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Identification
- Summary
Dexfosfoserine is an amino acid used for nutritional supplementation therapy in over-fatigue states.
- Generic Name
- Dexfosfoserine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04522
- Background
The phosphoric acid ester of serine.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Structure
Structure for Dexfosfoserine (DB04522)
- Weight
- Average: 185.0725
Monoisotopic: 185.008923505 - Chemical Formula
- C3H8NO6P
- Synonyms
- Dexfosfoserine
- Phosphoserine
- Serine phosphate
- External IDs
- 206-986-0
- GNF-PF-1028
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination for therapy Fatigue Combination Product in combination with: Cyanocobalamin (DB00115), L-Glutamine (DB00130) •••••••••••• ••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism A3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitorHumans AGlycogen phosphorylase, muscle form inhibitorHumans AProtein kinase C theta type inhibitorHumans USerine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 Not Available Humans UGlycogen phosphorylase, liver form Not Available Humans UPhosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase Not Available Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228) UcAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha Not Available Humans UAnti-sigma F factor antagonist Not Available Lysinibacillus sphaericus UFimbrial protein Not Available Neisseria gonorrhoeae UAlkaline phosphatase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) URhodopsin Not Available Humans USerpin B3 Not Available Humans UEndo-1,4-beta-xylanase Y Not Available Clostridium thermocellum USerine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 Not Available Humans UVoltage-gated potassium channel KCNC4 Not Available Humans ULithostathine-1-alpha Not Available Humans UMothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 Not Available Humans UGlutaminase 1 Not Available Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) USiroheme synthase Not Available Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720) UPhosphocarrier protein HPr Not Available Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583) UCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Not Available
- Pathways
Pathway Category Glycine and Serine Metabolism Metabolic Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia Disease Sarcosinemia Disease Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (DHPD) Disease Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Hyperglycinemia, Non-Ketotic Disease 3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image MEMOVIT B12 Dexfosfoserine (40 mg/10g) + Cyanocobalamin (500 mcg/10g) + L-Glutamine (60 mg) Syrup Oral Aescul API Us Farmaceutici Srl 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy 
MEMOVIT B12 Dexfosfoserine (40 mg/10g) + Cyanocobalamin (500 mcg/10g) + L-Glutamine (60 mg) Syrup Oral Aescul API Us Farmaceutici Srl 2018-06-05 Not applicable Italy
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- L-alpha-amino acids
- Alternative Parents
- Phosphoethanolamines / Monoalkyl phosphates / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alkyl phosphate / Amine / Amino acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / L-alpha-amino acid / Monoalkyl phosphate / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- O-phosphoserine (CHEBI:15811)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- VI4F0K069V
- CAS number
- 407-41-0
- InChI Key
- BZQFBWGGLXLEPQ-REOHCLBHSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C3H8NO6P/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10-11(7,8)9/h2H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-2-amino-3-(phosphonooxy)propanoic acid
- SMILES
- N[C@@H](COP(O)(O)=O)C(O)=O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000272
- KEGG Compound
- C01005
- PubChem Compound
- 68841
- PubChem Substance
- 46505297
- ChemSpider
- 62074
- BindingDB
- 17664
- ChEBI
- 15811
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL284377
- ZINC
- ZINC000003869280
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- SEP
- PDB Entries
- 1a37 / 1apm / 1atp / 1b4g / 1b4i / 1bkx / 1bx6 / 1c8l / 1cmk / 1f34 … show 1877 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Syrup Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 19.9 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.3 ALOGPS logP -3.2 Chemaxon logS -0.97 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.2 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.39 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 130.08 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 4 Chemaxon Refractivity 32.91 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 13.97 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.8885 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7602 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7232 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.7552 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9626 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9904 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9543 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8573 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8308 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7411 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9243 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7778 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9946 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7462 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7817 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.6862 Rat acute toxicity 1.8397 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9802 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9683
