Cupric oxide

Identification

Summary

Cupric oxide is an ingredient found in a variety of supplements and vitamins.

Brand Names
Nicomide, Pregvit
Generic Name
Cupric oxide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB11134
Background

Cupric oxide, or copper (II) oxide, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuO. Cupric oxide is used as a precursor in many copper-containing products such as wood preservatives and ceramics. Cupric oxide may be found in over-the-counter vitamin-mineral supplements as a source of Copper. The mean daily dietary intake of copper in adults ranges between 0.9 and 2.2 mg 3. Common routes of cupric oxide exposure include ingestion, dermal exposure and inhalation. Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (NPCuO) have industrial applications as antimicrobial agents in textiles and paints, and catalysts in organic synthesis 1. They may also be produced from electronic wastes. Cupric oxide poses potential health and environmental concern due to toxic and mutagenic particles generating reactive oxygen species 1.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 79.545
Monoisotopic: 78.924513
Chemical Formula
CuO
Synonyms
  • Cuprous Oxide
  • Cuprum oxydatum nigrum
External IDs
  • NSC-83537

Pharmacology

Indication

No FDA- or EMA-approved therapeutic indications.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

For pharmacodynamic information of copper, refer to drug entry for Copper. Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cytotoxicity 1. In a comparative toxicity assay, nanoparticles caused significant mitochondrial depolarization leading to DNA damage 1. In the human skin organ culture study, topical application of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and necrosis in vitro, indicating that the nanoparticles may adhere to the skin surface and react with the local acidic environment 2.

Mechanism of action

For pharmacodynamic information of copper, refer to drug entry for Copper. Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles generate DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species at the nanoparticle surface or in solution by copper dissolved from the nanoparticle surface via Fenton-like reactions 1. In presence of H2O2, ascorbate, or both, copper (II) oxide generates hydroxyl radical, ascorbyl radical, and superoxide anion that interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids cause oxidative damage and cell death 1.

Absorption

Following oral administration, copper is mainly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. All other intakes of copper (inhalation and dermal) are insignificant in comparison to the oral route. The bioavailability of copper from cupric oxide depends on the solubilization of the oxide in the gastrointestinal tract 4. According to studies on cattle and swine, copper oxide displays low absorption rate and high excretion rate 3. In rats exposed to aerosols containing 50-80 mg/m^3, pulmonary uptake of copper oxide occurred 3.

Volume of distribution

Following exposure to cupric oxide aerosols containing 50-80 mg/m^3 in rats, particles were found in plasma 6 hours post-exposure and copper oxide was also observed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney 3.

Protein binding

Once dissociated, copper is known to bind to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, and other low-molecular weight complexes 3.

Metabolism

Cupric oxide may dissolve in acids including hydrochloric acid to form copper (II) chloride 4. As an inorganic compound, cupric oxide is unlikely to undergo biological degradation.

Route of elimination

Copper undergoes biliary excretion 3.

