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Identification
- Summary
Calcium is a mineral found in over-the-counter supplements or prescription formulations used for the treatment of specific medical conditions related to calcium deficiency.
- Generic Name
- Calcium
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01373
- Background
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Calcium (DB01373)
- Weight
- Average: 40.078
Monoisotopic: 39.9625909 - Chemical Formula
- Ca
- Synonyms
- Calcio
- Calcium, elemental
- Elemental calcium
- Kalzium
Pharmacology
- Indication
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. It is vital in cell signaling, muscular contractions, bone health, and signalling cascades.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Calcium deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Cholecalciferol (DB00169), Phylloquinone (DB01022) •••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••• Used in combination for prophylaxis of Calcium deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Ergocalciferol (DB00153) •••••••••••• ••••••••• Used in combination for prophylaxis of Calcium deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Ergocalciferol (DB00153) •••••••••••• Used in combination to treat Calcium deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Genistein (DB01645), Cholecalciferol (DB00169) •••••••••••• Used in combination to treat Deficiency, vitamin d Combination Product in combination with: Cholecalciferol (DB00169), Phylloquinone (DB01022) •••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Calcium (Ca2+) plays a pivotal role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. It plays an important role in signal transduction pathways, where it acts as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, contraction of all muscle cell types, and fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.
- Mechanism of action
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available.
Target Actions Organism AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C ligandHumans ACalcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 agonistHumans ATroponin C, skeletal muscle agonistHumans ATroponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles agonistHumans USpectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1 agonistHumans UProtein S100-B Not Available Humans UCalpastatin Not Available Humans UCartilage oligomeric matrix protein Not Available Humans UDiamine oxidase [copper-containing] Not Available Humans UProtein S100-A13 Not Available Humans UAlkaline phosphatase, placental type Not Available Humans UProtein S100-A8 Not Available Humans UProtein S100-A9 Not Available Humans UProtein S100-A2 Not Available Humans UCeruloplasmin Not Available Humans UBone morphogenetic protein 4 Not Available Humans UMatrix Gla protein Not Available Humans UProtocadherin-19 Not Available Humans UProgrammed cell death protein 6 Not Available Humans UCalmodulin Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
The kidney excretes 250 mmol a day in urine, and resorbs 245 mmol, leading to a net loss in the urine of 5 mmol/d.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Not Available
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbciximab The therapeutic efficacy of Calcium can be decreased when used in combination with Abciximab. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium. Acenocoumarol The therapeutic efficacy of Calcium can be decreased when used in combination with Acenocoumarol. Acetyldigitoxin Calcium may increase the arrhythmogenic and cardiotoxic activities of Acetyldigitoxin. Alfacalcidol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alfacalcidol is combined with Calcium. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 7030 Calcium Gold Capsule 0.99 mg/1 Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US 
7030 Calcium Gold Capsule 0.99 1/1 Oral Apexel Co., Ltd. 2013-03-10 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Capsule 0.99 1/1 Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Capsule 0.99 mg/1 Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Capsule 0.99 1/1 Oral Apexel Co., Ltd. 2013-03-10 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 21st Century Maxi Cal Tablet Calcium (600 mg) + Cholecalciferol (200 IU) Tablet Oral 21ST CENTURY PRODUCTS SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
24 Multivitamins + Minerals Calcium (130 mg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese cation (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) Tablet Oral Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc. 1997-04-30 2002-07-31 Canada 
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Calcium (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese cation (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg) Tablet Oral Gfr Pharma Ltd. 2002-10-20 2004-06-15 Canada A D Calcium Tab Calcium (126 mg) + Vitamin A (5000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) Tablet Oral Star Pharmaceuticals, Llc 1979-12-31 1999-07-21 Canada A-D Calcium Cap Calcium (170 mg) + Vitamin A (2500 unit) + Vitamin D (133 unit) Capsule Oral Vitalab 1990-12-31 2005-07-12 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 7030 Calcium Gold Calcium (0.99 mg/1) Capsule Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Gold Calcium (0.99 1/1) Capsule Oral Apexel Co., Ltd. 2013-03-10 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Calcium (0.99 1/1) Capsule Oral Apexel Co., Ltd. 2013-03-10 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Calcium (0.99 mg/1) Capsule Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US 7030 Calcium Premium Calcium (0.99 1/1) Capsule Oral Apexel Co., Ltd 2021-03-18 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- M05BB01 — Etidronic acid and calcium, sequential
- M05BB — Bisphosphonates, combinations
- M05B — DRUGS AFFECTING BONE STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION
- M05 — DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES
- M — MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- A11AA — Multivitamins with minerals
- A11A — MULTIVITAMINS, COMBINATIONS
- A11 — VITAMINS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- M05BB — Bisphosphonates, combinations
- M05B — DRUGS AFFECTING BONE STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION
- M05 — DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES
- M — MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- A11GB — Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), combinations
- A11G — ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C), INCL. COMBINATIONS
- A11 — VITAMINS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- M05BB — Bisphosphonates, combinations
- M05B — DRUGS AFFECTING BONE STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION
- M05 — DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES
- M — MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- M05BB — Bisphosphonates, combinations
- M05B — DRUGS AFFECTING BONE STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION
- M05 — DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES
- M — MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Antacids and Adsorbents
- Biological Factors
- Blood Coagulation Factors
- Calcium Salts
- Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents
- Drugs Affecting Bone Structure and Mineralization
- Drugs for Treatment of Bone Diseases
- Elements
- Metals
- Metals, Alkaline Earth
- Minerals
- Musculo-Skeletal System
- Phosphate Binder
- Phosphate Chelating Activity
- Replacement Preparations
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- SY7Q814VUP
- CAS number
- 7440-70-2
- InChI Key
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ca
- IUPAC Name
- calcium
- SMILES
- [Ca]
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US5667761
- General References
- Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE: Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337(10):670-6. [Article]
- Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J: Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD003548. [Article]
- Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83. [Article]
- Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ, Wallace WA: Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 May 7-13;365(9471):1621-8. [Article]
- Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R, Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Torgerson DJ: Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ. 2005 Apr 30;330(7498):1003. [Article]
- External Links
- FDA label
- Download (25.6 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (47.9 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Adjuvant Bevacizumab / Antiangiogenic-Associated Hypertension / Hypertension / Ovarian Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Breast Cancer / Hypertension, Essential Hypertension 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Colorectal Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Hypoxia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Braintree Laboratories Inc.
- Cardinal Health
- Fresenius Kabi AB
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Particle Dynamics Co.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Sandoz
- Scora SA
- SPI Pharma Sas
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 0.99 mg/1 Capsule Oral 0.99 1/1 Tablet, sugar coated Oral 160 mg Granule, for solution Oral Powder Oral 336 mg / g Tablet Oral 100 mg Granule, effervescent Oral Tablet, effervescent Oral 1000 mg Tablet, effervescent Oral 500 MG Tablet, effervescent Oral 2500 mg Injection, solution Parenteral 1000 MG Injection, solution Parenteral 500 MG Capsule Oral 150 mg Tablet Oral 650 mg Capsule Oral 160.0 mg Liquid Oral 100 mg / 5 mL Syrup Oral 100 mg / 5 mL Granule, effervescent Oral 1000 MG Granule, effervescent Oral 500 MG Tablet, effervescent Oral Syrup Oral 110 mg / 5 mL Tablet Oral 100.000 mg Powder, for suspension Oral Tablet Oral 600.000 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Kit Oral Tablet Oral 150 mg Tablet Oral 125 mg / tab Tablet Oral 0.08 1/1 Tablet Capsule Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Tablet Oral 39 mg Liquid Oral 803.8 mg/1000mL Tablet, effervescent Oral Capsule Oral 45 mg / cap Tablet, delayed release Oral Tablet Oral 0.76 1/1 Tablet Oral 0.99 1/1 Tablet Oral 0.99 mg/1 Tablet Oral 0.76 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral Liquid; tablet Oral Liquid Oral Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tablet Oral Injection, emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous Solution Intraperitoneal Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 0.8 1/1 Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral 0.72 1/1 Syrup Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Tablet Oral 0.71 1/1 Tablet Oral 0.55 1/1 Granule Powder Oral Tablet Oral Emulsion Oral Solution Intravenous 50.000 mL Liquid Extracorporeal Tablet Oral 0.85 1/1 Solution Oral 1.458 mg / mL Solution Oral 1.667 mg / mL Powder, for solution Oral Solution Intravenous Capsule Oral Capsule; kit; tablet, coated Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Powder Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 839°C MSDS boiling point (°C) 1484°C MSDS - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1.3 ALOGPS logP -0.57 Chemaxon logS 1.08 ALOGPS Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 0 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 0 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 1.78 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 107.75386 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 109.47758 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 116.26538 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Pore-forming, alpha-1C subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents (PubMed:11741969, PubMed:12176756, PubMed:12181424, PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:16299511, PubMed:17071743, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:20953164, PubMed:23677916, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506, PubMed:27218670, PubMed:29078335, PubMed:29742403, PubMed:30023270, PubMed:30172029, PubMed:34163037, PubMed:7737988, PubMed:8099908, PubMed:8392192, PubMed:9013606, PubMed:9087614, PubMed:9607315). Mediates influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm, and thereby triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasm (By similarity). Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Required for normal heart development and normal regulation of heart rhythm (PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506). Required for normal contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and in the intestine. Essential for normal blood pressure regulation via its role in the contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells (PubMed:28119464). Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group (Probable)
- Specific Function
- Alpha-actinin binding
- Gene Name
- CACNA1C
- Uniprot ID
- Q13936
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
- Molecular Weight
- 248974.1 Da
References
- Boda D, Giri J, Henderson D, Eisenberg B, Gillespie D: Analyzing the components of the free-energy landscape in a calcium selective ion channel by Widom's particle insertion method. J Chem Phys. 2011 Feb 7;134(5):055102. doi: 10.1063/1.3532937. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- ATP-driven pump that supplies the Golgi apparatus with Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, both essential cofactors for processing and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway (PubMed:12707275, PubMed:16192278, PubMed:20439740, PubMed:21187401, PubMed:30923126). Within a catalytic cycle, acquires Ca(2+) or Mn(2+) ions on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and delivers them to the lumenal side. The transfer of ions across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing to outward-facing state (PubMed:16192278, PubMed:16332677, PubMed:30923126). Plays a primary role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the trans-Golgi compartment with a functional impact on Golgi and post-Golgi protein sorting as well as a structural impact on cisternae morphology (PubMed:14632183, PubMed:20439740). Responsible for loading the Golgi stores with Ca(2+) ions in keratinocytes, contributing to keratinocyte differentiation and epidermis integrity (PubMed:10615129, PubMed:14632183, PubMed:20439740). Participates in Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions uptake into the Golgi store of hippocampal neurons and regulates protein trafficking required for neural polarity (By similarity). May also play a role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) homeostasis and signaling in the cytosol while preventing cytotoxicity (PubMed:21187401)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- ATP2C1
