Kaempherol
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Identification
- Generic Name
- Kaempherol
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01852
- Background
Not Available
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 286.2363
Monoisotopic: 286.047738052 - Chemical Formula
- C15H10O6
- Synonyms
- Not Available
- External IDs
- NSC-407289
- NSC-656277
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism APolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitorHumans APolyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15 inhibitorHumans AAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 inhibitorHumans ALactoylglutathione lyase inhibitorHumans ACytochrome P450 1B1 inhibitorHumans A17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitorHumans AAndrogen receptor inhibitorHumans UUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Not Available
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. These are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
- Class
- Flavonoids
- Sub Class
- Flavones
- Direct Parent
- Flavonols
- Alternative Parents
- 7-hydroxyflavonoids / 5-hydroxyflavonoids / 4'-hydroxyflavonoids / 3-hydroxyflavonoids / Chromones / Pyranones and derivatives / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Vinylogous acids show 5 more
- Substituents
- 1-benzopyran / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 3-hydroxyflavone / 3-hydroxyflavonoid / 4'-hydroxyflavonoid / 5-hydroxyflavonoid / 7-hydroxyflavonoid / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid show 16 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- tetrahydroxyflavone, flavonols, 7-hydroxyflavonol (CHEBI:28499) / flavonols, Flavones and Flavonols (C05903) / Flavones and Flavonols (LMPK12110003)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 731P2LE49E
- CAS number
- 520-18-3
- InChI Key
- IYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C15H10O6/c16-8-3-1-7(2-4-8)15-14(20)13(19)12-10(18)5-9(17)6-11(12)21-15/h1-6,16-18,20H
- IUPAC Name
- 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
- SMILES
- OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(O)C=C2O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0005801
- KEGG Compound
- C05903
- PubChem Compound
- 5280863
- PubChem Substance
- 46507811
- ChemSpider
- 4444395
- BindingDB
- 7462
- ChEBI
- 28499
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL150
- ZINC
- ZINC000003869768
- PDBe Ligand
- KMP
- Wikipedia
- Kaempferol
- PDB Entries
- 1h1m / 2c1z / 3qwh / 4det / 4rel / 5aux / 5av2 / 5av3 / 6m8b / 7vej … show 1 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 277 °C PhysProp - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.178 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.99 ALOGPS logP 2.46 Chemaxon logS -3.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 6.38 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3.9 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 107.22 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 74.88 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 27.59 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9855 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.6286 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7447 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5139 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8869 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.6099 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9145 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7797 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9075 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6591 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9108 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8948 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9083 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6434 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.7241 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7652 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9363 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8854 Rat acute toxicity 3.0825 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9795 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8734
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 170.4683465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 159.5875843 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.4631465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 176.7423465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.6710465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 164.96855 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 172.0079465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 162.7049477 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 170.9043465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 178.3813465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 171.9502465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 167.32654 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 171.5285465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 177.184349 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 170.2626821 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 177.9883465 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.4197 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate) to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate (5-HPETE) followed by the dehydration to 5,6- epoxyeicosatetraenoate (Leukotriene A4/LTA4), the first two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are potent mediators of inflammation (PubMed:19022417, PubMed:21233389, PubMed:22516296, PubMed:23246375, PubMed:24282679, PubMed:24893149, PubMed:31664810, PubMed:8615788, PubMed:8631361). Also catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonate into 8-hydroperoxyicosatetraenoate (8-HPETE) and 12-hydroperoxyicosatetraenoate (12-HPETE) (PubMed:23246375). Displays lipoxin synthase activity being able to convert (15S)-HETE into a conjugate tetraene (PubMed:31664810). Although arachidonate is the preferred substrate, this enzyme can also metabolize oxidized fatty acids derived from arachidonate such as (15S)-HETE, eicosapentaenoate (EPA) such as (18R)- and (18S)-HEPE or docosahexaenoate (DHA) which lead to the formation of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) lipoxin and resolvins E and D respectively, therefore it participates in anti-inflammatory responses (PubMed:17114001, PubMed:21206090, PubMed:31664810, PubMed:32404334, PubMed:8615788). Oxidation of DHA directly inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting angiogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) (By similarity). It does not catalyze the oxygenation of linoleic acid and does not convert (5S)-HETE to lipoxin isomers (PubMed:31664810). In addition to inflammatory processes, it participates in dendritic cell migration, wound healing through an antioxidant mechanism based on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) regulation expression, monocyte adhesion to the endothelium via ITGAM expression on monocytes (By similarity). Moreover, it helps establish an adaptive humoral immunity by regulating primary resting B cells and follicular helper T cells and participates in the CD40-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after CD40 ligation in B cells through interaction with PIK3R1 that bridges ALOX5 with CD40 (PubMed:21200133). May also play a role in glucose homeostasis, regulation of insulin secretion and palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance via AMPK (By similarity). Can regulate bone mineralization and fat cell differentiation increases in induced pluripotent stem cells (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- ALOX5
