Proparacaine

Identification

Summary

Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic used for ophthalmic practice.

Brand Names
Alcaine
Generic Name
Proparacaine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00807
Background

Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is found in ophthalmic solutions at a concentration of 0.5% as the hydrochloride salt.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 294.3892
Monoisotopic: 294.194342708
Chemical Formula
C16H26N2O3
Synonyms
  • Proximetacaina
  • Proxymetacaine
  • Proxymetacainum

Pharmacology

Indication

Used as a local (ophthalmic) anesthetic.

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Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Proparacaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. More specifically, proparacaine appears to bind or antagonize the function of voltage gated sodium channels.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism whereby proparacaine and other local anesthetics influence the permeability of the cell membrane is unknown; however, several studies indicate that local anesthetics may limit sodium ion permeability through the lipid layer of the nerve cell membrane. Proparacaine may alter epithelial sodium channels through interaction with channel protein residues. This limitation prevents the fundamental change necessary for the generation of the action potential.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Plasma

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Proparacaine Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbemaciclibThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Abemaciclib is combined with Proparacaine.
AbirateroneThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Abiraterone is combined with Proparacaine.
AcetaminophenThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetaminophen is combined with Proparacaine.
AcetazolamideThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Proparacaine.
Acetic acidThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetic acid is combined with Proparacaine.
Acetyl sulfisoxazoleThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetyl sulfisoxazole is combined with Proparacaine.
AdagrasibThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Adagrasib is combined with Proparacaine.
AfatinibThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Afatinib is combined with Proparacaine.
AldesleukinThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Proparacaine.
AlectinibThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Alectinib is combined with Proparacaine.
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Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Proparacaine hydrochlorideU96OL57GOY5875-06-9BFUUJUGQJUTPAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Ak-Taine / Diocaine / Ocu-Caine / Ophthaine / Spectro-Caine
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AlcaineSolution / drops0.5 % w/vOphthalmicAlcon, Inc.1971-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
OphtheticSolution / drops.5 %OphthalmicAllergan1964-12-312011-08-04Canada flag
OphtheticSolution5 mg/1mLOphthalmicPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1996-06-172012-06-30US flag
OphtheticSolution5 mg/1mLOphthalmicAllergan1996-01-012009-09-03US flag
ProparacaineSolution0.5 %OphthalmicPharma Stulln Inc.1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
R.O.-parcaine Dps 5mg/mlSolution / drops5 mg / mLOphthalmicRichmond Pharmaceuticals Inc.1993-12-311997-08-11Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AlcaineSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicA-S Medication Solutions1973-10-192016-05-31US flag
AlcaineSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicALCON LABORATORIES, INC.1973-10-19Not applicableUS flag
Odan-proparacaineSolution.5 %OphthalmicOdan Laboratories Ltd1985-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
PMS-proparacaine Hydrochloride Oph Soltn 0.5%Solution / drops.5 %OphthalmicPharmascience Inc1992-12-311996-09-10Canada flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicNucare Pharmaceuticals,inc.1995-09-29Not applicableUS flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicA S Medication Solutions2000-03-162013-07-03US flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicHenry Schein Inc.2015-05-13Not applicableUS flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicPreferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2014-04-282019-11-12US flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution5 mg/1mLOphthalmicRebel Distributors1995-09-29Not applicableUS flag
Proparacaine HydrochlorideSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicSandoz Inc.2000-06-05Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ALCAINE STERILE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION 0.5%Solution0.5 %OphthalmicALCON PTE LTD1990-06-13Not applicable
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Odan-fluoracaineProparacaine hydrochloride (0.5 %) + Fluorescein sodium (0.25 %)SolutionOphthalmicOdan Laboratories Ltd1986-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
FlucaineProparacaine hydrochloride (5 mg/1mL) + Fluorescein sodium (2.5 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicOCuSOFT, INC.1989-03-302019-07-16US flag
Fluorescein Sodium and Proparacaine HydrochlorideProparacaine hydrochloride (5 mg/1mL) + Fluorescein sodium (2.5 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicAltaire Pharmaceuticals Inc.2000-06-14Not applicableUS flag
Mydriatic-4Proparacaine hydrochloride (5 mg/1mL) + Ketorolac tromethamine (5 mg/1mL) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (25 mg/1mL) + Tropicamide (10 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicImprimis Njof, Llc2018-05-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01HA04 — Proxymetacaine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Benzoic acid esters
Alternative Parents
Aminobenzoic acids and derivatives / Aminophenyl ethers / Phenoxy compounds / Benzoyl derivatives / Aniline and substituted anilines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Trialkylamines / Carboxylic acid esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
show 4 more
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives / Aminophenyl ether / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzoate ester / Benzoyl / Carboxylic acid derivative
show 15 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzoate ester (CHEBI:8485)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
B4OB0JHI1X
CAS number
499-67-2
InChI Key
KCLANYCVBBTKTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H26N2O3/c1-4-10-20-15-8-7-13(12-14(15)17)16(19)21-11-9-18(5-2)6-3/h7-8,12H,4-6,9-11,17H2,1-3H3
IUPAC Name
2-(diethylamino)ethyl 3-amino-4-propoxybenzoate
SMILES
CCCOC1=C(N)C=C(C=C1)C(=O)OCCN(CC)CC

