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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol sulphate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126844MetabolicPhenol sulphate can be found in most mammals (mice, rats, sheep, dogs, humans) and likely most animals. Phenol sulphate is a uremic toxin. … In experimental models of diabetes, phenol sulphate administration has been shown to induce albuminuria and podocyte damage.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123255MetabolicPhenol that is produced from the gut microbes then enters systemic circulation. Phenol can get further metabolized in a liver hepatocyte to Phenyl sulphate and Phenyl glucuronide. … Phenol is shown to cause cardiovascular disease and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative stress.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123213MetabolicPhenyl sulphate is shown to cause albuminuria and diabetic kidney disease. … Phenyl sulphate is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a sulfation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Androsterone sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0127012MetabolicAndrosterone sulfate, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 3α-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and one of the major urinary metabolites of androgens. … Androsterone sulfate has been identified in the human placenta. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males.
Drugs: TestosteroneMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123237MetabolicIndoxyl sulfate is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a sulfation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … It is also shown to cause vascular calcification and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy
Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000018MetabolicLNA enters the cell and is catalyzed to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (delta-6-desaturase/fatty acid desaturase 2). … Both LNA and ALA are essential dietary requirements for all mammals since they cannot be synthesized natively in the body.
Enzymes: Fatty acid desaturase 1, Fatty acid desaturase 2Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Hippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123209MetabolicHippuric acid is an acyl glycine present in normal urine. This uremic toxin’s presence increases with consumption of phenol-rich foods (e.g. tea, wine, fruit juice, etc.). … A monocarboxylate transporter then exports hippuric acid from the liver to the blood, where it exerts toxic effects. It can reduce blood clotting and, in the kidney, inhibit organic acid secretion.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123300MetabolicKynurenic acid is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, and it also disrupts the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … Kynurenic acid is an indole uremic toxin compound that is formed through metabolism from dietary tryptophan in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Imidazolepropionic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126521MetabolicImidazolepropionic acid, also known as deaminohistidine or 4-imidazolylpropionate (ImP), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. … These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring.
Drugs: HistidineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123256MetabolicPhenylacetic acid is then transported into the blood where it has various effects on the human body. It reduces nitric oxide production and reduces protection against inflammation in vessel walls. … Phenylacetic acid is transported out of the bacteria, back into the intestine by an unknown transporter.
Enzymes: Y+L amino acid transporter 1, Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase