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Identification
- Summary
Tyrosine is an amino acid commonly found as a component in total parenteral nutrition.
- Brand Names
- Aminosyn-PF 7%, Clinimix 2.75/5, Clinimix E 2.75/5, Clinisol 15, Olimel, Periolimel, Plenamine, Premasol, Primene, Prosol, Travasol 10, Trophamine 10 %
- Generic Name
- Tyrosine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00135
- Background
Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Tyrosine (DB00135)
- Weight
- Average: 181.1885
Monoisotopic: 181.073893223 - Chemical Formula
- C9H11NO3
- Synonyms
- (−)-α-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
- (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
- (S)-(-)-Tyrosine
- (S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
- (S)-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine
- (S)-alpha-amino-4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
- (S)-Tyrosine
- (S)-α-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
- 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
- L-Tyrosin
- L-tyrosine
- Tirosina
- Tyr
- Tyrosine
- Tyrosinum
- Y
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3736
Pharmacology
- Indication
Tyrosine is claimed to act as an effective antidepressant, however results are mixed. Tyrosine has also been claimed to reduce stress and combat narcolepsy and chronic fatigue, however these claims have been refuted by some studies.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Chronic renal failure (crf) Combination Product in combination with: Histidine (DB00117), Threonine (DB00156), Lysine (DB00123) ••• ••• ••••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Acute renal dysfunction Combination Product in combination with: Lysine (DB00123), Threonine (DB00156), Histidine (DB00117) ••• ••• ••••••• •••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Tyrosine is a nonessential amino acid synthesized in the body from phenylalanine. Tyrosine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Tyrosine is a precursor to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. It can act as a mood elevator and an anti-depressant. It may improve memory and increase mental alertness. Tyrosine aids in the production of melanin and plays a critical role in the production of thyroxin (thyroid hormones). Tyrosine deficiencies are manifested by hypothyroidism, low blood pressure and low body temperature. Supplemental tyrosine has been used to reduce stress and combat narcolepsy and chronic fatigue.
- Mechanism of action
Tyrosine is produced in cells by hydroxylating the essential amino acid phenylalanine. This relationship is much like that between cysteine and methionine. Half of the phenylalanine required goes into the production of tyrosine; if the diet is rich in tyrosine itself, the requirements for phenylalanine are reduced by about 50%. The mechanism of L-tyrosine's antidepressant activity can be accounted for by the precursor role of L-tyrosine in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Elevated brain norepinephrine and dopamine levels are thought to be associated with antidepressant effects.
Target Actions Organism ATyrosine 3-monooxygenase binderHumans UTyrosine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UTyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic Not Available Humans UTyrosine aminotransferase Not Available Humans - Absorption
L-tyrosine is absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active transport process.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
In the liver, L-tyrosine is involved in a number of biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and oxidative catabolic reactions. L-tyrosine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body.
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
L-Tyrosine has very low toxicity. There have been very few reports of toxicity. LD50 (oral, rat) > 5110 mg/kg.
- Pathways
Pathway Category Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency Disease Phenylketonuria Disease Tyrosine Metabolism Metabolic Catecholamine Biosynthesis Metabolic Tyrosinemia Type I Disease Tyrosinemia Type 3 (TYRO3) Disease Disulfiram Action Pathway Drug action Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism Metabolic Alkaptonuria Disease Hawkinsinuria Disease Tyrosinemia Type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart Syndrome) Disease Tyrosinemia, Transient, of the Newborn Disease Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Monoamine Oxidase-A Deficiency (MAO-A) Disease Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Metabolic - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareLevodopa Tyrosine may increase the excretion rate of Levodopa which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1996-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1993-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (195 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada 2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (316 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (283 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (132 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (165 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (201 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (159.5 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (154 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (187 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (137.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (159.5 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Appbutamone Tyrosine (100 mg/1) + Bupropion hydrochloride (75 mg/1) Kit Oral Physician Therapeutics Llc 2011-07-07 Not applicable US 
Appbutamone-D Tyrosine (100 mg/1) + Bupropion hydrochloride (75 mg/1) Kit Oral Physician Therapeutics Llc 2011-07-07 Not applicable US Appformin Tyrosine (100 mg/1) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg/1) Kit Oral Physician Therapeutics Llc 2011-02-07 Not applicable US Appformin-D Tyrosine (100 mg/1) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg/1) Kit Oral Physician Therapeutics Llc 2011-07-07 Not applicable US Clinimix Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. These are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Tyrosine and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylalanine and derivatives / Phenylpropanoic acids / L-alpha-amino acids / Amphetamines and derivatives / Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds show 4 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group show 16 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- proteinogenic amino acid, L-alpha-amino acid, tyrosine, erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid (CHEBI:17895) / Common amino acids (C00082)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 42HK56048U
- CAS number
- 60-18-4
- InChI Key
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C9H11NO3/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13)/t8-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
- SMILES
- N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Hai-quan Mao, Kam W. Leong, "Biodegradable poly (phosphoester-co-desaminotyrosyl L-tyrosine ester) compounds, compositions, articles and methods for making and using the same." U.S. Patent US5912225, issued May, 1960.
