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Identification
- Summary
Potassium gluconate is a potassium supplement indicated in the treatment and prevention of hypokalemia.
- Generic Name
- Potassium gluconate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB13620
- Background
Potassium gluconate is a salt of Potassium cation and is classified as a food additive by the FDA 7. It is also used as a potassium supplement 10.
Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function 1.
In dietary supplements, potassium is often present as potassium chloride, but many other forms—including potassium citrate, phosphate, aspartate, bicarbonate, and gluconate—are also used 5. Potassium gluconate is believed to be more palatable and non-acidifying than potassium chloride (KCl) 11.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Potassium gluconate (DB13620)
- Weight
- Average: 234.245
Monoisotopic: 234.01418418 - Chemical Formula
- C6H11KO7
- Synonyms
- potassium D-gluconate
- Potassium gluconate
- External IDs
- E-577
- INS NO.577
- INS-577
Pharmacology
- Indication
Because of potassium’s wide-ranging roles in the body, low intakes can increase the risk of illness 8.
Potassium supplements are indicated to prevent hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop (e.g., digitalis treated patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias). Potassium deficiency occurs when the rate of loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract is higher than the rate of potassium intake. In addition to serving as a preventative supplement, potassium gluconate also serves as a treatment for decreased potassium levels 8, 4, 10.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prevention of Potassium deficiency •••••••••••• •••••••• Treatment of Potassium deficiency •••••••••••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function, especially in excitable cells such as skeletal muscles, the heart, and nerves 3. Increases in interstitial potassium play an important role in eliciting rapid vasodilation, allowing for blood flow to increase in exercising muscle 13.
- Mechanism of action
Potassium is the most abundant cation (approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter) within human cells. Intracellular sodium content is relatively low. In the extracellular fluid, sodium predominates and the potassium content is low (3.5 to 5 mEq per liter). A membrane-bound enzyme, sodium-potassium–activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na +K +ATPase), actively transports or pumps sodium out and potassium into cells to maintain the concentration gradients. The intracellular to extracellular potassium gradients are necessary for nerve impulse signaling in such specialized tissues as the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, and for the maintenance of physiologic renal function and maintenance of acid-base balance. High intracellular potassium concentrations are necessary for numerous cellular metabolic processes 8.
Intracellular K+ serves as a reservoir to limit the fall in extracellular potassium concentrations occurring under pathologic conditions with loss of potassium from the body 13.
- Absorption
Potassium is rapidly and well absorbed. A 2016 dose-response trial found that humans absorb about 94% of potassium gluconate in supplements, and this absorption rate is similar to that of potassium from potatoes 2.
- Volume of distribution
Distribution is largely intracellular, but it is the intravascular concentration that is primarily responsible for toxicity 6.
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
90% of potassium is eliminated via the kidneys. A small amount is eliminated in feces and sweat 6.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Potassium is freely filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney. The majority of filtered potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Less than 10% of the filtered load reaches the distal nephron. In the proximal tubule of the nephron, potassium absorption is mainly passive and proportional to Na+ and water. K+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. The transcellular component is regulated by potassium transport on the apical membrane Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter. The secretion of potassium begins in the early distal convoluted tubule of the nephron and progressively increases along the distal nephron into the cortical collecting duct. Most urinary K+ can be accounted for by electrogenic K+ secretion mediated by principal cells in the initial collecting duct and the cortical collecting duct. An electroneutral K+ and Cl− cotransport mechanism is also present on the apical surface of the distal nephron. Under conditions of potassium deficiency, reabsorption of the cation occurs in the collecting duct. This process is regulated by the upregulation in the apically located H+-K+-ATPase on α-intercalated cells 13.
- Adverse Effects
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Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 9100 mg/kg in the mouse MSDS
Toxicity from overdose is rare but may result from intentional ingestion of potassium. Iatrogenic overdoses may occur 6.
Local irritation after ingestion causes GI upset. Severe hyperkalemia after large IV or oral overdoses causes muscular dysfunction including weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and rarely death 6.
