Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha
Details
- Name
- Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha
- Synonyms
- hNaN
- Peripheral nerve sodium channel 5
- PN5
- SCN12A
- Sensory neuron sodium channel 2
- SNS2
- Sodium channel protein type XI subunit alpha
- Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.9
- Gene Name
- SCN11A
- UniProtKB Entry
- Q9UI33Swiss-Prot
- Organism
- Humans
- NCBI Taxonomy ID
- 9606
- Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0036968|Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha MDDRCYPVIFPDERNFRPFTSDSLAAIEKRIAIQKEKKKSKDQTGEVPQPRPQLDLKASR KLPKLYGDIPRELIGKPLEDLDPFYRNHKTFMVLNRKRTIYRFSAKHALFIFGPFNSIRS LAIRVSVHSLFSMFIIGTVIINCVFMATGPAKNSNSNNTDIAECVFTGIYIFEALIKILA RGFILDEFSFLRDPWNWLDSIVIGIAIVSYIPGITIKLLPLRTFRVFRALKAISVVSRLK VIVGALLRSVKKLVNVIILTFFCLSIFALVGQQLFMGSLNLKCISRDCKNISNPEAYDHC FEKKENSPEFKMCGIWMGNSACSIQYECKHTKINPDYNYTNFDNFGWSFLAMFRLMTQDS WEKLYQQTLRTTGLYSVFFFIVVIFLGSFYLINLTLAVVTMAYEEQNKNVAAEIEAKEKM FQEAQQLLKEEKEALVAMGIDRSSLTSLETSYFTPKKRKLFGNKKRKSFFLRESGKDQPP GSDSDEDCQKKPQLLEQTKRLSQNLSLDHFDEHGDPLQRQRALSAVSILTITMKEQEKSQ EPCLPCGENLASKYLVWNCCPQWLCVKKVLRTVMTDPFTELAITICIIINTVFLAMEHHK MEASFEKMLNIGNLVFTSIFIAEMCLKIIALDPYHYFRRGWNIFDSIVALLSFADVMNCV LQKRSWPFLRSFRVLRVFKLAKSWPTLNTLIKIIGNSVGALGSLTVVLVIVIFIFSVVGM QLFGRSFNSQKSPKLCNPTGPTVSCLRHWHMGDFWHSFLVVFRILCGEWIENMWECMQEA NASSSLCVIVFILITVIGKLVVLNLFIALLLNSFSNEERNGNLEGEARKTKVQLALDRFR RAFCFVRHTLEHFCHKWCRKQNLPQQKEVAGGCAAQSKDIIPLVMEMKRGSETQEELGIL TSVPKTLGVRHDWTWLAPLAEEEDDVEFSGEDNAQRITQPEPEQQAYELHQENKKPTSQR VQSVEIDMFSEDEPHLTIQDPRKKSDVTSILSECSTIDLQDGFGWLPEMVPKKQPERCLP KGFGCCFPCCSVDKRKPPWVIWWNLRKTCYQIVKHSWFESFIIFVILLSSGALIFEDVHL ENQPKIQELLNCTDIIFTHIFILEMVLKWVAFGFGKYFTSAWCCLDFIIVIVSVTTLINL MELKSFRTLRALRPLRALSQFEGMKVVVNALIGAIPAILNVLLVCLIFWLVFCILGVYFF SGKFGKCINGTDSVINYTIITNKSQCESGNFSWINQKVNFDNVGNAYLALLQVATFKGWM DIIYAAVDSTEKEQQPEFESNSLGYIYFVVFIIFGSFFTLNLFIGVIIDNFNQQQKKLGG QDIFMTEEQKKYYNAMKKLGSKKPQKPIPRPLNKCQGLVFDIVTSQIFDIIIISLIILNM ISMMAESYNQPKAMKSILDHLNWVFVVIFTLECLIKIFALRQYYFTNGWNLFDCVVVLLS IVSTMISTLENQEHIPFPPTLFRIVRLARIGRILRLVRAARGIRTLLFALMMSLPSLFNI GLLLFLIMFIYAILGMNWFSKVNPESGIDDIFNFKTFASSMLCLFQISTSAGWDSLLSPM LRSKESCNSSSENCHLPGIATSYFVSYIIISFLIVVNMYIAVILENFNTATEESEDPLGE DDFDIFYEVWEKFDPEATQFIKYSALSDFADALPEPLRVAKPNKYQFLVMDLPMVSEDRL HCMDILFAFTARVLGGSDGLDSMKAMMEEKFMEANPLKKLYEPIVTTTKRKEEERGAAII QKAFRKYMMKVTKGDQGDQNDLENGPHSPLQTLCNGDLSSFGVAKGKVHCD
- Number of residues
- 1791
- Molecular Weight
- 204919.66
- Theoretical pI
- 8.04
- GO Classification