Half-life

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Clearance

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Copper toxicity involves gastrointestinal irritation and liver and kidney toxicity. Reported No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Levels (NOAELs) of copper are in the range of 23-104 mg/kg bw/day, but kidney effects have been shown in male rats at levels as low as 10 mg/kg bw/day 4. Severe intoxication is associated with serum copper levels greater than 500 mcg/dL. The estimated lethal dose in an untreated adult is 10 to 20 g copper 3.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Active Moieties
NameKindUNIICASInChI Key
Copperunknown789U1901C57440-50-8RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cupric cationionic8CBV67279L15158-11-9JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Avon Vitadvance Multi-kids CompleteCupric oxide (1 mg) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg) + Beta carotene (2500 unit) + Biotin (60 mcg) + Calcium (125 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Cyanocobalamin (6 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (4 mg) + Folic acid (.4 mg) + Nicotinamide (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.075 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2 mg) + Riboflavin (1.7 mg) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (2500 unit) + alpha-Tocopherol succinate (20 unit)TabletOralAvon Products, Inc.1994-12-312005-07-29Canada flag
Balance Ace - CapCupric oxide (1 mg) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (200 unit) + Manganese sulfate (1.5 mg) + Sodium selenate (15 mcg) + Zinc oxide (7.5 mg)CapsuleOralPharmavite1996-09-062002-07-25Canada flag
Calcium PlusCupric oxide (1 mg) + Calcium carbonate (600 mg) + Cholecalciferol (200 unit) + Magnesium oxide (50 mg) + Manganese sulfate (1.8 mg) + Zinc oxide (7.5 mg)TabletOralLaboratoire Riva Inc.Not applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Cell-wise Natural SourceCupric oxide (1 mg / tab) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg / tab) + Beta carotene (5000 unit / tab) + Calcium (82.5 mg / tab) + Manganese (1.5 mg / tab) + Sodium selenate (25 mcg / tab) + Vitamin E (200 unit / tab) + Zinc (7.5 mg / tab)TabletOralMelaleuca, Inc.1998-05-262005-06-28Canada flag
Central-vite 18 EssentialCupric oxide (2 mg / tab) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg / tab) + Beta carotene (3000 unit / tab) + Biotin (45 mcg / tab) + Calcium (175 mg / tab) + Calcium Phosphate (125 mg / tab) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit / tab) + Cyanocobalamin (9 mcg / tab) + Ferrous fumarate (10 mg / tab) + Folic acid (0.4 mg / tab) + Magnesium (100 mg / tab) + Nicotinamide (40 mg / tab) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg / tab) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg / tab) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg / tab) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg / tab) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg / tab) + Vitamin A (2000 unit / tab) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (25 unit / tab)TabletOralVita Health Products Inc1998-04-242002-07-31Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Active FECupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)TabletOralGm Pharmaceuticals2013-11-11Not applicableUS flag
BacminCupric oxide (3 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1) + Biotin (150 ug/1) + Chromium Cr-51 chloride (0.1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (50 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (27 mg/1) + Flavone (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (50 mg/1) + Manganese gluconate (5 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (100 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (20 mg/1) + Selenomethionine (50 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (20 mg/1) + Vitamin A acetate (2000 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (22.5 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1)Tablet, coatedOralMarnel Pharmaceuticals, Llc2000-04-01Not applicableUS flag
Bal-Care DHACupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (430 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)KitOralPru Gen Pharmaceuticals2012-05-01Not applicableUS flag
Bal-Care DHA EssentialCupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (374 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)KitOralPru Gen Pharmaceuticals2012-05-01Not applicableUS flag
Cavan AlphaCupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)KitOralSeton Pharmaceuticals2010-07-012013-09-30US flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal oxides. These are inorganic compounds containing an oxygen atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen is a transition metal.
Kingdom
Inorganic compounds
Super Class
Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
Class
Transition metal organides
Sub Class
Transition metal oxides
Direct Parent
Transition metal oxides
Alternative Parents
Inorganic oxides / Inorganic copper salts
Substituents
Inorganic copper salt / Inorganic oxide / Inorganic salt / Transition metal oxide
Molecular Framework
Not Available
External Descriptors
inorganic oxide (CHEBI:75955)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
V1XJQ704R4
CAS number
1317-38-0
InChI Key
KKCXRELNMOYFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/Cu.O/q+2;-2
IUPAC Name
copper(2+) ion oxidandiide
SMILES
[O--].[Cu++]

References

General References
  1. Angele-Martinez C, Nguyen KV, Ameer FS, Anker JN, Brumaghim JL: Reactive oxygen species generation by copper(II) oxide nanoparticles determined by DNA damage assays and EPR spectroscopy. Nanotoxicology. 2017 Mar;11(2):278-288. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1293750. [Article]
  2. Cohen D, Soroka Y, Ma'or Z, Oron M, Portugal-Cohen M, Bregegere FM, Berhanu D, Valsami-Jones E, Hai N, Milner Y: Evaluation of topically applied copper(II) oxide nanoparticle cytotoxicity in human skin organ culture. Toxicol In Vitro. 2013 Feb;27(1):292-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.026. Epub 2012 Aug 29. [Article]
  3. COPPER(II) OXIDE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database - Toxnet [Link]
  4. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Copper(II) oxide as a source of copper added for nutritional purposes [Link]
PubChem Compound
164827
PubChem Substance
347827912
ChemSpider
144499
RxNav
21837
ChEBI
75955
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1909057
Wikipedia
Copper(II)_oxide
MSDS
Download (47.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentHyperemesis Gravidarum / Morning Sickness / Nausea / Pregnancy / Vomiting1
4CompletedTreatmentHyperpigmentation1
4CompletedTreatmentPregnancy1
1, 2CompletedPreventionDeficiency, Vitamin D / Pre-Eclampsia1
0RecruitingTreatmentAntibiotic Resistance, Microbial / Keratitis, Ulcerative / Photothermal Therapy1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CreamTopical
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
Tablet, coatedOral
CapsuleOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule; kit; tabletOral
Tablet, chewableOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
KitOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)Decomposes at 1326MSDS, National Library of Medicine HSDB Database
boiling point (°C)Decomposes at 1026National Library of Medicine HSDB Database
water solubilityInsolubleMSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility270.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1.3ALOGPS
logP-0.65Chemaxon
logS0.53ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15.7Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area0 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count0Chemaxon
Refractivity13.11 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability0.95 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Not Available
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. COPPER(II) OXIDE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database - Toxnet [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Ferroxidase activity
Specific Function
Ceruloplasmin is a blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iro...
Gene Name
CP
Uniprot ID
P00450
Uniprot Name
Ceruloplasmin
Molecular Weight
122204.45 Da
References
  1. COPPER(II) OXIDE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database - Toxnet [Link]

Drug created at December 03, 2015 16:51 / Updated at June 12, 2020 16:53