Mild to moderate toxicity
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, paresthesias, and muscle cramps are common. Rarely, gastrointestinal bleed may occur.
Severe toxicity
In severe toxicity, muscular weakness progressing to paralysis may occur. Cardiac arrhythmia often occur at concentrations greater than 8 mEq/L and death from cardiac arrest at concentrations of 9 to 12 mEq/L or higher. Characteristic ECG findings occur in the following order: peaked T waves, QRS complex blends into the T wave, PR interval prolongation, P wave is lost and ST segments depress, merging S and T waves, and finally, sine waves. The presence of the sine wave is a near terminal event, signaling that hemodynamic collapse and cardiac arrest are near. As serum hyperkalemia is corrected towards normal concentrations, the ECG changes resolve in reverse order 6.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcebutolol Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acebutolol. Aceclofenac Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Aceclofenac. Acemetacin Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acemetacin. Acetylsalicylic acid Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acetylsalicylic acid. Alclofenac Potassium gluconate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Alclofenac. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Gluconsan-K
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Kaon Elixir 4.68 g / 15 mL Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc 1995-12-31 2006-08-02 Canada 
Potassium 99 - Caplet Tablet 99 mg Oral Health Wise Nutrition Inc. 1995-12-31 2002-07-18 Canada Potassium Gluconate Tab 550mg USP Tablet 92 mg / tab Oral Pharmavite 1991-12-31 2000-08-24 Canada Potassium Gluconate Tablets 99mg USP Tablet 99 mg / tab Oral Royal Bodycare Canada Inc. 1992-12-31 2001-08-07 Canada Potassium Rougier Liquid 780 mg / 15 mL Oral Rougier Pharma Division Of Ratiopharm Inc 1965-12-31 2001-09-05 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cal-mag Plus K, Mn and Zn Caplets Potassium gluconate (5 mg / tab) + Calcium carbonate (175 mg / tab) + Magnesium oxide (87.5 mg / tab) + Manganese gluconate (2.5 mg / tab) + Zinc oxide (2.5 mg / tab) Tablet Oral Health Wise Nutrition Inc. 1994-12-31 1999-08-13 Canada Flexadyn Tab Potassium gluconate (50 mg / tab) + Copper gluconate (.1 mg / tab) + Cyanocobalamin (100 mcg / tab) + Magnesium carbonate (100 mg / tab) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg / tab) + Vitamin A (1000 unit / tab) Tablet Oral Nutri Dyn Products Ltd. 1976-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada Formula BP Potassium gluconate (15 mg / tab) + Magnesium (10 mg / tab) + Manganese cation (5 mg / tab) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (33.3 mg / tab) Tablet Oral Nutrivention Nutritional Products Not applicable Not applicable Canada Iode-potassium Potassium gluconate (75 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) Tablet Oral Gamme Nature 1999-12-30 2004-07-26 Canada Men's Multi Master Formula Potassium gluconate (1.6 mg) + Biotin (50 mcg) + Calcium ascorbate (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (200 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromic chloride (19.5 mcg) + Copper gluconate (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (0.20 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Iodine (0.15 mg) + Manganese gluconate (0.5 mg) + Nicotinamide (50 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (30 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (30 mg) + Riboflavin (30 mg) + Sodium selenite (50 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (30 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (3500 unit) + Zinc gluconate (10 mg) + alpha-Tocopherol succinate (100 unit) Tablet Oral Pro Ma Systems 1998-10-31 2008-07-04 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A12BA05 — Potassium gluconate
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Sugar acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives / Medium-chain fatty acids / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives / Hydroxy fatty acids / Monosaccharides / Secondary alcohols / Carboxylic acid salts / Polyols / Carboxylic acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives show 6 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Beta-hydroxy acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid salt / Fatty acid / Fatty acyl / Gluconic_acid show 15 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 12H3K5QKN9
- CAS number
- 299-27-4
- InChI Key
- HLCFGWHYROZGBI-JJKGCWMISA-M
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C6H12O7.K/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1/t2-,3-,4+,5-;/m1./s1
- IUPAC Name
- potassium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
- SMILES
- [K+].[H][C@@](O)(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)C([O-])=O
References
- General References
- Stone MS, Martyn L, Weaver CM: Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control. Nutrients. 2016 Jul 22;8(7). pii: nu8070444. doi: 10.3390/nu8070444. [Article]
- Macdonald-Clarke CJ, Martin BR, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Lachcik PJ, Wastney M, Weaver CM: Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug;104(2):346-53. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127225. Epub 2016 Jul 13. [Article]