- Uniprot ID
- P98194
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 100576.42 Da
References
- Shi X, Chen M, Huvos PE, Hardwicke PM: Amino acid sequence of a Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cross-striated part of the adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop: comparison to serca enzymes of other animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Jun;120(2):359-74. [Article]
- Bonza MC, Martin H, Kang M, Lewis G, Greiner T, Giacometti S, Van Etten JL, De Michelis MI, Thiel G, Moroni A: A functional calcium-transporting ATPase encoded by chlorella viruses. J Gen Virol. 2010 Oct;91(Pt 10):2620-9. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.021873-0. Epub 2010 Jun 23. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- TNNC2
- Uniprot ID
- P02585
- Uniprot Name
- Troponin C, skeletal muscle
- Molecular Weight
- 18121.895 Da
References
- Martin SR, Avella G, Adrover M, de Nicola GF, Bullard B, Pastore A: Binding properties of the calcium-activated F2 isoform of Lethocerus troponin C. Biochemistry. 2011 Mar 22;50(11):1839-47. doi: 10.1021/bi102076s. Epub 2011 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kreutziger KL, Piroddi N, McMichael JT, Tesi C, Poggesi C, Regnier M: Calcium binding kinetics of troponin C strongly modulate cooperative activation and tension kinetics in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Jan;50(1):165-74. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.025. Epub 2010 Oct 28. [Article]
- Robertson IM, Sun YB, Li MX, Sykes BD: A structural and functional perspective into the mechanism of Ca2+-sensitizers that target the cardiac troponin complex. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Dec;49(6):1031-41. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.019. Epub 2010 Aug 27. [Article]
- Dweck D, Reynaldo DP, Pinto JR, Potter JD: A dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17371-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.064105. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments
- Specific Function
- Actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- TNNC1
- Uniprot ID
- P63316
- Uniprot Name
- Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
- Molecular Weight
- 18402.36 Da
References
- Dweck D, Reynaldo DP, Pinto JR, Potter JD: A dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17371-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.064105. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [Article]
- Swindle N, Tikunova SB: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-linked mutation D145E drastically alters calcium binding by the C-domain of cardiac troponin C. Biochemistry. 2010 Jun 15;49(23):4813-20. doi: 10.1021/bi100400h. [Article]
- Parvatiyar MS, Pinto JR, Liang J, Potter JD: Predicting cardiomyopathic phenotypes by altering Ca2+ affinity of cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 3;285(36):27785-97. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.112326. Epub 2010 Jun 21. [Article]
- Baylor SM, Hollingworth S: Calcium indicators and calcium signalling in skeletal muscle fibres during excitation-contraction coupling. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011 May;105(3):162-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.06.001. Epub 2010 Jun 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Fodrin, which seems to be involved in secretion, interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner and is thus candidate for the calcium-dependent movement of the cytoskeleton at the membrane. Plays a critical role in central nervous system development and function
- Specific Function
- Actin binding
- Gene Name
- SPTBN1
- Uniprot ID
- Q01082
- Uniprot Name
- Spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1
- Molecular Weight
- 274606.995 Da
References
- Wallis CJ, Wenegieme EF, Babitch JA: Characterization of calcium binding to brain spectrin. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4333-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Small zinc- and- and calcium-binding protein that is highly expressed in astrocytes and constitutes one of the most abundant soluble proteins in brain (PubMed:20950652, PubMed:6487634). Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer (PubMed:20950652, PubMed:6487634). Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites (By similarity). Acts as a neurotrophic factor that promotes astrocytosis and axonal proliferation (By similarity). Involved in innervation of thermogenic adipose tissue by acting as an adipocyte-derived neurotrophic factor that promotes sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue (By similarity). Binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase (By similarity). Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling (By similarity). Could assist ATAD3A cytoplasmic processing, preventing aggregation and favoring mitochondrial localization (PubMed:20351179). May mediate calcium-dependent regulation on many physiological processes by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and modulating their activity (PubMed:22399290)