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014945
KEGG Drug
D08448
KEGG Compound
C07383
PubChem Compound
4935
PubChem Substance
46507960
ChemSpider
4766
BindingDB
50225500
RxNav
34905
ChEBI
8485
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1196
ZINC
ZINC000001530762
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000513
PharmGKB
PA164776849
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Proxymetacaine
FDA label
Download (118 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.7 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedHealth Services ResearchPupils unequal1
4RecruitingSupportive CareAstigmatism / Hypermetropia / Myopia (Disorder) / Refractive Errors1
4RecruitingTreatmentDacryocystitis / Dacryostenosis / Epiphora1
4TerminatedTreatmentDacryocystitis / Dacryostenosis / Epiphora1
3CompletedSupportive CareLocal Anaesthesia therapy1
3CompletedTreatmentPain1
1CompletedTreatmentCorneal Abrasions1
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableBradycardia / Nausea / Pain / Strabismus1
Not AvailableCompletedDiagnosticPost Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) / Postoperative pain / Vitreoretinal Surgery1
Not AvailableCompletedOtherAge - Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) / Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) / Infection at the site of injection / Injection Site / Postoperative pain1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Alcon laboratories inc
  • Pharmafair inc
  • Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
  • Allergan pharmaceutical
  • Optopics laboratories corp
  • Bausch and lomb pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sola barnes hind
  • Taylor pharmacal co
Packagers
  • Accutome Inc.
  • Akorn Inc.
  • Alcon Laboratories
  • Allergan Inc.
  • Altaire Pharmaceuticals
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Bausch & Lomb Inc.
  • Conta Care Ophthalmics and Diagnostics
  • Deca Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Eye Care and Cure Corp.
  • Eye Supply Usa Inc.
  • Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
  • Medical Ophthalmics
  • MWI Veterinary Supply Co.
  • Ocusoft
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Professional Co.
  • Rx Veterinary Products
  • Stat Rx Usa
  • Wa Butler Co.
  • Wilson Ophthalmic Corp.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 % w/v
SolutionOphthalmic5 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic.5 %
Solution / dropsOphthalmic.5 %
SolutionOphthalmic5.0 mg/ml
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 %
SolutionOphthalmic5 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5 mg / mL
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Proparacaine hcl powder84.0USD g
Proparacaine HCl 0.5% Solution 15ml Bottle14.99USD bottle
Alcaine 0.5% eye drops2.19USD ml
Proparacaine 0.5% eye drops1.27USD ml
Ophthetic 0.5% eye drops1.02USD ml
Alcaine 0.5 % Solution0.68USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)182-183.3 °CNot Available
water solubilitySolubleNot Available
logP2.5Not Available
pKa3.2Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.39 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.97ALOGPS
logP2.6Chemaxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.96Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area64.79 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity86.04 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability34 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9769
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8876
Caco-2 permeable+0.6501
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7085
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7586
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9645
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.7172
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8202
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.5953
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5624
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9093
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.831
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5247
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7542
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7336
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9764
Rat acute toxicity2.5543 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8356
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.5406
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6t-0590000000-0aae7080739b3c83b4a4

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function
Tetrodotoxin-resistant channel that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference acro...
Gene Name
SCN10A
Uniprot ID
Q9Y5Y9
Uniprot Name
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
220623.605 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Tella SR, Goldberg SR: Monoamine transporter and sodium channel mechanisms in the rapid pressor response to cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Feb;59(2):305-12. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at June 03, 2023 08:16