- Processesaction potential initiation / acute inflammatory response / artery development / axonogenesis / behavioral response to acetic acid induced pain / behavioral response to formalin induced pain / calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway / calcium ion transmembrane transport / cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction / cell motility / cellular response to cold / chronic inflammatory response / circadian rhythm / detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain / detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain / mast cell degranulation / micturition / protein kinase A signaling / reflex / response to auditory stimulus / response to heat / response to high light intensity / response to nitric oxide / response to prostaglandin E / response to toxic substance / response to xenobiotic stimulus / sensory perception of itch / sensory perception of pain / skeletal muscle organ development / small intestine smooth muscle contraction / thermosensory behavior / thigmotaxisComponentsaxon / axonal growth cone / neuronal cell body
- General Function
- Sodium channel mediating the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:10580103, PubMed:12384689, PubMed:24036948, PubMed:24776970, PubMed:25791876, PubMed:26645915). Involved in membrane depolarization during action potential in nociceptors which function as key relay stations for the electrical transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the central nervous system (PubMed:24036948, PubMed:24776970, PubMed:25791876, PubMed:26645915). Also involved in rapid BDNF-evoked neuronal depolarization (PubMed:12384689).
- Specific Function
- voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Pfam Domain Function
- Signal Regions
- Not Available
- Transmembrane Regions
- 127-148 157-180 193-212 220-239 256-269 377-402 573-596 608-631 640-659 668-687 703-725 786-811 1052-1074 1089-1114 1121-1138 1140-1161 1181-1202 1282-1308 1362-1385 1397-1420 1427-1450 1462-1484 1500-1522 1580-1604
- Cellular Location
- Cell membrane
- Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0010195|Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (SCN11A) ATGGATGACAGATGCTACCCAGTAATCTTTCCAGATGAGCGGAATTTCCGCCCCTTCACT TCCGACTCTCTGGCTGCAATTGAGAAGCGGATTGCCATCCAAAAGGAGAAAAAGAAGTCT AAAGACCAGACAGGAGAAGTACCCCAGCCTCGGCCTCAGCTTGACCTAAAGGCCTCCAGG AAGTTGCCCAAGCTCTATGGCGACATTCCTCGTGAGCTCATAGGAAAGCCTCTGGAAGAC TTGGACCCATTCTACCGAAATCATAAGACATTTATGGTGTTAAACAGAAAGAGGACAATC TACCGCTTCAGTGCCAAGCATGCCTTGTTCATTTTTGGGCCTTTCAATTCAATCAGAAGT TTAGCCATTAGAGTCTCAGTCCATTCATTGTTCAGCATGTTCATTATCGGCACCGTTATC ATCAACTGCGTGTTCATGGCTACAGGGCCTGCTAAAAACAGCAACAGTAACAATACTGAC ATTGCAGAGTGTGTCTTCACTGGGATTTATATTTTTGAAGCTTTGATTAAAATATTGGCA AGAGGTTTCATTCTGGATGAGTTTTCTTTCCTTCGAGATCCATGGAACTGGCTGGACTCC ATTGTCATTGGAATAGCGATTGTGTCATATATTCCAGGAATCACCATCAAACTATTGCCC CTGCGTACCTTCCGTGTGTTCAGAGCTTTGAAAGCAATTTCAGTAGTTTCACGTCTGAAG GTCATCGTGGGGGCCTTGCTACGCTCTGTGAAGAAGCTGGTCAACGTGATTATCCTCACC TTCTTTTGCCTCAGCATCTTTGCCCTGGTAGGTCAGCAGCTCTTCATGGGAAGTCTGAAC CTGAAATGCATCTCGAGGGACTGTAAAAATATCAGTAACCCGGAAGCTTATGACCATTGC TTTGAAAAGAAAGAAAATTCACCTGAATTCAAAATGTGTGGCATCTGGATGGGTAACAGT GCCTGTTCCATACAATATGAATGTAAGCACACCAAAATTAATCCTGACTATAATTATACG AATTTTGACAACTTTGGCTGGTCTTTTCTTGCCATGTTCCGGCTGATGACCCAAGATTCC TGGGAGAAGCTTTATCAACAGACCCTGCGTACTACTGGGCTCTACTCAGTCTTCTTCTTC ATTGTGGTCATTTTCCTGGGCTCCTTCTACCTGATTAACTTAACCCTGGCTGTTGTTACC ATGGCATATGAGGAGCAGAACAAGAATGTAGCTGCAGAGATAGAGGCCAAGGAAAAGATG TTTCAGGAAGCCCAGCAGCTGTTAAAGGAGGAAAAGGAGGCTCTGGTTGCCATGGGAATT GACAGAAGTTCACTTACTTCCCTTGAAACATCATATTTTACCCCAAAAAAGAGAAAGCTC TTTGGTAATAAGAAAAGGAAGTCCTTCTTTTTGAGAGAGTCTGGGAAAGACCAGCCTCCT GGGTCAGATTCTGATGAAGATTGCCAAAAAAAGCCACAGCTCCTAGAGCAAACCAAACGA CTGTCCCAGAATCTATCACTGGACCACTTTGATGAGCATGGAGATCCTCTCCAAAGGCAG AGAGCACTGAGTGCTGTCAGCATCCTCACCATCACCATGAAGGAACAAGAAAAATCACAA GAGCCTTGTCTCCCTTGTGGAGAAAACCTGGCATCCAAGTACCTCGTGTGGAACTGTTGC CCCCAGTGGCTGTGCGTTAAGAAGGTCCTGAGAACTGTGATGACTGACCCGTTTACTGAG CTGGCCATCACCATCTGCATCATCATCAACACTGTCTTCTTGGCCATGGAGCATCACAAG ATGGAGGCCAGTTTTGAGAAGATGTTGAATATAGGGAATTTGGTTTTCACTAGCATTTTT ATAGCAGAAATGTGCCTAAAAATCATTGCGCTCGATCCCTACCACTACTTTCGCCGAGGC TGGAACATTTTTGACAGCATTGTTGCTCTTCTGAGTTTTGCAGATGTAATGAACTGTGTA CTTCAAAAGAGAAGCTGGCCATTCTTGCGTTCCTTCAGAGTGCTCAGGGTCTTCAAGTTA GCCAAATCCTGGCCAACTTTGAACACACTAATTAAGATAATCGGCAACTCTGTCGGAGCC CTTGGAAGCCTGACTGTGGTCCTGGTCATTGTGATCTTTATTTTCTCAGTAGTTGGCATG CAGCTTTTTGGCCGTAGCTTCAATTCCCAAAAGAGTCCAAAACTCTGTAACCCGACAGGC CCGACAGTCTCATGTTTACGGCACTGGCACATGGGGGATTTCTGGCACTCCTTCCTAGTG GTATTCCGCATCCTCTGCGGGGAATGGATCGAAAATATGTGGGAATGTATGCAAGAAGCG AATGCATCATCATCATTGTGTGTTATTGTCTTCATATTGATCACGGTGATAGGAAAACTT GTGGTGCTCAACCTCTTCATTGCCTTACTGCTCAATTCCTTTAGCAATGAGGAAAGAAAT GGAAACTTAGAAGGAGAGGCCAGGAAAACTAAAGTCCAGTTAGCACTGGATCGATTCCGC CGGGCTTTTTGTTTTGTGAGACACACTCTTGAGCATTTCTGTCACAAGTGGTGCAGGAAG CAAAACTTACCACAGCAAAAAGAGGTGGCAGGAGGCTGTGCTGCACAAAGCAAAGACATC ATTCCCCTGGTCATGGAGATGAAAAGGGGCTCAGAGACCCAGGAGGAGCTTGGTATACTA ACCTCTGTACCAAAGACCCTGGGCGTCAGGCATGATTGGACTTGGTTGGCACCACTTGCG GAGGAGGAAGATGACGTTGAATTTTCTGGTGAAGATAATGCACAGCGCATCACACAACCT GAGCCTGAACAACAGGCCTATGAGCTCCATCAGGAGAACAAGAAGCCCACGAGCCAGAGA GTTCAAAGTGTGGAAATTGACATGTTCTCTGAAGATGAGCCTCATCTGACCATACAGGAT CCCCGAAAGAAGTCTGATGTTACCAGTATACTATCAGAATGTAGCACCATTGATCTTCAG GATGGCTTTGGATGGTTACCTGAGATGGTTCCCAAAAAGCAACCAGAGAGATGTTTGCCC AAAGGCTTTGGTTGCTGCTTTCCATGCTGTAGCGTGGACAAGAGAAAGCCTCCCTGGGTC ATTTGGTGGAACCTGCGGAAAACCTGCTACCAAATAGTGAAACACAGCTGGTTTGAGAGC TTTATTATCTTTGTGATTCTGCTGAGCAGTGGGGCACTGATATTTGAAGATGTTCACCTT GAGAACCAACCCAAAATCCAAGAATTACTAAATTGTACTGACATTATTTTTACACATATT TTTATCCTGGAGATGGTACTAAAATGGGTAGCCTTCGGATTTGGAAAGTATTTCACCAGT GCCTGGTGCTGCCTTGATTTCATCATTGTGATTGTCTCTGTGACCACCCTCATTAACTTA ATGGAATTGAAGTCCTTCCGGACTCTACGAGCACTGAGGCCTCTTCGTGCGCTGTCCCAG TTTGAAGGAATGAAGGTGGTGGTCAATGCTCTCATAGGTGCCATACCTGCCATTCTGAAT GTTTTGCTTGTCTGCCTCATTTTCTGGCTCGTATTTTGTATTCTGGGAGTATACTTCTTT TCTGGAAAATTTGGGAAATGCATTAATGGAACAGACTCAGTTATAAATTATACCATCATT ACAAATAAAAGTCAATGTGAAAGTGGCAATTTCTCTTGGATCAACCAGAAAGTCAACTTT GACAATGTGGGAAATGCTTACCTCGCTCTGCTGCAAGTGGCAACATTTAAGGGCTGGATG GATATTATATATGCAGCTGTTGATTCCACAGAGAAAGAACAACAGCCAGAGTTTGAGAGC AATTCACTCGGTTACATTTACTTCGTAGTCTTTATCATCTTTGGCTCATTCTTCACTCTG