US5912225- General References
- Hoffhines AJ, Damoc E, Bridges KG, Leary JA, Moore KL: Detection and purification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins using a novel anti-sulfotyrosine monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 8;281(49):37877-87. Epub 2006 Oct 17. [Article]
- Molnar GA, Wagner Z, Marko L, Ko Szegi T, Mohas M, Kocsis B, Matus Z, Wagner L, Tamasko M, Mazak I, Laczy B, Nagy J, Wittmann I: Urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion in diabetes mellitus and renal failure: evidence for hydroxyl radical production. Kidney Int. 2005 Nov;68(5):2281-7. [Article]
- Molnar GA, Nemes V, Biro Z, Ludany A, Wagner Z, Wittmann I: Accumulation of the hydroxyl free radical markers meta-, ortho-tyrosine and DOPA in cataractous lenses is accompanied by a lower protein and phenylalanine content of the water-soluble phase. Free Radic Res. 2005 Dec;39(12):1359-66. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000158
- KEGG Drug
- D00022
- KEGG Compound
- C00082
- PubChem Compound
- 6057
- PubChem Substance
- 46507885
- ChemSpider
- 5833
- BindingDB
- 18129
- 10962
- ChEBI
- 17895
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL925
- ZINC
- ZINC000000266964
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000808
- PharmGKB
- PA451822
- PDBe Ligand
- TYR
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Tyrosine
- MSDS
- Download (72.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Not Available Brain Neoplasm 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Not Available Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Screening Stage IB Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7 / Stage II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7 / Stage IIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8 / Stage IIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8 / Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8 / Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7 / Stage IIIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Critically Ill Patients / Starvation 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Baxter International Inc.
- Medisca Inc.
- Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Parenteral Tablet, coated Oral Tablet Oral Solution Intravenous 10.50 g/1000ml Injection Intravenous 0.5 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.25 g/1000ml Solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 11.000 g/1000ml Solution Intravenous 18.5 g/L Injection Intravenous 5.5 g/1000ml Kit Oral Powder Oral Emulsion Parenteral 20.000 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous Injection Intravenous 1.6 g/l Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 0.466 g Injection, emulsion; injection, solution Intravenous Solution Intraperitoneal Injection, solution Intraperitoneal Liquid Hemodialysis Solution Intraperitoneal 0.184 g/l Oil Cutaneous Emulsion Intravenous 176 g/l Emulsion Intravenous 4 g Emulsion Intravenous 3 g Solution Intravenous Tablet Oral 105.000 mg Injection Intravenous 4 g/l Liquid Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Tablet Oral 67.000 mg Emulsion Parenteral Injection Intravenous 10.30 g/l Injection Intravenous - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Tyrosine powder 1.16USD g L-tyrosine powder 0.94USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 343 dec °C PhysProp water solubility 479 mg/L (at 25 °C) SEIDELL,A (1941) logP -2.26 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logS -2.57 ADME Research, USCD pKa 2.2 (at 25 °C) LEHNINGER,A (1975) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 7.67 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.4 ALOGPS logP -1.5 Chemaxon logS -1.4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 2 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.19 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 83.55 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 47.1 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 18.12 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.36 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 144.7720199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 141.5043426 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 144.8918199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 145.1833199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 136.53986 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 144.8798199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 143.0953399 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 144.6023199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 144.5307199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 138.93544 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 144.1467199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 144.0197199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 143.9587199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 143.8334199 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 146.56767 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cathecolamines, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Uses tetrahydrobiopterin and molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to L-Dopa (PubMed:15287903, PubMed:1680128, PubMed:17391063, PubMed:24753243, PubMed:34922205, PubMed:8528210, Ref.18). In addition to tyrosine, is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of phenylalanine and tryptophan with lower specificity (By similarity). Positively regulates the regression of retinal hyaloid vessels during postnatal development (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Amino acid binding
- Gene Name
- TH
- Uniprot ID
- P07101
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 58599.545 Da
References
