Isoleucine

Identification

Name

Isoleucine

Accession Number

DB00167

Description

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Investigational, Nutraceutical

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 131.1729
Monoisotopic: 131.094628665
Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₃NO₂

Synonyms

(2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
2-Amino-3-methylvaleric acid
alpha-amino-beta-methylvaleric acid
Ile
Isoleucina
Isoleucine
Isoleucinum
L-Isoleucine
α-amino-β-methylvaleric acid

Pharmacology

Indication

The branched-chain amino acids may have antihepatic encephalopathy activity in some. They may also have anticatabolic and antitardive dyskinesia activity.

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

Learn about our commercial Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings data.

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Pharmacodynamics

They provide ingredients for the manufacturing of other essential biochemical components in the body, some of which are utilized for the production of energy, stimulants to the upper brain and helping you to be more alert.

Mechanism of action

(Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine)
This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step in each case is a transamination using a single BCAA aminotransferase, with a-ketoglutarate as amine acceptor. As a result, three different a-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase, yielding the three different CoA derivatives. Subsequently the metabolic pathways diverge, producing many intermediates.
The principal product from valine is propionylCoA, the glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. Isoleucine catabolism terminates with production of acetylCoA and propionylCoA; thus isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine gives rise to acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, and is thus classified as strictly ketogenic.
There are a number of genetic diseases associated with faulty catabolism of the BCAAs. The most common defect is in the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. The disease is known as Maple syrup urine disease because of the characteristic odor of the urine in afflicted individuals. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. Unfortunately, since these are essential amino acids, they cannot be heavily restricted in the diet; ultimately, the life of afflicted individuals is short and development is abnormal The main neurological problems are due to poor formation of myelin in the CNS.

Target	Actions	Organism
UIsoleucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UShort/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic	Not Available	Humans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UIsoleucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active-transport process

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

Learn about our commercial Adverse Effects data.

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Toxicity

Symptoms of hypoglycemia, increased mortality in ALS patients taking large doses of BCAAs

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Pathway	Category
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	Disease
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I	Disease
beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency	Disease
Clarithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Roxithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Gentamicin Action Pathway	Drug action
Oxytetracycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Tetracycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Isovaleric Acidemia	Disease
Arbekacin Action Pathway	Drug action
Troleandomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Josamycin Action Pathway	Drug action
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	Disease
Methylmalonic Aciduria	Disease
Telithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Amikacin Action Pathway	Drug action
Spectinomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Demeclocycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Doxycycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Minocycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Lymecycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	Disease
Tigecycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Paromomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Methacycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Lincomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Chloramphenicol Action Pathway	Drug action
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation	Metabolic
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type III	Disease
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IV	Disease

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions: This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions: Not Available