AATCTCTTCATTGGCGTTATCATTGACAACTTCAACCAACAGCAGAAAAAGTTAGGTGGC CAAGACATTTTTATGACAGAAGAACAGAAGAAATACTATAATGCAATGAAAAAATTAGGA TCCAAAAAACCTCAAAAACCCATTCCACGGCCTCTGAACAAATGTCAAGGTCTCGTGTTC GACATAGTCACAAGCCAGATCTTTGACATCATCATCATAAGTCTCATTATCCTAAACATG ATTAGCATGATGGCTGAATCATACAACCAACCCAAAGCCATGAAATCCATCCTTGACCAT CTCAACTGGGTCTTTGTGGTCATCTTTACGTTAGAATGTCTCATCAAAATCTTTGCTTTG AGGCAATACTACTTCACCAATGGCTGGAATTTATTTGACTGTGTGGTCGTGCTTCTTTCC ATTGTTAGTACAATGATTTCTACCTTGGAAAATCAGGAGCACATTCCTTTCCCTCCGACG CTCTTCAGAATTGTCCGCTTGGCTCGGATTGGCCGAATCCTGAGGCTTGTCCGGGCTGCA CGAGGAATCAGGACTCTCCTCTTTGCTCTGATGATGTCGCTTCCTTCTCTGTTCAACATT GGTCTTCTACTCTTTCTGATTATGTTTATCTATGCCATTCTGGGTATGAACTGGTTTTCC AAAGTGAATCCAGAGTCTGGAATCGATGACATATTCAACTTCAAGACTTTTGCCAGCAGC ATGCTCTGTCTCTTCCAGATAAGCACATCAGCAGGTTGGGATTCCCTGCTCAGCCCCATG CTGCGATCAAAAGAATCATGTAACTCTTCCTCAGAAAACTGCCACCTCCCTGGCATAGCC ACATCCTACTTTGTCAGTTACATTATCATCTCCTTTCTCATTGTTGTCAACATGTACATT GCTGTGATTTTAGAGAACTTCAATACAGCCACTGAAGAAAGTGAGGACCCTTTGGGTGAA GATGACTTTGACATATTTTATGAAGTGTGGGAAAAGTTTGACCCAGAAGCAACACAATTT ATCAAATATTCTGCCCTTTCTGACTTTGCTGATGCCTTGCCTGAGCCTTTGCGTGTCGCA AAGCCAAATAAATATCAATTTCTAGTAATGGACTTGCCCATGGTGAGTGAAGATCGCCTC CACTGCATGGATATTCTTTTCGCCTTCACCGCTAGGGTACTCGGTGGCTCTGATGGCCTA GATAGTATGAAAGCAATGATGGAAGAGAAGTTCATGGAAGCCAATCCTCTCAAGAAGTTG TATGAACCCATAGTCACCACCACCAAGAGAAAGGAAGAGGAAAGAGGTGCTGCTATTATT CAAAAGGCCTTTCGAAAGTACATGATGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGACCAAGGTGACCAAAAT GACTTGGAAAACGGGCCTCATTCACCACTCCAGACTCTTTGCAATGGAGACTTGTCTAGC TTTGGGGTGGCCAAGGGCAAGGTCCACTGTGACTGA
- Chromosome Location
- 3
- Locus
- 3p22.2
- External Identifiers
Resource Link UniProtKB ID Q9UI33 UniProtKB Entry Name SCNBA_HUMAN GenBank Protein ID 6572950 GenBank Gene ID AF188679 GeneCard ID SCN11A GenAtlas ID SCN11A HGNC ID HGNC:10583 KEGG ID hsa:11280 NCBI Gene ID 11280 - General References
- Dib-Hajj SD, Tyrrell L, Cummins TR, Black JA, Wood PM, Waxman SG: Two tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in human dorsal root ganglion neurons. FEBS Lett. 1999 Nov 26;462(1-2):117-20. [Article]
- Jeong SY, Goto J, Hashida H, Suzuki T, Ogata K, Masuda N, Hirai M, Isahara K, Uchiyama Y, Kanazawa I: Identification of a novel human voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit gene, SCN12A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jan 7;267(1):262-70. [Article]
- Blum R, Kafitz KW, Konnerth A: Neurotrophin-evoked depolarization requires the sodium channel Na(V)1.9. Nature. 2002 Oct 17;419(6908):687-93. [Article]
- Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. [Article]
- Raymond CK, Castle J, Garrett-Engele P, Armour CD, Kan Z, Tsinoremas N, Johnson JM: Expression of alternatively spliced sodium channel alpha-subunit genes. Unique splicing patterns are observed in dorsal root ganglia. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):46234-41. Epub 2004 Aug 9. [Article]
- Delmas P, Coste B: Na+ channel Nav1.9: in search of a gating mechanism. Trends Neurosci. 2003 Feb;26(2):55-7. [Article]
- Zhang XY, Wen J, Yang W, Wang C, Gao L, Zheng LH, Wang T, Ran K, Li Y, Li X, Xu M, Luo J, Feng S, Ma X, Ma H, Chai Z, Zhou Z, Yao J, Zhang X, Liu JY: Gain-of-function mutations in SCN11A cause familial episodic pain. Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Nov 7;93(5):957-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.016. Epub 2013 Oct 24. [Article]
- Leipold E, Liebmann L, Korenke GC, Heinrich T, Giesselmann S, Baets J, Ebbinghaus M, Goral RO, Stodberg T, Hennings JC, Bergmann M, Altmuller J, Thiele H, Wetzel A, Nurnberg P, Timmerman V, De Jonghe P, Blum R, Schaible HG, Weis J, Heinemann SH, Hubner CA, Kurth I: A de novo gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A causes loss of pain perception. Nat Genet. 2013 Nov;45(11):1399-404. doi: 10.1038/ng.2767. Epub 2013 Sep 15. [Article]
Associated Data
- Bio-Entities
Bio-Entity Type Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (Humans) protein primarySodium channel protein (Humans) protein Voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit (Humans) protein - Drug Relations
Drug Drug group Pharmacological action? Type Actions Details Zonisamide approved, investigational yes target inhibitor Details Nerispirdine investigational yes target blocker Details Lamotrigine approved, investigational yes target blocker Details Lidocaine approved, vet_approved yes target blocker Details Riluzole approved, investigational yes target blocker Details Oxcarbazepine approved yes target blocker Details Tolperisone investigational yes target modulator Details Eslicarbazepine approved yes target inhibitor Details Lacosamide approved yes target inhibitor Details Cocaine approved, illicit yes target inhibitor Details Valproic acid approved, investigational unknown target inhibitor Details Brivaracetam approved, investigational yes target inhibitor Details Fish oil approved, nutraceutical unknown target inhibitor Details Dichlorobenzyl alcohol approved yes target antagonist Details Ranolazine approved, investigational unknown target inhibitor Details Oxcarbazepine approved unknown target inhibitor Details Carbamazepine approved, investigational yes target inhibitor Details Topiramate approved yes target inhibitor Details Lamotrigine approved, investigational yes target inhibitor Details Pentoxyverine approved, investigational, withdrawn unknown target inhibitor Details Bioallethrin approved, experimental unknown target modulator Details Propoxycaine approved yes target blocker Details Amylocaine approved, withdrawn yes target blocker Details Pramocaine approved yes target blocker Details Tetracaine approved, vet_approved yes target blocker Details Promethazine approved, investigational unknown target inhibitor Details Chloroprocaine approved, investigational yes target inhibitor Details