Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Dexchlorpheniramine maleate is a first generation antihistamine used to treat allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and mild urticaria and angioedema.
- Brand Names
- Rescon Tablets, Ryclora, Rymed-D
- Generic Name
- Dexchlorpheniramine maleate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB09555
- Background
Dexchlorpheniramine is the S-enantiomer of chlorpheniramine which is a 1st generation anti-histamine. Dexchlorpheniramine has more pharmacological activity than the R and so is more potent than the racemic mixture.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (DB09555)
- Weight
- Average: 390.86
Monoisotopic: 390.1346349 - Chemical Formula
- C20H23ClN2O4
- Synonyms
- Dexchlorpheniramine maleate
Pharmacology
- Indication
Dexchlorpheniramine can be used in the treatment of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhiniti, allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, mild uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angioedema, amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma, and dermographism.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Allergic conjunctivitis •••••••••••• Management of Allergic rhinitis ••• ••• Symptomatic treatment of Allergies ••• ••• Management of Angioedema •••••••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Common cold ••• ••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
In allergic reactions, an allergen binds to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils. Once this occurs IgE receptors crosslink with each other triggering a series of events that eventually leads to cell-degranulation and the release of histamine (and other chemical mediators) from the mast cell or basophil. Histamine can react with local or widespread tissues through histamine receptors. Histamine, acting on H1-receptors, produces pruritis, vasodilatation, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, and bronchoconstriction. Histamine also increases vascular permeability and potentiates pain. Dexchlorpheniramine, is a histamine H1 antagonist of the alkylamine class. It competes with histamine for the normal H1-receptor sites on effector cells of the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. It provides effective, temporary relief of sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever and other upper respiratory allergies.
- Mechanism of action
Competes with histamine for H1-receptor sites on effector cells in the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and respiratory tract. Dexchlorpheniramine is the predominant active isomer of chlorpheniramine and is approximately twice as active as the racemic compound.
Target Actions Organism AHistamine H1 receptor antagonistHumans - Absorption
Oral bioavailability in rats 40.5%
- Volume of distribution
321L
- Protein binding
Dexchlorpheniramine is bound to total plasma proteins 38%, to albumin 20% and to alpha-glycoprotein acid 23%.
- Metabolism
Hepatic metabolism. Major metabolism by CYP 2D6 and minor metabolism by 3A4, 2C11 and 2B1.
- Route of elimination
Renal excretion
- Half-life
20-30 h
- Clearance
9.8L/h
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Central nervous system depression
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Dexchlorpheniramine maleate can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Dexchlorpheniramine maleate can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Dexchlorpheniramine maleate can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Acebutolol The metabolism of Dexchlorpheniramine maleate can be decreased when combined with Acebutolol. Acetazolamide The therapeutic efficacy of Acetazolamide can be decreased when used in combination with Dexchlorpheniramine maleate. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may have additive CNS depressant effects with dexchlorpheniramine maleate.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate Solution 2 mg/5mL Oral Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1984-03-23 2012-11-08 US 
Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate Solution 2 mg/5mL Oral Foxland Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2018-12-19 Not applicable US Polmon Solution 2 mg/5mL Oral Capellon Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2018-07-16 2024-10-05 US Ryclora Liquid 2 mg/5mL Oral CarWin Pharmaceutical Associates, LLC 2018-10-07 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AXCEL DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE FORTE SYRUP 2 mg/5 ml Syrup 2 mg/5ml Oral KOTRA PHARMA MARKETING 1998-11-12 Not applicable Singapore 
DEXCHLORAMINE TABLET 2 mg Tablet 2 mg Oral BEACONS PHARMACEUTICALS PTE. LTD. 1989-04-27 Not applicable Singapore DEXTRAMINE TABLET 2 mg Tablet 2 mg Oral PHARMATECH RESOURCES (FE) PTE. LTD. 1997-06-13 Not applicable Singapore Polaramine Repetabs 6mg Tablet, extended release 6 mg / tab Oral Schering Plough 1958-12-31 1997-12-02 Canada 
Polaramine Tab 2mg Tablet 2 mg Oral Schering Plough 1959-12-31 2002-07-12 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Abanatuss Ped Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (2 mg/5mL) + Chlophedianol hydrochloride (25 mg/5mL) + Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (60 mg/5mL) Solution Oral KRAMER NOVIS 2015-07-01 Not applicable US Abanatuss Ped Drops Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (0.5 mg/1mL) + Chlophedianol hydrochloride (6.25 mg/1mL) + Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (15 mg/1mL) Solution Oral KRAMER NOVIS 2015-08-05 Not applicable US Abatuss Dmx Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (1 mg/5mL) + Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate (15 mg/5mL) + Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (30 mg/5mL) Liquid Oral KRAMER NOVIS 2014-05-25 Not applicable US ALEGI Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (2 mg) + Dexamethasone (0.5 mg) Tablet L API 2019-01-24 2024-01-24 Indonesia 
ALERDEX Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (2 mg) + Dexamethasone (0.5 mg) Tablet Armoxindo Farma 2017-10-02 2022-10-02 Indonesia - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Corzall PE Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (1 mg/5mL) + Pentoxyverine citrate (20 mg/5mL) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg/5mL) Liquid Oral Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2010-09-22 2011-08-26 US Dexphen w/ Codeine Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (1 mg/5mL) + Codeine phosphate hemihydrate (10 mg/5mL) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (5 mg/5mL) Liquid Oral Breckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc. 2010-10-10 2010-10-10 US Re Drylex Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (1 mg/5mL) + Methscopolamine nitrate (1.25 mg/5mL) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg/5mL) Syrup Oral River's Edge Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2008-11-01 2011-01-31 US Rescon Jr Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (3 mg/1) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral Capellon Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2010-01-21 2012-04-30 US Rescon MX Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (6 mg/1) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (40 mg/1) Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral Capellon Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2010-01-21 2013-04-30 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Agents that reduce seizure threshold
