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Identification
- Summary
Glucose is a form of glucose used for caloric supply and the replenishment of fluid in total parenteral nutrition and other therapies as well as for the treatment of hypoglycemic episodes.
- Brand Names
- Bss Ophthalmic Solution, Citrasate, Clinimix 2.75/5, Clinimix E 2.75/5, Dextroject, Dianeal, H.E.L.P.bicel, Hemosate Ultra, Lactate 1-2-3, Leukotrap, Naturalyte, Nauzene, Normosol-R, Nxstage Pureflow, Olimel, Periolimel, Sag-M, Sclerodex
- Generic Name
- Dextrose, unspecified form
Commonly known or available as Glucose - DrugBank Accession Number
- DB09341
- Background
Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) generated during phosynthesis involving water, carbon and sunlight in plants. It is produced in humans via hepatic gluconeogenesis and breakdown of polymeric glucose forms (glycogenolysis). It circulates in human circulation as blood glucose and acts as an essential energy source for many organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration and fermentation. It is primarily stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals to be used in various metabolic processes in the cellular level. Its aldohexose stereoisomer, dextrose or D-glucose, is the most commonly occurring isomer of glucose in nature. L-glucose is a synthesized enantiomer that is used as a low-calorie sweetener and laxative. The unspecified form of glucose is commonly supplied as an injection for nutritional supplementation or metabolic disorders where glucose levels are improperly regulated. Glucose is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Synonyms
- Dextrosa
- Dextrose
- Dextrose solution
- Dextrose, unspecified
- Glucosa
- Glucose
- Glucose, liquid
- Grape sugar
- Liquid glucose
Pharmacology
- Indication
Glucose pharmaceutical formulations (oral tablets, injections) are indicated for caloric supply and carbohydrate supplementation in case of nutrient deprivation. It is also used in metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemia.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Arrhythmia Combination Product in combination with: Lidocaine (DB00281) •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to prevent Arrhythmia Combination Product in combination with: Lidocaine (DB00281) •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Caloric deficit Combination Product in combination with: Sodium chloride (DB09153) •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Edema of the cerebrum Combination Product in combination with: Sodium chloride (DB09153), Glycerin (DB09462) •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Treatment of Hypoglycemia •••••••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Blood glucose is an obligatory energy source in humans involved in various cellular activities, and it also acts as a signalling molecule for diverse glucose-sensing molecules and proteins. Glucose undergoes oxidation into carbon dioxide, water and yields energy molecules in the process of glycolysis and subsequent citric cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose is readily converted into fat in the body which can be used as a source of energy as required. Under a similar conversion into storage of energy, glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Glucose stores are mobilized in a regulated manner, depending on the tissues' metabolic demands. Oral glucose tablets or injections serve to increase the supply of glucose and oral glucose administration is more effective in stimulating insulin secretion because it stimulates the incretin hormones from the gut, which promotes insulin secretion.
- Mechanism of action
Glucose supplies most of the energy to all tissues by generating energy molecules ATP and NADH during a series of metabolism reactions called glycolysis. Glycolysis can be divided into 2 main phases where the preparatory phase is initiated by the phosphorylation of glucose by a hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate. The addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis and is the rate-limiting step. Products end up as substrates for following reactions, to ultimately convert C6 glucose molecule into two C3 sugar molecules. These products enter the energy-releasing phase where total of 4ATP and 2NADH molecules are generated per one glucose molecule. The total aerobic metabolism of glucose can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. This energy-producing reactions of glucose is limited to D-glucose as L-glucose cannot be phosphorlyated by hexokinase. Glucose can act as precursors to generate other biomolecules such as vitamin C. It plays a role as a signaling molecule to control glucose and energy homeostasis. Glucose can regulate gene transcription, enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and the activity of glucoregulatory neurons. The types, number and kinetics of glucose transporters expressed depends on the tissues and fine-tunes glucose uptake, metabolism, and signal generation in order to preserve cellular and whole body metabolic integrity 1.
- Absorption
Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller units by pancreatic and intestinal glycosidases or intestinal flora. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and GLUT2 (SLC2A2) play predominant roles in intestinal transport of glucose into the circulation. SGLT1 is located in the apical membrane of the intestinal wall while GLUT2 is located in the basolateral membrane, but it was proposed that GLUT2 can be recruited into the apical membrane after a high luminal glucose bolus allowing bulk absorption of glucose by facilitated diffusion 3. Oral preparation of glucose reaches the peak concentration within 40 minutes and the intravenous infusions display 100% bioavailability.