Products

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose	Isoleucine (150 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (290 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glycine (260 mg) + Histidine (120 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + Leucine (182.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Phenylalanine (140 mg) + Proline (170 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (145 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix	Isoleucine (120 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (260 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glycine (520 mg) + Histidine (110 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (145 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Proline (105 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (115 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix	Isoleucine (120 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (260 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Glycine (520 mg) + Histidine (110 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Methionine (195 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Proline (105 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (115 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02
2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex	Isoleucine (150 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (290 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glycine (260 mg) + Histidine (120 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + Leucine (182.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Phenylalanine (140 mg) + Proline (170 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (145 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex	Isoleucine (165 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (316 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glycine (283 mg) + Histidine (132 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + Leucine (201 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Phenylalanine (154 mg) + Proline (187 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115.5 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (159.5 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 25% Dextrose Quickmix	Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (285 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glycine (570 mg) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Proline (115 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (126 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-02-02	2007-08-02
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 5% Dextrose Quickmix	Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (285 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (215.5 mg) + Glycine (570 mg) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Proline (115 mg) + Sodium acetate (256 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (126 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2007-08-02
2.75%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.5%dex.	Isoleucine (165 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (316 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glycine (283 mg) + Histidine (132 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + Leucine (201 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Phenylalanine (154 mg) + Proline (187 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium acetate (215 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115.5 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (159.5 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-12-31	1999-08-10
20% Prosol	Isoleucine (1.08 g) + Alanine (2.76 g) + Arginine (1.96 g) + Aspartic acid (0.6 g) + D-Methionine (0.76 g) + Glutamic acid (1.02 g) + Glycine (2.06 g) + Histidine (1.18 g) + L-Lysine (1.35 g) + Leucine (1.08 g) + Methionine (0.76 g) + Phenylalanine (1 g) + Proline (1.34 g) + Serine (1.02 g) + Threonine (0.98 g) + Tryptophan (0.32 g) + Tyrosine (0.05 g) + Valine (1.44 g)	Liquid	Intravenous	Baxter Laboratories	1996-10-09	Not applicable
4.25% Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 20% Dextrose Quickmix	Isoleucine (203 mg) + Alanine (880 mg) + Arginine (440 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (20 g) + Glycine (880 mg) + Histidine (186 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (246 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (263 mg) + Methionine (246 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (263 mg) + Proline (178 mg) + Threonine (178 mg) + Tryptophan (76 mg) + Tyrosine (17 mg) + Valine (195 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ASCE plus Derma Signal Kit SRLV S	Isoleucine (0.0006 mg/20mg) + Isoleucine (0.0001 g/5.0mL) + Leucine (0.0008 mg/20mg) + Leucine (0.0002 g/5.0mL)	Kit	Topical	Exocobio Inc.	2019-03-01	Not applicable
ASCE plus Derma Signal Kit SRLV S	Isoleucine (0.0006 mg/20mg) + Isoleucine (0.0001 g/5.0mL) + Leucine (0.0008 mg/20mg) + Leucine (0.0002 g/5.0mL)	Kit	Topical	Exocobio Inc.	2019-03-01	Not applicable
Clinimix	Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + L-Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (100.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + L-Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Isoleucine (5.10 g/2L) + Alanine (17.60 g/2L) + Arginine (9.78 g/2L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.66 g/2L) + D-glucose monohydrate (300.00 g/2L) + Dipotassium phosphate (5.22 g/2L) + Glycine (8.76 g/2L) + Histidine (4.08 g/2L) + L-Lysine (4.93 g/2L) + Leucine (6.20 g/2L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1.02 g/2L) + Methionine (3.40 g/2L) + Phenylalanine (4.76 g/2L) + Proline (5.78 g/2L) + Serine (4.25 g/2L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (5.94 g/2L) + Sodium chloride (1.54 g/2L) + Threonine (3.57 g/2L) + Tryptophan (1.53 g/2L) + Tyrosine (0.34 g/2L) + Valine (4.93 g/2L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Primene	Isoleucine (1.675 g/250mL) + Alanine (2 g/250mL) + Arginine (2.1 g/250mL) + Aspartic acid (1.5 g/250mL) + Cysteine (0.47 g/250mL) + Glutamic acid (2.5 g/250mL) + Glycine (1 g/250mL) + Histidine (0.95 g/250mL) + L-Lysine (2.75 g/250mL) + Leucine (2.5 g/250mL) + Methionine (0.6 g/250mL) + Ornithine hydrochloride (0.8 g/250mL) + Phenylalanine (1.05 g/250mL) + Proline (0.75 g/250mL) + Serine (1 g/250mL) + Taurine (0.15 g/250mL) + Threonine (0.9 g/250mL) + Tryptophan (0.5 g/250mL) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/250mL) + Valine (1.9 g/250mL)	Injection, solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-11-22	2019-05-31
Synthamin	Isoleucine (6 g/1000mL) + Alanine (20.70 g/1000mL) + Arginine (11.50 g/1000mL) + Glycine (10.30 g/1000mL) + Histidine (4.80 g/1000mL) + L-Lysine (5.80 g/1000mL) + Leucine (7.30 g/1000mL) + Methionine (4 g/1000mL) + Phenylalanine (5.60 g/1000mL) + Proline (6.80 g/1000mL) + Serine (5 g/1000mL) + Threonine (4.20 g/1000mL) + Tryptophan (1.80 g/1000mL) + Tyrosine (400 mg/1000mL) + Valine (5.80 g/1000mL)	Injection, solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-11-03	2020-06-30

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 5HX0BYT4E3
CAS number: 73-32-5
InChI Key: AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-3-4(2)5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t4-,5-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name: (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
SMILES: CC[[email protected]](C)[[email protected]](N)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Nelli I. Zhdanova, Tatyana V. Leonova, Ljudmila F. Kozyreva, "Method of producing L-isoleucine using Brevibacterium flavum." U.S. Patent US4237228, issued February, 1962.