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- S100B
- Uniprot ID
- P04271
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-B
- Molecular Weight
- 10712.985 Da
References
- Lee TS, Mane S, Eid T, Zhao H, Lin A, Guan Z, Kim JH, Schweitzer J, King-Stevens D, Weber P, Spencer SS, Spencer DD, de Lanerolle NC: Gene expression in temporal lobe epilepsy is consistent with increased release of glutamate by astrocytes. Mol Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1-2):1-13. [Article]
- Marlatt NM, Shaw GS: Amide exchange shows calcium-induced conformational changes are transmitted to the dimer interface of S100B. Biochemistry. 2007 Jun 26;46(25):7478-87. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
- Liang J, Luo G, Ning X, Shi Y, Zhai H, Sun S, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhang F, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Guo X, Wu K, Fan D: Differential expression of calcium-related genes in gastric cancer cells transfected with cellular prion protein. Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Jun;85(3):375-83. [Article]
- Friel LA, Romero R, Edwin S, Nien JK, Gomez R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Tolosa JE, Hassan SS, Espinoza J: The calcium binding protein, S100B, is increased in the amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and preterm labor with intact or ruptured membranes. J Perinat Med. 2007;35(5):385-93. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue
- Specific Function
- Cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- CAST
- Uniprot ID
- P20810
- Uniprot Name
- Calpastatin
- Molecular Weight
- 76572.035 Da
References
- Hanna RA, Garcia-Diaz BE, Davies PL: Calpastatin simultaneously binds four calpains with different kinetic constants. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2894-8. Epub 2007 May 25. [Article]
- De Tullio R, Averna M, Stifanese R, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Pontremoli S, Melloni E: Multiple rat brain calpastatin forms are produced by distinct starting points and alternative splicing of the N-terminal exons. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Sep 1;465(1):148-56. Epub 2007 May 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plays a role in the structural integrity of cartilage via its interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as the collagens and fibronectin. Can mediate the interaction of chondrocytes with the cartilage extracellular matrix through interaction with cell surface integrin receptors (PubMed:16051604, PubMed:16542502). Could play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (PubMed:16542502). Potent suppressor of apoptosis in both primary chondrocytes and transformed cells. Suppresses apoptosis by blocking the activation of caspase-3 and by inducing the IAP family of survival proteins (BIRC3, BIRC2, BIRC5 and XIAP) (PubMed:17993464). Essential for maintaining a vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contractile/differentiated phenotype under physiological and pathological stimuli. Maintains this phenotype of VSMCs by interacting with ITGA7 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Bmp binding
- Gene Name
- COMP
- Uniprot ID
- P49747
- Uniprot Name
- Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
- Molecular Weight
- 82859.88 Da
References
- Chen FH, Herndon ME, Patel N, Hecht JT, Tuan RS, Lawler J: Interaction of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein/thrombospondin 5 with aggrecan. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):24591-8. Epub 2007 Jun 22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines to the corresponding aldehydes with the concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia (PubMed:12072962, PubMed:19764817, PubMed:239684, PubMed:8144586). Its preferred substrates are the diamines histamine and 1-methylhistamine and it could therefore play a role in allergic and immune responses (PubMed:12072962). Has a broad specificity for diamines and can also act on cadaverine and putrescine, two products of amino acid catabolism (PubMed:12072962). It could also act on polyamines, like spermidine and spermine though less efficiently, and regulate various biological processes (PubMed:12072962, PubMed:239684)
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- AOC1
- Uniprot ID
- P19801
- Uniprot Name
- Diamine oxidase [copper-containing]
- Molecular Weight
- 85377.1 Da
References
- Elmore BO, Bollinger JA, Dooley DM: Human kidney diamine oxidase: heterologous expression, purification, and characterization. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2002 Jun;7(6):565-79. Epub 2002 Feb 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plays a role in the export of proteins that lack a signal peptide and are secreted by an alternative pathway. Binds two calcium ions per subunit. Binds one copper ion. Binding of one copper ion does not interfere with calcium binding. Required for the copper-dependent stress-induced export of IL1A and FGF1. The calcium-free protein binds to lipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine, but not to vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- S100A13
- Uniprot ID
- Q99584
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A13
- Molecular Weight
- 11471.095 Da
References
- Sivaraja V, Kumar TK, Rajalingam D, Graziani I, Prudovsky I, Yu C: Copper binding affinity of S100A13, a key component of the FGF-1 nonclassical copper-dependent release complex. Biophys J. 2006 Sep 1;91(5):1832-43. Epub 2006 Jun 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Alkaline phosphatase that can hydrolyze various phosphate compounds
- Specific Function
- Alkaline phosphatase activity
- Gene Name
- ALPP
- Uniprot ID
- P05187
- Uniprot Name
- Alkaline phosphatase, placental type
- Molecular Weight
- 57953.31 Da
References
- Llinas P, Masella M, Stigbrand T, Menez A, Stura EA, Le Du MH: Structural studies of human alkaline phosphatase in complex with strontium: implication for its secondary effect in bones. Protein Sci. 2006 Jul;15(7):1691-700. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- S100A8 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69 (PubMed:26296369). Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex directs selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and probably multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif; S100A8 seems to contribute to S-nitrosylation site selectivity
- Specific Function
- Arachidonic acid binding
- Gene Name
- S100A8
- Uniprot ID
- P05109
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A8
- Molecular Weight
- 10834.43 Da
References
- Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response (PubMed:12626582, PubMed:15331440, PubMed:16258195, PubMed:19122197, PubMed:20103766, PubMed:21325622, PubMed:8423249). It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism (PubMed:12626582, PubMed:15331440, PubMed:20103766). Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions (PubMed:16258195, PubMed:19122197, PubMed:8423249). The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase (PubMed:15331440, PubMed:21325622). Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69 (PubMed:26296369). Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX (PubMed:15642721, PubMed:22808130). The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities (PubMed:19534726, PubMed:8423249). Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration (PubMed:15598812, PubMed:21487906). Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER) (PubMed:19402754). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade (PubMed:19402754, PubMed:22804476). Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth (PubMed:19087201). Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3 (PubMed:19935772). Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK (PubMed:22363402). Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants (PubMed:21912088, PubMed:22489132). Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread (PubMed:16258195). Has transnitrosylase activity; in oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox))-induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' proposed to transfer the NO moiety from NOS2/iNOS to GAPDH via its own S-nitrosylated Cys-3 (PubMed:25417112). The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to also direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif (PubMed:25417112)
- Specific Function
- Antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- S100A9
- Uniprot ID
- P06702
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A9
- Molecular Weight
- 13241.955 Da
References
- Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May function as calcium sensor and modulator, contributing to cellular calcium signaling. May function by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and indirectly play a role in many physiological processes. May also play a role in suppressing tumor cell growth
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- S100A2
- Uniprot ID
- P29034
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A2
- Molecular Weight
- 11116.695 Da
References
- Koch M, Bhattacharya S, Kehl T, Gimona M, Vasak M, Chazin W, Heizmann CW, Kroneck PM, Fritz G: Implications on zinc binding to S100A2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1773(3):457-70. Epub 2006 Dec 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane (PubMed:16150804). Copper ions provide a large number of enzymatic activites. Oxidizes highly toxic ferrous ions to the ferric state for further incorporation onto apo-transferrins, catalyzes Cu(+) oxidation and promotes the oxidation of biogenic amines such as norepinephrin and serotonin (PubMed:14623105, PubMed:4643313, PubMed:5912351). Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 (By similarity). Has glutathione peroxidase-like activity, can remove both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in the presence of thiols (PubMed:10481051). Also shows NO-oxidase and NO2 synthase activities that determine endocrine NO homeostasis (PubMed:16906150)