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Histamine Agents
- Histamine Antagonists
- Histamine H1 Antagonists
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- Pyridines
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Stereoisomerism
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Unsaturated fatty acids / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives / Fatty acid / Fatty acyl / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- organic molecular entity (CHEBI:4465)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- B10YD955QW
- CAS number
- 2438-32-6
- InChI Key
- DBAKFASWICGISY-DASCVMRKSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C16H19ClN2.C4H4O4/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13;5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3;1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b;2-1-/t15-;/m0./s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid; [(3S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]dimethylamine
- SMILES
- OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O.CN(C)CC[C@@H](C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1
References
- Synthesis Reference
LI Pengfei LIU Lihong MA Ping WANG LingCHI Xiaohua LIANG Dongmei GAO Wenjing WANG Yanfeng(Department of Pharmacy,the Second Artillery General Hospital,PLA,100088,Beijing,China);PHARMACOKINETICS OF PARACETAMOL AND DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE ORAL SOLUTION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS[J];Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science);2008-03
Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update. Allergy. 2014;69(7):868-887.
- General References
- Angier E, Willington J, Scadding G, Holmes S, Walker S: Management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis: a primary care summary of the BSACI guideline. Prim Care Respir J. 2010 Sep;19(3):217-22. doi: 10.4104/pcrj.2010.00044. [Article]
- Bui TH, Fernandez C, Vu K, Nguyen KH, Thuillier A, Farinotti R, Arnaud P, Gimenez F: Stereospecific versus nonstereospecific assessments for the bioequivalence of two formulations of racemic chlorpheniramine. Chirality. 2000 Aug;12(8):599-605. [Article]
- Huang SM, Athanikar NK, Sridhar K, Huang YC, Chiou WL: Pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine after intravenous and oral administration in normal adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;22(4):359-65. [Article]
- Hiep BT, Gimenez F, Khanh VU, Hung NK, Thuillier A, Farinotti R, Fernandez C: Binding of chlorpheniramine enantiomers to human plasma proteins. Chirality. 1999;11(5-6):501-4. [Article]
- Nomura A, Sakurai E, Hikichi N: Stereoselective N-demethylation of chlorpheniramine by rat-liver microsomes and the involvement of cytochrome P450 isozymes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997 Mar;49(3):257-62. [Article]
- Dexchlorpheniramine monograph [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Compound
- C07783
- PubChem Compound
- 5281070
- PubChem Substance
- 347827879
- ChemSpider
- 4444527
- 54828
- ChEBI
- 4465
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1200927
- Wikipedia
- Dexchlorpheniramine
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data3 Recruiting Treatment Peripheral Neuropathy Associated With Anti-myelin Associated Glycoprotein Antibodies (Anti-MAG Neuropathy) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Pain 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral Tablet Syrup Oral 2 mg/5ml Capsule Capsule Nasal Capsule 2 MG Liquid Oral Solution Oral 2 mg/5mL Tablet, film coated Syrup Oral 1 mg/5ml Solution / drops Oral Tablet Oral Cream Topical Tablet, extended release Oral 6 mg / tab Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 2 mg Syrup Oral Tablet, multilayer Oral Tablet Oral 2 mg/1 Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral Liquid Oral 2 mg/5mL Tablet, coated Oral Syrup Oral Syrup Oral 2 mg/5ml Tablet Oral 2 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Not Available
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0519 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.74 ALOGPS logP 3.58 Chemaxon logS -3.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.47 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 16.13 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 7 Chemaxon Refractivity 80.85 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 30.81 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 186.56953 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 188.92754 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 195.25566 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamine release from adrenal medulla, as well as mediating neurotransmission in the central nervous system
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HRH1
- Uniprot ID
- P35367
- Uniprot Name
- Histamine H1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 55783.61 Da
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- Curator comments
- This enzyme action was extrapolated from data regarding chlorpheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine's enantiomer, which likely shares the same CYP enzyme activity.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- Anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Yasuda SU, Zannikos P, Young AE, Fried KM, Wainer IW, Woosley RL: The roles of CYP2D6 and stereoselectivity in the clinical pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 May;53(5):519-25. [Article]
- He N, Zhang WQ, Shockley D, Edeki T: Inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on CYP2D6- and CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolic reactions in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;57(12):847-51. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (r)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- Acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. [Article]
Drug created at November 30, 2015 19:10 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:52