Identification
- Summary
Coccidioides immitis spherule is a skin antigen test for delayed-type hypersensitivity to Coccidioides immitis.
- Brand Names
- Spherusol
- Generic Name
- Coccidioides immitis spherule
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB11294
- Background
Coccidioides immitis spherule is a skin test antigen indicated to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity to Coccidioides immitis in individuals with a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved
- Biologic Classification
- Allergenics
Allergen Extract - Synonyms
- Not Available
Pharmacology
- Indication
Indicated to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity to Coccidioides immitis in individuals with a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Use in 18-64 year old patients. A positive result occurs if 48h after administration if the diameter of the induration is >5mm.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Illicit cellular immune response if patient has been exposed to Coccidiodes immitis.
- Mechanism of action
Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction begin with the C.immitis antigen is presented to CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells. This causes the secretion of interleukins and other lymphokines from macrophage cells. The release of effector molecules causes blood vessels to become permeable and allows fibrinogen to escape into the surrounding tissue where it is converted to fibrin. The deposition of fibrin and the movement of T-cells and monocytes in the extracellular spaces cause the tissue to become indurated. The induration is usually detectable in 18 hours and peaks at 48 hours.
Target Actions Organism UHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-2 alpha chain binderHumans UHLA-DR binderHumans UHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-3 alpha chain Not Available Humans UHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-27 alpha chain Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not absorbed. Given intradermally for local effect.
- Volume of distribution
Not absorbed systemically.
- Protein binding
Not absorbed systemically.
- Metabolism
Not metabolized.
- Route of elimination
Eliminated via cellular immune response.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Systemic hypersensitivity reaction may be life threatening.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
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Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Spherusol Injection, solution 12.7 ug/1mL Intradermal Nielsen Biosciences, Inc. 2011-07-29 Not applicable US 
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- ITY7G7Q744
- CAS number
- Not Available
References
- Synthesis Reference
Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR. Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology. Clinical Epidemiology. 2013;5:185-197. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34434. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The major histocompatibility complex and its functions. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27156/
- General References
- Wieczorek M, Abualrous ET, Sticht J, Alvaro-Benito M, Stolzenberg S, Noe F, Freund C: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Spherusol Monograph [Link]
- External Links
Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, solution Intradermal 12.7 ug/1mL - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Not Available
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
Targets
References
- Wieczorek M, Abualrous ET, Sticht J, Alvaro-Benito M, Stolzenberg S, Noe F, Freund C: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding cleft accommodates peptides of 10-30 residues. The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mostly by degradation of proteins that access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases. Exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed by the APC are thus readily available for presentation via MHC II molecules, and for this reason this antigen presentation pathway is usually referred to as exogenous. As membrane proteins on their way to degradation in lysosomes as part of their normal turn-over are also contained in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, exogenous antigens must compete with those derived from endogenous components. Autophagy is also a source of endogenous peptides, autophagosomes constitutively fuse with MHC class II loading compartments. In addition to APCs, other cells of the gastrointestinal tract, such as epithelial cells, express MHC class II molecules and CD74 and act as APCs, which is an unusual trait of the GI tract. To produce a MHC class II molecule that presents an antigen, three MHC class II molecules (heterodimers of an alpha and a beta chain) associate with a CD74 trimer in the ER to form a heterononamer. Soon after the entry of this complex into the endosomal/lysosomal system where antigen processing occurs, CD74 undergoes a sequential degradation by various proteases, including CTSS and CTSL, leaving a small fragment termed CLIP (class-II-associated invariant chain peptide). The removal of CLIP is facilitated by HLA-DM via direct binding to the alpha-beta-CLIP complex so that CLIP is released. HLA-DM stabilizes MHC class II molecules until primary high affinity antigenic peptides are bound. The MHC II molecule bound to a peptide is then transported to the cell membrane surface. In B-cells, the interaction between HLA-DM and MHC class II molecules is regulated by HLA-DO. Primary dendritic cells (DCs) also to express HLA-DO. Lysosomal microenvironment has been implicated in the regulation of antigen loading into MHC II molecules, increased acidification produces increased proteolysis and efficient peptide loading.
- Specific Function
- Mhc class ii protein complex binding
Components:
References
- Wieczorek M, Abualrous ET, Sticht J, Alvaro-Benito M, Stolzenberg S, Noe F, Freund C: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Tap binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system.
- Gene Name
- HLA-A
- Uniprot ID
- P04439
- Uniprot Name
- HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-3 alpha chain
- Molecular Weight
- 40840.41 Da
References
- Wieczorek M, Abualrous ET, Sticht J, Alvaro-Benito M, Stolzenberg S, Noe F, Freund C: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptide antigen binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system.
- Gene Name
- HLA-B
- Uniprot ID
- P01889
- Uniprot Name
- HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-27 alpha chain
- Molecular Weight
- 40427.835 Da
References
- Wieczorek M, Abualrous ET, Sticht J, Alvaro-Benito M, Stolzenberg S, Noe F, Freund C: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292. eCollection 2017. [Article]
Drug created at December 03, 2015 16:52 / Updated at October 06, 2020 17:43