- Specific Function
- Copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- CP
- Uniprot ID
- P00450
- Uniprot Name
- Ceruloplasmin
- Molecular Weight
- 122218.48 Da
References
- Bento I, Peixoto C, Zaitsev VN, Lindley PF: Ceruloplasmin revisited: structural and functional roles of various metal cation-binding sites. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Feb;63(Pt 2):240-8. Epub 2007 Jan 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Growth factor of the TGF-beta superfamily that plays essential roles in many developmental processes, including neurogenesis, vascular development, angiogenesis and osteogenesis (PubMed:31363885). Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity). Initiates the canonical BMP signaling cascade by associating with type I receptor BMPR1A and type II receptor BMPR2 (PubMed:25868050, PubMed:8006002). Once all three components are bound together in a complex at the cell surface, BMPR2 phosphorylates and activates BMPR1A. In turn, BMPR1A propagates signal by phosphorylating SMAD1/5/8 that travel to the nucleus and act as activators and repressors of transcription of target genes (PubMed:25868050, PubMed:29212066). Positively regulates the expression of odontogenic development regulator MSX1 via inducing the IPO7-mediated import of SMAD1 to the nucleus (By similarity). Required for MSX1-mediated mesenchymal molar tooth bud development beyond the bud stage, via promoting Wnt signaling (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of odontoblast differentiation during mesenchymal tooth germ formation, expression is repressed during the bell stage by MSX1-mediated inhibition of CTNNB1 signaling (By similarity). Able to induce its own expression in dental mesenchymal cells and also in the neighboring dental epithelial cells via an MSX1-mediated pathway (By similarity). Can also signal through non-canonical BMP pathways such as ERK/MAP kinase, PI3K/Akt, or SRC cascades (PubMed:31363885). For example, induces SRC phosphorylation which, in turn, activates VEGFR2, leading to an angiogenic response (PubMed:31363885)
- Specific Function
- Bmp receptor binding
- Gene Name
- BMP4
- Uniprot ID
- P12644
- Uniprot Name
- Bone morphogenetic protein 4
- Molecular Weight
- 46554.545 Da
References
- Yao Y, Shahbazian A, Bostrom KI: Proline and gamma-carboxylated glutamate residues in matrix Gla protein are critical for binding of bone morphogenetic protein-4. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1065-74. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.166124. Epub 2008 Mar 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- MGP
- Uniprot ID
- P08493
- Uniprot Name
- Matrix Gla protein
- Molecular Weight
- 12353.06 Da
References
- Yao Y, Shahbazian A, Bostrom KI: Proline and gamma-carboxylated glutamate residues in matrix Gla protein are critical for binding of bone morphogenetic protein-4. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1065-74. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.166124. Epub 2008 Mar 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- PCDH19
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TAB3
- Uniprot Name
- Protocadherin-19
- Molecular Weight
- 126251.425 Da
References
- Dibbens LM, Tarpey PS, Hynes K, Bayly MA, Scheffer IE, Smith R, Bomar J, Sutton E, Vandeleur L, Shoubridge C, Edkins S, Turner SJ, Stevens C, O'Meara S, Tofts C, Barthorpe S, Buck G, Cole J, Halliday K, Jones D, Lee R, Madison M, Mironenko T, Varian J, West S, Widaa S, Wray P, Teague J, Dicks E, Butler A, Menzies A, Jenkinson A, Shepherd R, Gusella JF, Afawi Z, Mazarib A, Neufeld MY, Kivity S, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Korczyn AD, Derry CP, Sutherland GR, Friend K, Shaw M, Corbett M, Kim HG, Geschwind DH, Thomas P, Haan E, Ryan S, McKee S, Berkovic SF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Mulley JC, Gecz J: X-linked protocadherin 19 mutations cause female-limited epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Nat Genet. 2008 Jun;40(6):776-81. doi: 10.1038/ng.149. Epub 2008 May 11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Calcium sensor that plays a key role in processes such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi vesicular transport, endosomal biogenesis or membrane repair. Acts as an adapter that bridges unrelated proteins or stabilizes weak protein-protein complexes in response to calcium: calcium-binding triggers exposure of apolar surface, promoting interaction with different sets of proteins thanks to 3 different hydrophobic pockets, leading to translocation to membranes (PubMed:20691033, PubMed:25667979). Involved in ER-Golgi transport by promoting the association between PDCD6IP and TSG101, thereby bridging together the ESCRT-III and ESCRT-I complexes (PubMed:19520058). Together with PEF1, acts as a calcium-dependent adapter for the BCR(KLHL12) complex, a complex involved in ER-Golgi transport by regulating the size of COPII coats (PubMed:27716508). In response to cytosolic calcium increase, the heterodimer formed with PEF1 interacts with, and bridges together the BCR(KLHL12) complex and SEC31 (SEC31A or SEC31B), promoting monoubiquitination of SEC31 and subsequent collagen export, which is required for neural crest specification (PubMed:27716508). Involved in the regulation of the distribution and function of MCOLN1 in the endosomal pathway (PubMed:19864416). Promotes localization and polymerization of TFG at endoplasmic reticulum exit site (PubMed:27813252). Required for T-cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (By similarity). May mediate Ca(2+)-regulated signals along the death pathway: interaction with DAPK1 can accelerate apoptotic cell death by increasing caspase-3 activity (PubMed:16132846). Its role in apoptosis may however be indirect, as suggested by knockout experiments (By similarity). May inhibit KDR/VEGFR2-dependent angiogenesis; the function involves inhibition of VEGF-induced phosphorylation of the Akt signaling pathway (PubMed:21893193). In case of infection by HIV-1 virus, indirectly inhibits HIV-1 production by affecting viral Gag expression and distribution (PubMed:27784779)
- Specific Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- PDCD6
- Uniprot ID
- O75340
- Uniprot Name
- Programmed cell death protein 6
- Molecular Weight
- 21868.32 Da
References
- Suzuki H, Kawasaki M, Kakiuchi T, Shibata H, Wakatsuki S, Maki M: Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of N-terminally truncated human ALG-2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2008 Nov 1;64(Pt 11):974-7. doi: 10.1107/S1744309108030297. Epub 2008 Oct 31. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by mediating the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding (PubMed:16760425, PubMed:23893133, PubMed:26969752, PubMed:27165696, PubMed:28890335, PubMed:31454269, PubMed:35568036). Calcium-binding is required for the activation of calmodulin (PubMed:16760425, PubMed:23893133, PubMed:26969752, PubMed:27165696, PubMed:28890335, PubMed:31454269, PubMed:35568036). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases, such as myosin light-chain kinases and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMK2), and phosphatases (PubMed:16760425, PubMed:23893133, PubMed:26969752, PubMed:27165696, PubMed:28890335, PubMed:31454269, PubMed:35568036). Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis (PubMed:16760425). Is a regulator of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels (PubMed:31454269). Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C (PubMed:26969752). Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2 (PubMed:27165696). Forms a potassium channel complex with KCNQ1 and regulates electrophysiological activity of the channel via calcium-binding (PubMed:25441029). Acts as a sensor to modulate the endoplasmic reticulum contacts with other organelles mediated by VMP1:ATP2A2 (PubMed:28890335)
- Specific Function
- Adenylate cyclase activator activity
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Calmodulin-1 | P0DP23 |
| Calmodulin-2 | P0DP24 |
| Calmodulin-3 | P0DP25 |
References
- Sosa V, Carbo R, Guarner V: Participation of glucose transporters on atrial natriuretic peptide-induced glucose uptake by adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes under oxygenation and hypoxia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 30;568(1-3):83-8. Epub 2007 Apr 30. [Article]
- Zhou Z, Yin J, Dou Z, Tang J, Zhang C, Cao Y: The calponin homology domain of Vav1 associates with calmodulin and is prerequisite to T cell antigen receptor-induced calcium release in Jurkat T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23737-44. Epub 2007 Jun 5. [Article]
- Schallreuter KU, Gibbons NC, Zothner C, Abou Elloof MM, Wood JM: Hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress disrupts calcium binding on calmodulin: more evidence for oxidative stress in vitiligo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Aug 17;360(1):70-5. Epub 2007 Jun 11. [Article]
- Caride AJ, Filoteo AG, Penniston JT, Strehler EE: The plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoform 4a differs from isoform 4b in the mechanism of calmodulin binding and activation kinetics: implications for Ca2+ signaling. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 31;282(35):25640-8. Epub 2007 Jun 26. [Article]
- Lo LW, Chen YC, Chen YJ, Wongcharoen W, Lin CI, Chen SA: Calmodulin kinase II inhibition prevents arrhythmic activity induced by alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in rabbit pulmonary veins. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 1;571(2-3):197-208. Epub 2007 Jun 13. [Article]
Drug created at July 06, 2007 20:28 / Updated at September 14, 2024 07:20