- Potassium Gluconate, PubChem [Link]
- POTASSIPOWDER- potassium gluconate powder [Link]
- NIH Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
- NIH Toxnet, Potassium [Link]
- Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) Print Share E-mail [Link]
- Potassium Supplements (Systemic) [Link]
- POTASSIUM GLUCONATE [Link]
- DRUG: Potassium gluconate [Link]
- Overview: Potassium Gluconate [Link]
- Potassium Supplement, Oral Route, Mayo Clinic [Link]
- Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis [Link]
- INVIMA Product Authorization: Ion-K (potassium gluconate) oral solution [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D01298
- PubChem Compound
- 16760467
- PubChem Substance
- 347829307
- ChemSpider
- 8931
- 89903
- ChEBI
- 32032
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2106978
- Wikipedia
- Potassium_gluconate
- MSDS
- Download (47.3 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data1, 2 Unknown Status Treatment Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Powder Oral 4.680 g Tablet Oral Solution Oral 31.2 g Elixir Oral 4.68 g / 15 mL Capsule Oral Tablet Oral 99 mg Tablet Oral 92 mg / tab Tablet Oral 99 mg / tab Liquid Oral 780 mg / 15 mL Tablet Oral 50 mg / tab Tablet, extended release Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 180 MSDS - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 833.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1.9 ALOGPS logP -3.4 Chemaxon logS 0.55 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.39 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 5 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 141.28 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 49.11 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 16.62 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0903-9510000000-83ef41451beba02084ae - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 139.15996 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 141.55562 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 147.94138 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase
- Specific Function
- Atpase activator activity
- Gene Name
- FXYD2
- Uniprot ID
- P54710
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 7283.265 Da
References
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients (PubMed:29499166, PubMed:30388404). Could also be part of an osmosensory signaling pathway that senses body-fluid sodium levels and controls salt intake behavior as well as voluntary water intake to regulate sodium homeostasis (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- ATP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P05023
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 112895.01 Da
References
- Welling PA: Rare mutations in renal sodium and potassium transporter genes exhibit impaired transport function. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014 Jan;23(1):1-8. doi: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000437204.84826.99. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Renal sodium, potassium and chloride ion cotransporter that mediates the transepithelial NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb and plays an essential role in the urinary concentration and volume regulation (PubMed:21321328). Electrically silent transporter system (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Sodium
- Gene Name
- SLC12A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q13621
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 12 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 121449.13 Da
References
- Welling PA: Rare mutations in renal sodium and potassium transporter genes exhibit impaired transport function. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014 Jan;23(1):1-8. doi: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000437204.84826.99. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- The catalytic subunit of the gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase pump which transports H(+) ions in exchange for K(+) ions across the apical membrane of parietal cells. Uses ATP as an energy source to pump H(+) ions to the gastric lumen while transporting K(+) ion from the lumen into the cell (By similarity). Remarkably generates a million-fold proton gradient across the gastric parietal cell membrane, acidifying the gastric juice down to pH 1 (By similarity). Within a transport cycle, the transfer of a H(+) ion across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing (E1) to outward-facing state (E2). The release of the H(+) ion in the stomach lumen is followed by binding of K(+) ion converting the pump conformation back to the E1 state (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 | P20648 |
| Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta | P51164 |
References
- Gumz ML, Lynch IJ, Greenlee MM, Cain BD, Wingo CS: The renal H+-K+-ATPases: physiology, regulation, and structure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Jan;298(1):F12-21. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.90723.2008. Epub 2009 Jul 29. [Article]
Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:45 / Updated at October 09, 2021 02:49