- Uniprot ID
- P09917
- Uniprot Name
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 77982.595 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase that catalyzes the stereo-specific peroxidation of free and esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids generating a spectrum of bioactive lipid mediators (PubMed:17052953, PubMed:1944593, PubMed:24282679, PubMed:25293588, PubMed:32404334, PubMed:8334154). It inserts peroxyl groups at C12 or C15 of arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate) producing both 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate/12-HPETE and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate/15-HPETE (PubMed:17052953, PubMed:1944593, PubMed:24282679, PubMed:8334154). It may then act on 12-HPETE to produce hepoxilins, which may show pro-inflammatory properties (By similarity). Can also peroxidize linoleate ((9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate) to 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate/13-HPODE (PubMed:8334154). May participate in the sequential oxidations of DHA ((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate) to generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs)like resolvin D5 ((7S,17S)-diHPDHA) and (7S,14S)-diHPDHA, that actively down-regulate the immune response and have anti-aggregation properties with platelets (PubMed:32404334). Can convert epoxy fatty acids to hydroperoxy-epoxides derivatives followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution leading to the formation of monocyclic endoperoxides (PubMed:25293588). Plays an important role during the maintenance of self-tolerance by peroxidizing membrane-bound phosphatidylethanolamine which can then signal the sorting process for clearance of apoptotic cells during inflammation and prevent an autoimmune response. In addition to its role in the immune and inflammatory responses, this enzyme may play a role in epithelial wound healing in the cornea through production of lipoxin A4 (LXA(4)) and docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1; 10R,17S-HDHA), both lipid autacoids exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, it may regulate actin polymerization which is crucial for several biological processes such as the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. It is also implicated in the generation of endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-gamma), hence modulating macrophage development and function. It may also exert a negative effect on skeletal development by regulating bone mass through this pathway. As well as participates in ER stress and downstream inflammation in adipocytes, pancreatic islets, and liver (By similarity). Finally, it is also involved in the cellular response to IL13/interleukin-13 (PubMed:21831839)
- Specific Function
- arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- ALOX15
- Uniprot ID
- P16050
- Uniprot Name
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15
- Molecular Weight
- 74803.795 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
3. DetailsAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia (PubMed:1936586). Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:8343525). Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides (PubMed:17381426). Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls) (PubMed:21329684)
- Specific Function
- aldose reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1B1
- Uniprot ID
- P15121
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
- Molecular Weight
- 35853.125 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
4. DetailsLactoylglutathione lyase
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione (PubMed:20454679, PubMed:23122816, PubMed:9705294). Involved in the regulation of TNF-induced transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:19199007). Required for normal osteoclastogenesis (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- lactoylglutathione lyase activity
- Gene Name
- GLO1
- Uniprot ID
- Q04760
- Uniprot Name
- Lactoylglutathione lyase
- Molecular Weight
- 20777.515 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
5. DetailsCytochrome P450 1B1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Exhibits catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2- and 4-hydroxy E1 and E2. Displays a predominant hydroxylase activity toward E2 at the C-4 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes testosterone and progesterone to B or D ring hydroxylated metabolites (PubMed:10426814). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:15258110). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA. Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EpETrE) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- EpETrE, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Additionally, displays dehydratase activity toward oxygenated eicosanoids hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (HpETEs). This activity is independent of cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and O2 (PubMed:21068195). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, particularly converting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aryl amines procarcinogens to DNA-damaging products (PubMed:10426814). Plays an important role in retinal vascular development. Under hyperoxic O2 conditions, promotes retinal angiogenesis and capillary morphogenesis, likely by metabolizing the oxygenated products generated during the oxidative stress. Also, contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16678
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 60845.33 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Converts estrone (E1) to a more potent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) (PubMed:8994190). Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH
- Specific Function
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- HSD17B1
- Uniprot ID
- P14061
- Uniprot Name
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34949.715 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
7. DetailsAndrogen receptor
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues (PubMed:19022849). Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation (PubMed:20812024). Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3
- Specific Function
- androgen binding
- Gene Name
- AR
- Uniprot ID
- P10275
- Uniprot Name
- Androgen receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 99187.115 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
8. DetailsUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyze phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase water solubility and enhance excretion. They are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT3A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q6NUS8
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59150.34 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22