US4237228

General References

Not Available

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0000172
KEGG Drug: D00065
KEGG Compound: C00407
PubChem Compound: 6306
PubChem Substance: 46506864
ChemSpider: 6067
BindingDB: 18140
RxNav: 6033
ChEBI: 58045
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1233584
ZINC: ZINC000003581355
PharmGKB: PA164750430
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand: ILE
PDRhealth: PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia: Isoleucine

MSDS

Download (72.8 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Illness, Critical / Starvation	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Cancer-related Malnutrition	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Illness, Critical	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Parenteral Nutrition (No Primary Condition Studied)	1
4	Withdrawn	Supportive Care	Malnutrition	1
3	Completed	Treatment	General Surgery / Parenteral Feeding	1
3	Completed	Treatment	General Surgery / Parenteral Nutrition	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Illness, Critical	2
3	Completed	Treatment	Infant, Low Birth Weight / Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Infants, Premature / Newborn Infants / Sepsis	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Parents	2

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Spectrum Pharmaceuticals

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Liquid	Intravenous
Solution	Intravenous	0.25 g/mL
Tablet	Oral	45 mg
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.75 g/250ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	3.75 g/500ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2.5 g/1000ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2.5 g/500mL
Solution	Intravenous	2.55 g/L
Solution	Intravenous	0.61 g/L
Solution	Intravenous	1.79 g/L
Injection, solution	Intravenous	22.35 g/1000ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	10.5 g/1000ml
Solution	Parenteral	5.25 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.86 g/L
Solution	Parenteral	2 g
Solution	Intravenous	2.453 g
Solution, concentrate	Intravenous	5 g
Solution	Parenteral	4.64 g
Solution	Intravenous	10.4 g/L
Injection, solution	Intravenous	5.82 g/1000ml
Solution	Parenteral	14 g
Solution	Intravenous	5 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	1.4 g/100ml
Solution	Parenteral	2.5 g
Solution	Intravenous	3.7 g/1000ml
Solution	Intravenous	4.15 g
Solution	Intravenous	4.15 g/1000ml
Solution	Intravenous	1.566 g
Granule, for solution	Oral	216.2 mg/2.5g
Kit	Topical
Solution	Intraperitoneal	951 mg/L
Tablet	Oral	200 mcg
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Injection, solution	Intravenous	4.02 g/l
Injection, solution	Intravenous	5.11 g/l
Injection, solution	Intravenous	6.21 g/l
Injection, solution	Intravenous	7.3 g/l
Injection, solution	Intravenous	12.8 g/1L
Injection, solution	Intravenous	4.9 g/1000ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	7.35 g/1500ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	9.8 g/2000ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	11.41 g/1085ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	11.41 g/1435ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	13.17 g/2020ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	7.08 g/1085ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	9.46 g/1450ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	3.99 g/1085ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	2.05 g/1085ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	590 mg/100mL
Solution	Intravenous	0.69 %
Solution	Intravenous	0.59 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	16 g/1000ml
Capsule	Oral	450 mg
Solution	Intravenous	1.03 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	6.43 g/500ml
Syrup		10 mg/1mL
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	40 g/1026ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	467 mg/100mL
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	60 g/1540ml
Injection	Intravenous	110 g
Injection	Intravenous	165 g
Injection	Intravenous	220 g
Injection	Intravenous	275 g
Injection	Intravenous	107 g
Injection	Intravenous	143 g
Injection	Intravenous	178 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	10.5 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	14 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	2.1 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.1 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	4.2 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	7 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.17 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.56 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.755 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	2.34 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.12 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.51 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	4.68 g
Granule, for solution	Oral	952 mg/4.15g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	600 mg/200mL
Injection, solution, concentrate	Intravenous
Injection, emulsion	Parenteral	2.33 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.03 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.83 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	1.83 g
Injection	Intravenous	1.03 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.6 g/100mL
Injection, emulsion; injection, solution	Intravenous	3.2 g/100mL
Emulsion	Intravenous	20 mg
Emulsion	Intravenous	16 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.88 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	20 g/l
Emulsion	Parenteral	3.88 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	88 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	120 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	160 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	4.66 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	1.872 g/l
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.222 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	150 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	225 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	300 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	6.792 g/l
Emulsion	Intravenous	6.792 mg
Emulsion	Intravenous	150 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	225 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	2.4 g/l
Emulsion	Parenteral	2.88 g/l
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	5.82 g/1250ml
Emulsion	Intravenous	4.656 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	6.792 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	4.25 g/625ml
Emulsion	Intravenous	6.792 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	4.85 g/1000ml
Solution	Parenteral	0.5 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	11.64 g/2000ml
Solution	Parenteral	1.56 g
Injection, solution		0.6 g/L
Solution	Parenteral	4.54 g
Injection, solution	Intraperitoneal	95.1 mg/100mL
Injection, solution	Intraperitoneal	951 mg/L
Liquid	Hemodialysis
Solution	Parenteral	95.1 mg
Solution	Intraperitoneal	510 mg/l
Emulsion	Intravenous	180 g/1250ml
Emulsion	Intravenous	270 g/1875ml
Emulsion	Intravenous	90 g/625ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	120 g/1875ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	160 g/2500ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	80 g/1250ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	150 g/1250ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	225 g/1875ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	300 g/2500ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	180 g/1250ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	270 g/1875ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	360 g/2500ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	11.64 g/2500ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	8.73 g/1875ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	90 g/625ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	12 g/1500ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	32 g/1000ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	0.52 g/1000ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	0.42 g/1000ml
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	1.6 g
Injection	Intravenous	2.27 g/l
Injection	Intravenous	4.12 g/l
Emulsion	Intravenous	4 g
Solution	Intravenous	7.14 g
Solution	Intravenous	9.52 g
Solution	Intravenous	11.9 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	6.41 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	9.61 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	12.82 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	6.41 g/1000ml
Solution	Intravenous	8.24 g
Solution	Intravenous	12.36 g
Solution	Intravenous	16.48 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	8.24 g/1000ml
Solution	Parenteral	1.48 g/l
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.67 g/100ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	3 g/100ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	1.26 g
Emulsion	Intravenous
Emulsion	Intravenous	3 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.66 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	5.5 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	7.33 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	9.16 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	3.66 g/1000ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.69 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.59 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.9 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.56 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.49 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.76 %
Solution	Intravenous
Solution	Intravenous	3.2 g/100mL
Solution	Intravenous	1.6 g/100mL
Injection	Intravenous	0.67 g/100ml
Solution	Parenteral	800 mg
Solution	Parenteral	3 g/100ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	7.08 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	1.6 g/l
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.66 g/2531ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.61 g/l
Emulsion	Parenteral	440 mg
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	4.4 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.71 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	3.1 g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	7.1 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	50 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.28 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.5 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.18 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2.9 g/1000ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.76 g/100mL
Injection	Intravenous
Solution	Intravenous	434 mg
Solution	Intravenous	594 mg
Solution	Parenteral	1.14 mg
Solution	Parenteral	1.76 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	18.75 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	0.45 g
Solution	Intravenous	12 g/L
Solution	Intravenous	16 g/L
Solution	Intravenous	5.1 g/16g N
Injection, solution	Intravenous	6.3 g/1000ml
Emulsion	Parenteral	2.24 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	4.34 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	3.95 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	7 g
Emulsion	Parenteral	28 g/1000ml

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
L-isoleucine powder	3.21USD	g

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	285.5 dec °C	PhysProp
water solubility	3.44E+004 mg/L (at 25 °C)	YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP	-1.70	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa	2.37 (at 0 °C)	KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	114.0 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-1.7	ALOGPS
logP	-1.5	ChemAxon
logS	-0.06	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.79	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.59	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	34.09 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	14.11 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9677
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.78
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.7966
P-glycoprotein substrate	Non-substrate	0.7385
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9825
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9739
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.9696
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8513
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8372
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7827
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.8536
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8762
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9386
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9155
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.97
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.903
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.632
Biodegradation	Ready biodegradable	0.5166
Rat acute toxicity	1.5846 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9921
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.9735

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Download (2.96 KB)

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0930000000-e78f845bb2a8d4736476
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-de9162d149073d0e2a37
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0920000000-599e61f8ccdb6525c7a9
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-742e44c426c0d6c2a9ac
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-05fr-8910000000-dbb33e0f02ac2ca5fedd
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0920000000-37690f426455ac41e2c2
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0930000000-e78f845bb2a8d4736476
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-de9162d149073d0e2a37
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0920000000-599e61f8ccdb6525c7a9
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-742e44c426c0d6c2a9ac
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-2392000000-74cca1eb265b8e3d7f43
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-05fr-8910000000-dbb33e0f02ac2ca5fedd
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-000i-9100000000-27891dff695c5db53796
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-43ec1890f6dbd6aea657
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-004r-9000000000-34d4d4cb7042da231eb4
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9300000000-8a23b3e62231eb65f80f
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00ko-9000000000-ac7e71578d7e1d0e8ce9
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-052f-9000000000-2586d4a089921dd977ed
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-5b11521ff6a631376d2b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-3c352f229e4067fcd489
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-8a7ef48fc0c1b6f845c2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0920000000-2e11aa1c7a5defc386db
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-b63ac9cf06eda4c54a81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-e5b0c8c6b09f541d6dbf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-d89d16d5c2242e44ec63
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-5de583142c7bdb381c8f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-8c75bde35c4a4073ee65
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-233a9862f616afea2d17
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-1900000000-375f35065b82b13e6d6e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-9000000000-d0d4a9f90fe2aca74483
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-0018f47571feaf232ff8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001r-7900000000-278dc67396114be331ba
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-e26c042aa6231eeca071
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014r-9000000000-b6c1752fd3fbccb3d1c5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05mo-9000000000-0569c3162621252ed0a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-052f-9000000000-3d52b5d56d3fab45276e
MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-720554d58264a9cfdb67
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-8c75bde35c4a4073ee65
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-233a9862f616afea2d17
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-1900000000-375f35065b82b13e6d6e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-9000000000-48214fe4509abf8ab954
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-0018f47571feaf232ff8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001r-7900000000-278dc67396114be331ba
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-e26c042aa6231eeca071
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014r-9000000000-23ab8ed06fcf2a11b659
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05mo-9000000000-4b80020c8cb2cfef772b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-052f-9000000000-3d52b5d56d3fab45276e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-3c352f229e4067fcd489
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-8a7ef48fc0c1b6f845c2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-e5b0c8c6b09f541d6dbf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-d89d16d5c2242e44ec63
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Targets

Details1. Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Isoleucine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: IARS2
Uniprot ID: Q9NSE4
Uniprot Name: Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 113790.565 Da

References

Wang P, Tang Y, Tirrell DA: Incorporation of trifluoroisoleucine into proteins in vivo. J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Jun 11;125(23):6900-6. [PubMed:12783542]
Fukunaga R, Fukai S, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Yokoyama S: Crystal structures of the CP1 domain from Thermus thermophilus isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and its complex with L-valine. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):8396-402. Epub 2003 Dec 12. [PubMed:14672940]
Zhu B, Zhao MW, Eriani G, Wang ED: A present-day aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase with ancestral editing properties. RNA. 2007 Jan;13(1):15-21. Epub 2006 Nov 9. [PubMed:17095543]
Fukunaga R, Yokoyama S: Crystal structure of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii reveals a novel editing domain orientation. J Mol Biol. 2005 Feb 11;346(1):57-71. Epub 2004 Dec 19. [PubMed:15663927]
Fukunaga R, Yokoyama S: Structural basis for substrate recognition by the editing domain of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. J Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 16;359(4):901-12. Epub 2006 Apr 25. [PubMed:16697013]

Details2. Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-ch group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor
Specific Function: Has greatest activity toward short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative such as (s)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, and 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA as well as toward short straight chain acyl-CoAs such...
Gene Name: ACADSB
Uniprot ID: P45954
Uniprot Name: Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 47485.035 Da

References

Korman SH, Andresen BS, Zeharia A, Gutman A, Boneh A, Pitt JJ: 2-ethylhydracrylic aciduria in short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: application to diagnosis and implications for the R-pathway of isoleucine oxidation. Clin Chem. 2005 Mar;51(3):610-7. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [PubMed:15615815]
Madsen PP, Kibaek M, Roca X, Sachidanandam R, Krainer AR, Christensen E, Steiner RD, Gibson KM, Corydon TJ, Knudsen I, Wanders RJ, Ruiter JP, Gregersen N, Andresen BS: Short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency due to an IVS3+3A>G mutation that causes exon skipping. Hum Genet. 2006 Feb;118(6):680-90. Epub 2005 Nov 30. [PubMed:16317551]
Korman SH: Inborn errors of isoleucine degradation: a review. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Dec;89(4):289-99. Epub 2006 Sep 6. [PubMed:16950638]

Details3. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Gene Name: BCAT1
Uniprot ID: P54687
Uniprot Name: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
Molecular Weight: 42965.815 Da

References

Goto M, Miyahara I, Hayashi H, Kagamiyama H, Hirotsu K: Crystal structures of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase complexed with glutamate and glutarate: true reaction intermediate and double substrate recognition of the enzyme. Biochemistry. 2003 Apr 8;42(13):3725-33. [PubMed:12667063]
Chen CD, Huang TF, Lin CH, Guan HH, Hsieh YC, Lin YH, Huang YC, Liu MY, Chang WC, Chen CJ: Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of branched-chain aminotransferase from Deinococcus radiodurans. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Jun 1;63(Pt 6):492-4. Epub 2007 May 5. [PubMed:17554170]
Beck HC: Branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase mutant of Staphylococcus carnosus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Feb 1;243(1):37-44. [PubMed:15667998]
Thage BV, Rattray FP, Laustsen MW, Ardo Y, Barkholt V, Houlberg U: Purification and characterization of a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CHCC 2115. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;96(3):593-602. [PubMed:14962140]
Madsen SM, Beck HC, Ravn P, Vrang A, Hansen AM, Israelsen H: Cloning and inactivation of a branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase gene from Staphylococcus carnosus and characterization of the enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Aug;68(8):4007-14. [PubMed:12147502]

Details4. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.
Gene Name: BCAT2
Uniprot ID: O15382
Uniprot Name: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 44287.445 Da

References

Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH: Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol. 2003 Apr;185(8):2418-31. [PubMed:12670965]

Details5. Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Isoleucine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: IARS
Uniprot ID: P41252
Uniprot Name: Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Molecular Weight: 144496.915 Da

References

Crasto CF, Forrest AK, Karoli T, March DR, Mensah L, O'Hanlon PJ, Nairn MR, Oldham MD, Yue W, Banwell MG, Easton CJ: Synthesis and activity of analogues of the isoleucyl tRNA synthetase inhibitor SB-203207. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Jul 3;11(13):2687-94. [PubMed:12788342]
Wang P, Tang Y, Tirrell DA: Incorporation of trifluoroisoleucine into proteins in vivo. J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Jun 11;125(23):6900-6. [PubMed:12783542]
Mock ML, Michon T, van Hest JC, Tirrell DA: Stereoselective incorporation of an unsaturated isoleucine analogue into a protein expressed in E. coli. Chembiochem. 2006 Jan;7(1):83-7. [PubMed:16397872]
Fukunaga R, Fukai S, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Yokoyama S: Crystal structures of the CP1 domain from Thermus thermophilus isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and its complex with L-valine. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):8396-402. Epub 2003 Dec 12. [PubMed:14672940]
Pezo V, Metzgar D, Hendrickson TL, Waas WF, Hazebrouck S, Doring V, Marliere P, Schimmel P, De Crecy-Lagard V: Artificially ambiguous genetic code confers growth yield advantage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 8;101(23):8593-7. Epub 2004 May 26. [PubMed:15163798]

Transporters

Details1. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
Gene Name: SLC16A10
Uniprot ID: Q8TF71
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Molecular Weight: 55492.07 Da

References

Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [PubMed:11278508]