- Volume of distribution
The mean volume of distribution after intravenous infusion is 10.6L.
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Glucose can undergo aerobic oxidation in conjunction to the synthesis of energy molecules. Glycolysis is the initial stage of glucose metabolism where one glucose molecule is degraded into 2 molecules of pyruvate via substrate-level phosphorylation. These products are transported to the mitochondria where they are further oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Route of elimination
Glucose can be renally excreted.
- Half-life
The approximate half-life is 14.3 minutes following intravenous infusion. Gut glucose half-life was markedly higher in females (79 ± 2 min) than in males (65 ± 3 min, P < 0.0001) and negatively related to body height (r = -0.481; P < 0.0001).
- Clearance
The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) for the 10 subjects studied at the higher insulin level was 2.27 ± 0.37 ml/kg/min at euglycemia and fell to 1.51±0.21 ml/kg/ at hyperglycemia. The mean MCR for the six subjects studied at the lower insulin level was 1.91 ± 0.31 ml/kg/min at euglyglycemia.
- Adverse Effects
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Oral LD50 value in rats is 25800mg/kg. The administration of glucose infusions can cause fluid and/or solute overloading resulting in dilution of the serum electrolyte concentrations, over-hydration, congested states, or pulmonary oedema. Hypersensitivity reactions may also occur including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from oral tablets and intravenous infusions.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareDrostanolone propionate The serum concentration of Dextrose, unspecified form can be decreased when it is combined with Drostanolone propionate. Testosterone The serum concentration of Dextrose, unspecified form can be decreased when it is combined with Testosterone. Testosterone cypionate The serum concentration of Dextrose, unspecified form can be decreased when it is combined with Testosterone cypionate. Testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone The serum concentration of Dextrose, unspecified form can be decreased when it is combined with Testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone. Testosterone enanthate The serum concentration of Dextrose, unspecified form can be decreased when it is combined with Testosterone enanthate. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key D-glucose unknown 5SL0G7R0OK 50-99-7 GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 10% Dextrose Injection USP Solution 100 mg / mL Intravenous B. Braun Medical Inc. 1993-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
10% Dextrose Injection, USP Solution 10 g / 100 mL Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 10% Dextrose Injection, USP Solution 10 g / 100 mL Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1997-08-13 Not applicable Canada 100gm Glucose Tolerance Drink Liquid 10 g / 30 mL Oral Criterion Sciences 1992-12-31 1999-11-18 Canada 13.3% Dextrose Injection, USP Solution 13.3 g / 100 mL Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 5% DEXTROSE IN WATER (1000ML LDPE BOTTLE) Solution 5 % Intravenous POLYLAB BIOTECH SDN. BHD. 2016-03-03 2019-05-10 Malaysia 
Glutose 15 Gel 15 g/37.5g Oral Paddock Laboratories, Inc. 1996-02-01 1996-02-02 US 
Monoject Insulin Reaction Gel 40% Gel 40 % Oral Sherwood Medical Company 1989-12-31 1999-10-20 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image (20 Mmol/l) Potassium Chloride In 3.3% Dextrose and 0.3% Sodium Chloride Injection USP Dextrose, unspecified form (3.3 g / 100 mL) + Potassium chloride (150 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (300 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1978-12-31 Not applicable Canada (20 Mmol/l) Potassium Chloride In 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Potassium chloride (150 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (900 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1990-12-31 Not applicable Canada (20 Mmol/l) Potassium Chloride In 5% Dextrose Injection USP Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Potassium chloride (150 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1989-12-31 Not applicable Canada (20mmol/l) Potassium Chloride In 5% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride Injection USP Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Potassium chloride (150 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (200 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1989-12-31 2016-07-15 Canada (20mmol/l) Potassium Chloride In 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection USP Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Potassium chloride (150 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (450 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1989-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image %10 DEKSTROZ VAC.500 ML(SETLI) Dextrose, unspecified form (10 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2019-08-06 2024-01-23 Turkey 
%10 DEKSTROZ VAC.500 ML(SETSIZ) Dextrose, unspecified form (10 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2019-08-06 2024-01-23 Turkey %20 DEKS SOL TORBA PVC 500 ML(SETLI) Dextrose, unspecified form (20 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2017-05-23 2024-01-23 Turkey %20 DEKS SOL TORBA PVC 500 ML(SETSIZ) Dextrose, unspecified form (20 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2017-05-23 2024-01-23 Turkey %20 DEKSTROZ VAC.500 ML(SETLI) Dextrose, unspecified form (20 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2019-08-06 2024-01-23 Turkey
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- IY9XDZ35W2
