site of ribosomes during the elongation phase of protein synthesis (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623, PubMed:36638793). Base pairing between the mRNA codon and the aa-tRNA anticodon promotes GTP hydrolysis, releasing the aa-tRNA from EEF1A1 and allowing its accommodation into the ribosome (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623, PubMed:36638793). The growing protein chain is subsequently transferred from the P-site peptidyl tRNA to the A-site aa-tRNA, extending it by one amino acid through ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623). Also plays a role in the positive regulation of IFNG transcription in T-helper 1 cells as part of an IFNG promoter-binding complex with TXK and PARP1 (PubMed:17177976)
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- EEF1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P68104
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor 1-alpha 1
- Molecular Weight
- 50140.565 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
40. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor 4
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- GTP-binding protein that functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. Involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus. Part of the ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, which direct preciliary vesicle trafficking to mother centriole and ciliogenesis initiation (PubMed:25673879)
- Specific Function
- epidermal growth factor receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ARF4
- Uniprot ID
- P18085
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor 4
- Molecular Weight
- 20510.615 Da
41. DetailsGDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose
- Specific Function
- GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity
- Gene Name
- GMDS
- Uniprot ID
- O60547
- Uniprot Name
- GDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase
- Molecular Weight
- 41949.445 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
42. DetailsRas-related protein Ral-A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional GTPase involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene expression, cell migration, cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation and membrane trafficking. Accomplishes its multiple functions by interacting with distinct downstream effectors (PubMed:18756269, PubMed:19306925, PubMed:20005108, PubMed:21822277, PubMed:30500825). Acts as a GTP sensor for GTP-dependent exocytosis of dense core vesicles. The RALA-exocyst complex regulates integrin-dependent membrane raft exocytosis and growth signaling (PubMed:20005108). Key regulator of LPAR1 signaling and competes with GRK2 for binding to LPAR1 thus affecting the signaling properties of the receptor. Required for anchorage-independent proliferation of transformed cells (PubMed:19306925). During mitosis, supports the stabilization and elongation of the intracellular bridge between dividing cells. Cooperates with EXOC2 to recruit other components of the exocyst to the early midbody (PubMed:18756269). During mitosis, also controls mitochondrial fission by recruiting to the mitochondrion RALBP1, which mediates the phosphorylation and activation of DNM1L by the mitotic kinase cyclin B-CDK1 (PubMed:21822277)
- Specific Function
- ATPase binding
- Gene Name
- RALA
- Uniprot ID
- P11233
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related protein Ral-A
- Molecular Weight
- 23566.605 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
43. DetailsElongation factor Tu
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus aquaticus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- tuf
- Uniprot ID
- Q01698
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor Tu
- Molecular Weight
- 44814.085 Da
44. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5B
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds and exchanges GTP and GDP
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- ARL5B
- Uniprot ID
- Q96KC2
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5B
- Molecular Weight
- 20374.44 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
45. DetailsGTPase (Rab6)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- rab6
- Uniprot ID
- Q26000
- Uniprot Name
- GTPase (Rab6)
- Molecular Weight
- 23597.46 Da
46. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 3
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTP-binding protein which cycles between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form, and the rate of cycling is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) (PubMed:16525022, PubMed:18588884). Required for normal cytokinesis and cilia signaling (PubMed:22085962). Requires assistance from GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) like RP2 and PDE6D, in order to cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms. Required for targeting proteins to the cilium, including myristoylated NPHP3 and prenylated INPP5E (PubMed:30269812). Targets NPHP3 to the ciliary membrane by releasing myristoylated NPHP3 from UNC119B cargo adapter into the cilium (PubMed:22085962). Required for PKD1:PKD2 complex targeting from the trans-Golgi network to the cilium (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- GDP binding
- Gene Name
- ARL3
- Uniprot ID
- P36405
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 3
- Molecular Weight
- 20455.335 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
47. DetailsNucleoside diphosphate kinase B
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity). Negatively regulates Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC (PubMed:15249197). Acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene; binds DNA non-specifically (PubMed:19435876, PubMed:8392752). Binds to both single-stranded guanine- and cytosine-rich strands within the nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) III(1) region of the MYC gene promoter. Does not bind to duplex NHE III(1) (PubMed:19435876). Has G-quadruplex (G4) DNA-binding activity, which is independent of its nucleotide-binding and kinase activity. Binds both folded and unfolded G4 with similar low nanomolar affinities. Stabilizes folded G4s regardless of whether they are prefolded or not (PubMed:25679041). Exhibits histidine protein kinase activity (PubMed:20946858)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- NME2
- Uniprot ID
- P22392
- Uniprot Name
- Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B
- Molecular Weight
- 17297.935 Da
48. DetailsGDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose.
- Specific Function
- GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity
- Gene Name
- gmd
- Uniprot ID
- Q51366
- Uniprot Name
- GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
- Molecular Weight
- 36399.08 Da
49. DetailsRas-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization, neurons adhesion, migration and differentiation, and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles (PubMed:1643658, PubMed:23512198, PubMed:28886345, PubMed:22843693). Rac1 p21/rho GDI heterodimer is the active component of the cytosolic factor sigma 1, which is involved in stimulation of the NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. Stimulates PKN2 kinase activity (PubMed:9121475). In concert with RAB7A, plays a role in regulating the formation of RBs (ruffled borders) in osteoclasts (PubMed:1643658). In podocytes, promotes nuclear shuttling of NR3C2; this modulation is required for a proper kidney functioning. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced LIMK1-PAK1-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1) and for up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. In neurons, is involved in dendritic spine formation and synaptic plasticity (By similarity). In hippocampal neurons, involved in spine morphogenesis and synapse formation, through local activation at synapses by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as ARHGEF6/ARHGEF7/PIX (PubMed:12695502). In synapses, seems to mediate the regulation of F-actin cluster formation performed by SHANK3. In neurons, plays a crucial role in regulating GABA(A) receptor synaptic stability and hence GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission through its role in PAK1 activation and eventually F-actin stabilization (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- RAC1
- Uniprot ID
- P63000
- Uniprot Name
- Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- Molecular Weight
- 21449.895 Da
50. DetailsPutative ribosome biogenesis GTPase RsgA
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- One of several proteins that assist in the late maturation steps of the functional core of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Helps release RbfA from mature subunits. May play a role in the assembly of ribosomal proteins into the subunit. Circularly permuted GTPase that catalyzes slow GTP hydrolysis, GTPase activity is stimulated by the 30S ribosomal subunit.
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- rsgA
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X242
- Uniprot Name
- Putative ribosome biogenesis GTPase RsgA
- Molecular Weight
- 33641.39 Da
51. DetailsSmall COPII coat GTPase SAR1B
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small GTPase that cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state and mainly functions in vesicle-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport. The active GTP-bound form inserts into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where it recruits the remainder of the coat protein complex II/COPII (PubMed:23433038, PubMed:32358066, PubMed:33186557, PubMed:36369712). The coat protein complex II assembling and polymerizing on endoplasmic reticulum membrane is responsible for both the sorting of cargos and the deformation and budding of membranes into vesicles destined to the Golgi (PubMed:23433038, PubMed:32358066, PubMed:33186557). In contrast to SAR1A, SAR1B specifically interacts with the cargo receptor SURF4 to mediate the transport of lipid-carrying lipoproteins including APOB and APOA1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and thereby, indirectly regulates lipid homeostasis (PubMed:32358066, PubMed:33186557). In addition to its role in vesicle trafficking, can also function as a leucine sensor regulating TORC1 signaling and more indirectly cellular metabolism, growth and survival. In absence of leucine, interacts with the GATOR2 complex via MIOS and inhibits TORC1 signaling. The binding of leucine abrogates the interaction with GATOR2 and the inhibition of the TORC1 signaling. This function is completely independent of the GTPase activity of SAR1B (PubMed:34290409)
- Specific Function
- amino acid sensor activity
- Gene Name
- SAR1B
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6B6
- Uniprot Name
- Small COPII coat GTPase SAR1B
- Molecular Weight
- 22409.695 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
52. DetailsADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5A
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Lacks ADP-ribosylation enhancing activity
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- ARL5A
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y689
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5A
- Molecular Weight
- 20727.8 Da
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22