- Olsovska J, Novotna J, Flieger M, Spizek J: Assay of tyrosine hydroxylase based on high-performance liquid chromatography separation and quantification of L-dopa and L-tyrosine. Biomed Chromatogr. 2007 Dec;21(12):1252-8. [Article]
- Bodnar I, Hechtl D, Szekacs D, Olah M, Nagy GM: Effect of local (intracerebral and intracerebroventricular) administration of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor on the neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons and prolactin release. Ideggyogy Sz. 2007 Mar 30;60(3-4):177-81. [Article]
- Rostrup M, Fossbakk A, Hauge A, Kleppe R, Gnaiger E, Haavik J: Oxygen dependence of tyrosine hydroxylase. Amino Acids. 2008 Apr;34(3):455-64. Epub 2007 May 23. [Article]
- Richards AB, Scheel TA, Wang K, Henkemeyer M, Kromer LF: EphB1 null mice exhibit neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars reticulata and spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. Eur J Neurosci. 2007 May;25(9):2619-28. [Article]
- Ugriumov MV: [Brain neurons partly expressing monoaminergic phenotype: distribution, development, and functional significance]. Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2007 Apr-Jun;38(2):3-25. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- YARS2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y2Z4
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 53198.56 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Zhang Y, Wang L, Schultz PG, Wilson IA: Crystal structures of apo wild-type M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and an engineered TyrRS specific for O-methyl-L-tyrosine. Protein Sci. 2005 May;14(5):1340-9. [Article]
- Kiga D, Sakamoto K, Kodama K, Kigawa T, Matsuda T, Yabuki T, Shirouzu M, Harada Y, Nakayama H, Takio K, Hasegawa Y, Endo Y, Hirao I, Yokoyama S: An engineered Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase for site-specific incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into proteins in eukaryotic translation and its application in a wheat germ cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):9715-20. Epub 2002 Jul 3. [Article]
- Kobayashi T, Nureki O, Ishitani R, Yaremchuk A, Tukalo M, Cusack S, Sakamoto K, Yokoyama S: Structural basis for orthogonal tRNA specificities of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases for genetic code expansion. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jun;10(6):425-32. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Tyrosine--tRNA ligase that catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr) (Probable) (PubMed:25533949). Also acts as a positive regulator of poly-ADP-ribosylation in the nucleus, independently of its tyrosine--tRNA ligase activity (PubMed:25533949). Activity is switched upon resveratrol-binding: resveratrol strongly inhibits the tyrosine--tRNA ligase activity and promotes relocalization to the nucleus, where YARS1 specifically stimulates the poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PARP1 (PubMed:25533949)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- YARS1
- Uniprot ID
- P54577
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
- Molecular Weight
- 59143.025 Da
References
- Bonnefond L, Frugier M, Touze E, Lorber B, Florentz C, Giege R, Rudinger-Thirion J, Sauter C: Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: the first crystallization of a human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Apr 1;63(Pt 4):338-41. Epub 2007 Mar 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has much lower affinity and transaminase activity towards phenylalanine
- Specific Function
- Amino acid binding
- Gene Name
- TAT
- Uniprot ID
- P17735
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine aminotransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 50398.895 Da
References
- Dong S, Kang S, Gu TL, Kardar S, Fu H, Lonial S, Khoury HJ, Khuri F, Chen J: 14-3-3 Integrates prosurvival signals mediated by the AKT and MAPK pathways in ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed hematopoietic cells. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):360-9. Epub 2007 Mar 27. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Specific thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter, that mediates both uptake and efflux of thyroid hormones across the cell membrane independently of pH or a Na(+) gradient. Major substrates are the iodothyronines T3 and T4 and to a lesser extent rT3 and 3,3-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) (PubMed:16887882, PubMed:18337592, PubMed:20628049, PubMed:23550058, PubMed:26426690, PubMed:27805744, PubMed:31436139). Acts as an important mediator of thyroid hormone transport, especially T3, through the blood-brain barrier (Probable) (PubMed:28526555)
- Specific Function
- Amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC16A2
- Uniprot ID
- P36021
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 8
- Molecular Weight
- 59510.86 Da
References
- Friesema EC, Ganguly S, Abdalla A, Manning Fox JE, Halestrap AP, Visser TJ: Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 10;278(41):40128-35. Epub 2003 Jul 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium- and proton-independent thyroid hormones and aromatic acids transporter (PubMed:11827462, PubMed:18337592, PubMed:28754537). Mediates both uptake and efflux of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) with high affinity, suggesting a role in the homeostasis of thyroid hormone levels (PubMed:18337592). Responsible for low affinity bidirectional transport of the aromatic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) (PubMed:11827462, PubMed:28754537). Plays an important role in homeostasis of aromatic amino acids (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [Article]
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:24