- CAS number
- Not Available
References
- General References
- Thorens B, Mueckler M: Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;298(2):E141-5. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00712.2009. Epub 2009 Dec 15. [Article]
- Ferraris RP: Dietary and developmental regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Biochem J. 2001 Dec 1;360(Pt 2):265-76. [Article]
- Roder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H: The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Deng D, Sun P, Yan C, Ke M, Jiang X, Xiong L, Ren W, Hirata K, Yamamoto M, Fan S, Yan N: Molecular basis of ligand recognition and transport by glucose transporters. Nature. 2015 Oct 15;526(7573):391-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14655. Epub 2015 Jul 15. [Article]
- Jiang G, Zhang BB: Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;284(4):E671-8. [Article]
- Anderwald C, Gastaldelli A, Tura A, Krebs M, Promintzer-Schifferl M, Kautzky-Willer A, Stadler M, DeFronzo RA, Pacini G, Bischof MG: Mechanism and effects of glucose absorption during an oral glucose tolerance test among females and males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):515-24. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1398. Epub 2010 Dec 8. [Article]
- Kouider S, Kolb FE, Lippmann R: [Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep]. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1978;32(5):715-25. [Article]
- JOKIPII SG, TURPEINEN O: Kinetics of elimination of glucose from the blood during and after a continuous intravenous injection. J Clin Invest. 1954 Mar;33(3):452-8. [Article]
- Revers RR, Kolterman OG, Olefsky JM: Relationship between serum glucose level and the metabolic clearance rate of glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1983 Jul;32(7):627-32. [Article]
- 30. (2012). In Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed., pp. 372-377). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
- 16. (2000). In Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. [ISBN:0-7167-3136-3]
- Baxter Health GLUCOSE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION BP Product information [Link]
- Glucose injection (Viaflex bag) Product information [Link]
- External Links
- MSDS
- Download (20.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Basic Science Obesity / Sarcopenia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Osteoarthritis of the Knee 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Critically Ill Patients / Starvation 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Basic Science Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Diagnostic Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Intravenous 10 % Solution Intravenous 17.5 % Solution Intravenous 20 % Solution Intravenous 30 % Solution Intravenous 50 % Solution Intravenous 100 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 10 g / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 13.3 g / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 200 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 20 g / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 33.3 g / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 40 % Solution Intravenous 40 g / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 5 % Solution Intravenous 50 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 5 g / 100 mL Liquid Subarachnoid Solution Intravenous 500 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 50 g / 100 mL Liquid Oral 5 g / 30 mL Solution Intravenous 70 g / 100 mL Liquid Oral 7.5 g / 30 mL Solution Hemodialysis Liquid Hemodialysis Granule, for solution Oral Powder, for solution Intraocular Solution Unknown Solution Extracorporeal Solution Extracorporeal 0.8 g/100ml Solution Other Tablet Oral 5 g Concentrate; kit; solution Ophthalmic Kit; solution Intraocular Liquid Ophthalmic Solution Intraspinal Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Hemodialysis Solution Parenteral 10.000 g Solution 5.000 g Solution Parenteral 5.000 g Solution Intravenous 5.000 g Solution Intravenous 250 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 50 g Solution Intravenous 5 g Solution Intravenous 10 g Injection, solution Intravenous 10 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 5 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 10 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 5 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 70 g/100mL Solution Irrigation Solution Parenteral Solution Intravenous 333 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous Injection Intravenous 5 g/100ml Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 10 % Liquid Intravenous 13.3 g / 100 mL Liquid Intravenous 250 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 50 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 500 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 50 % Solution Intravenous 50 % w/v Solution Intravenous 400 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 700 mg / mL Powder, for solution Hemodialysis 173.2 g / pck Powder, for solution Hemodialysis 207.9 g / pck Powder Hemodialysis 182.1 g / pck Powder Hemodialysis 222.7 g / bottle Injection, solution Intraperitoneal Solution Solution Intravenous 4.21 g/1000ml Solution Oral 0.2600 g Solution Oral Solution Parenteral 5.0 g Powder, for solution Oral 99.46 g Solution Intravenous 0.5 g Injection Parenteral Solution Intravenous 500000 g Injection, solution Intravenous Solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral Injection, solution Parenteral Gel Ophthalmic 35 % Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral 10 % Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral 30 % Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral 20 % Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral 5 % Injection, solution Intravenous; Parenteral 50 % Liquid Oral 100 g / 300 mL Liquid Oral 75 g / 300 mL Gel Oral 15 g/37.5g Liquid Oral Powder Oral Solution Intravenous 20 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 30 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 40 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 50 g/100mL Solution Intravenous 60 g/100mL Solution Intravenous Liquid Intraperitoneal Solution Hemodialysis; Intraperitoneal Emulsion Parenteral 20.000 g Kit Intravenous Solution Intravenous 4.64 g/100mL Powder, for solution Oral 24.85 g Gel Oral 40 % Solution Intravenous 4.410 g Injection, solution Hemodialysis; Intravenous Solution Oral 750 mg/1 Syrup Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Kit; solution Intraocular; Irrigation Solution Intravenous Solution Intravenous 3.57 g/70mL Injection, emulsion; injection, solution Intravenous Emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Injection, emulsion Intravenous Powder, for solution Oral Solution Intraperitoneal Injection Intravenous Douche Vaginal Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Solution Oral 11.700 mg Solution Parenteral 50.000 g Kit Infiltration; Topical Liquid Infiltration; Subcutaneous; Topical Liquid Parenteral; Topical Liquid Infiltration Liquid Infiltration; Subcutaneous Liquid Oral 10 g / 30 mL Solution Intrathecal Powder Oral 20.00 g Liquid Intraspinal - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 146 MSDS water solubility Soluble MSDS - Predicted Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitorInducer
- General Function
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses, such as D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-fructose, D-mannose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-glucosamine 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:1637300, PubMed:25316723, PubMed:27374331). Does not phosphorylate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PubMed:27374331). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (By similarity). Involved in innate immunity and inflammation by acting as a pattern recognition receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan (PubMed:27374331). When released in the cytosol, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine component of bacterial peptidoglycan inhibits the hexokinase activity of HK1 and causes its dissociation from mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (PubMed:27374331)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- HK1
- Uniprot ID
- P19367
- Uniprot Name
- Hexokinase-1
- Molecular Weight
- 102485.1 Da
References
- Rose IA, O'Connell EL, Litwin S: Determination of the rate of hexokinase-glucose dissociation by the isotope-trapping method. J Biol Chem. 1974 Aug 25;249(16):5163-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:11916951, PubMed:15277402, PubMed:17082186, PubMed:18322640, PubMed:19146401, PubMed:25015100, PubMed:7742312, PubMed:8325892). Compared to other hexokinases, has a weak affinity for D-glucose, and is effective only when glucose is abundant (By similarity). Mainly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and the liver and constitutes a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in these tissues (PubMed:11916951, PubMed:15277402, PubMed:18322640, PubMed:25015100, PubMed:8325892). Since insulin secretion parallels glucose metabolism and the low glucose affinity of GCK ensures that it can change its enzymatic activity within the physiological range of glucose concentrations, GCK acts as a glucose sensor in the pancreatic beta cell (By similarity). In pancreas, plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion (By similarity). In liver, helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage (By similarity). Required to provide D-glucose 6-phosphate for the synthesis of glycogen (PubMed:8878425). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (PubMed:7742312)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- GCK
- Uniprot ID
- P35557
- Uniprot Name
- Hexokinase-4
- Molecular Weight
- 52191.07 Da
References
- Matschinsky FM: Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes. Diabetes. 1990 Jun;39(6):647-52. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter, which is responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake (PubMed:10227690, PubMed:10954735, PubMed:18245775, PubMed:19449892, PubMed:25982116, PubMed:27078104, PubMed:32860739). Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses (PubMed:18245775, PubMed:19449892). Most important energy carrier of the brain: present at the blood-brain barrier and assures the energy-independent, facilitative transport of glucose into the brain (PubMed:10227690). In association with BSG and NXNL1, promotes retinal cone survival by increasing glucose uptake into photoreceptors (By similarity). Required for mesendoderm differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A1
- Uniprot ID
- P11166
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 54083.325 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative hexose transporter that mediates the transport of glucose, fructose and galactose (PubMed:16186102, PubMed:23396969, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:8027028, PubMed:8457197). Likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell (PubMed:8027028). May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney (PubMed:3399500). Also able to mediate the transport of dehydroascorbate (PubMed:23396969)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A2
- Uniprot ID
- P11168
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 57488.955 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter (PubMed:26176916, PubMed:32860739, PubMed:9477959). Can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane (PubMed:26176916, PubMed:9477959). Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably also dehydroascorbate (PubMed:26176916, PubMed:9477959). Does not mediate fructose transport (PubMed:26176916, PubMed:9477959). Required for mesendoderm differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A3
- Uniprot ID
- P11169
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 53923.785 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A4
- Uniprot ID
- P14672
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 54786.79 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Probable sugar transporter that acts as a regulator of glycolysis in macrophages (Probable). Does not transport glucose (PubMed:30431159)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UGQ3
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 54538.55 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Probable sugar transporter (PubMed:28083649). Even if its physiological substrate is subject to discussion, it is able to transport glucose and fructose (PubMed:16186102, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:29548810). Does not transport galactose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose and xylose (PubMed:15033637)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q6PXP3
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 7
- Molecular Weight
- 55726.915 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Insulin-regulated facilitative hexose transporter that mediates the transport of glucose and fructose (By similarity). Facilitates hepatic influx of dietary trehalose, which in turn inhibits glucose and fructose influx triggering a starvation signal and hepatic autophagy through activation of AMPK and ULK1 (PubMed:27922102). Also able to mediate the transport of dehydroascorbate
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NY64
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8
- Molecular Weight
- 50818.54 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- High-capacity urate transporter, which may play a role in the urate reabsorption by proximal tubules (PubMed:18327257, PubMed:18701466, PubMed:22647630, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:36749388). May have a residual high-affinity, low-capacity glucose and fructose transporter activity (PubMed:18327257, PubMed:18701466, PubMed:18842065). Transports urate at rates 45- to 60-fold faster than glucose (PubMed:18842065). Does not transport galactose (PubMed:28083649). May mediate small uptake of adenine but not of other nucleobases (PubMed:22647630)
- Specific Function
- Carbohydrate
- Gene Name
- SLC2A9
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NRM0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9
- Molecular Weight
- 58701.205 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter required for the development of the cardiovascular system
- Specific Function
- Carbohydrate
- Gene Name
- SLC2A10
- Uniprot ID
- O95528
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 10
- Molecular Weight
- 56910.77 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter
- Specific Function
- Fructose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BYW1
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 53702.055 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Insulin-independent facilitative glucose transporter
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A12
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TD20
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12
- Molecular Weight
- 66965.7 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electrogenic Na(+)-coupled sugar symporter that actively transports D-glucose or D-galactose at the plasma membrane, with a Na(+) to sugar coupling ratio of 2:1. Transporter activity is driven by a transmembrane Na(+) electrochemical gradient set by the Na(+)/K(+) pump (PubMed:20980548, PubMed:34880492, PubMed:35077764, PubMed:8563765). Has a primary role in the transport of dietary monosaccharides from enterocytes to blood. Responsible for the absorption of D-glucose or D-galactose across the apical brush-border membrane of enterocytes, whereas basolateral exit is provided by GLUT2. Additionally, functions as a D-glucose sensor in enteroendocrine cells, triggering the secretion of the incretins GCG and GIP that control food intake and energy homeostasis (By similarity) (PubMed:8563765). Together with SGLT2, functions in reabsorption of D-glucose from glomerular filtrate, playing a nonredundant role in the S3 segment of the proximal tubules (By similarity). Transports D-glucose into endometrial epithelial cells, controlling glycogen synthesis and nutritional support for the embryo as well as the decidual transformation of endometrium prior to conception (PubMed:28974690). Acts as a water channel enabling passive water transport across the plasma membrane in response to the osmotic gradient created upon sugar and Na(+) uptake. Has high water conductivity, comparable to aquaporins, and therefore is expected to play an important role in transepithelial water permeability, especially in the small intestine
- Specific Function
- Alpha-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC5A1
- Uniprot ID
- P13866
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 73497.275 Da
References
- Roder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H: The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Drug created at November 27, 2015 20:19 / Updated at September 12, 2024 23:21