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 133.661761 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 135.310161 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 134.742661 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 124.393295 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 133.803661 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 135.171361 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 135.183861 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 127.478325 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 133.343061 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 134.988161 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 134.262161 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 136.86887 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serine/threonine kinase which acts as a master kinase, phosphorylating and activating a subgroup of the AGC family of protein kinases. Its targets include: protein kinase B (PKB/AKT1, PKB/AKT2, PKB/AKT3), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KB1), p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2 and RPS6KA3), cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACA), protein kinase C (PRKCD and PRKCZ), serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK1, SGK2 and SGK3), p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1), protein kinase PKN (PKN1 and PKN2). Plays a central role in the transduction of signals from insulin by providing the activating phosphorylation to PKB/AKT1, thus propagating the signal to downstream targets controlling cell proliferation and survival, as well as glucose and amino acid uptake and storage. Negatively regulates the TGF-beta-induced signaling by: modulating the association of SMAD3 and SMAD7 with TGF-beta receptor, phosphorylating SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4 and SMAD7, preventing the nuclear translocation of SMAD3 and SMAD4 and the translocation of SMAD7 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to TGF-beta. Activates PPARG transcriptional activity and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via phosphorylation of IKKB. The tyrosine phosphorylated form is crucial for the regulation of focal adhesions by angiotensin II. Controls proliferation, survival, and growth of developing pancreatic cells. Participates in the regulation of Ca(2+) entry and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels of mast cells. Essential for the motility of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and is involved in the regulation of their chemotaxis. Plays a critical role in cardiac homeostasis by serving as a dual effector for cell survival and beta-adrenergic response. Plays an important role during thymocyte development by regulating the expression of key nutrient receptors on the surface of pre-T cells and mediating Notch-induced cell growth and proliferative responses. Provides negative feedback inhibition to toll-like receptor-mediated NF-kappa-B activation in macrophages. Isoform 3 is catalytically inactive
- Specific Function
- 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity
- Gene Name
- PDPK1
- Uniprot ID
- O15530
- Uniprot Name
- 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 63151.305 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis
- Specific Function
- glycogen phosphorylase activity
- Gene Name
- PYGM
- Uniprot ID
- P11217
- Uniprot Name
- Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form
- Molecular Weight
- 97091.265 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that mediates non-redundant functions in T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, including T-cells activation, proliferation, differentiation and survival, by mediating activation of multiple transcription factors such as NF-kappa-B, JUN, NFATC1 and NFATC2. In TCR-CD3/CD28-co-stimulated T-cells, is required for the activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN, which in turn are essential for IL2 production, and participates in the calcium-dependent NFATC1 and NFATC2 transactivation (PubMed:21964608). Mediates the activation of the canonical NF-kappa-B pathway (NFKB1) by direct phosphorylation of CARD11 on several serine residues, inducing CARD11 association with lipid rafts and recruitment of the BCL10-MALT1 complex, which then activates IKK complex, resulting in nuclear translocation and activation of NFKB1. May also play an indirect role in activation of the non-canonical NF-kappa-B (NFKB2) pathway. In the signaling pathway leading to JUN activation, acts by phosphorylating the mediator STK39/SPAK and may not act through MAP kinases signaling. Plays a critical role in TCR/CD28-induced NFATC1 and NFATC2 transactivation by participating in the regulation of reduced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation and intracellular calcium mobilization. After costimulation of T-cells through CD28 can phosphorylate CBLB and is required for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of CBLB, which is a prerequisite for the activation of TCR. During T-cells differentiation, plays an important role in the development of T-helper 2 (Th2) cells following immune and inflammatory responses, and, in the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, is necessary for the activation of IL17-producing Th17 cells. May play a minor role in Th1 response. Upon TCR stimulation, mediates T-cell protective survival signal by phosphorylating BAD, thus protecting T-cells from BAD-induced apoptosis, and by up-regulating BCL-X(L)/BCL2L1 levels through NF-kappa-B and JUN pathways. In platelets, regulates signal transduction downstream of the ITGA2B, CD36/GP4, F2R/PAR1 and F2RL3/PAR4 receptors, playing a positive role in 'outside-in' signaling and granule secretion signal transduction. May relay signals from the activated ITGA2B receptor by regulating the uncoupling of WASP and WIPF1, thereby permitting the regulation of actin filament nucleation and branching activity of the Arp2/3 complex. May mediate inhibitory effects of free fatty acids on insulin signaling by phosphorylating IRS1, which in turn blocks IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Phosphorylates MSN (moesin) in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylinositol. Phosphorylates PDPK1 at 'Ser-504' and 'Ser-532' and negatively regulates its ability to phosphorylate PKB/AKT1. Phosphorylates CCDC88A/GIV and inhibits its guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity (PubMed:23509302)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- PRKCQ
- Uniprot ID
- Q04759
- Uniprot Name
- Protein kinase C theta type
- Molecular Weight
- 81864.145 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity involved in cell survival and cell proliferation and thus providing a selective advantage in tumorigenesis (PubMed:15528381, PubMed:1825810, PubMed:31548394). Exerts its oncogenic activity through: the regulation of MYC transcriptional activity, the regulation of cell cycle progression and by phosphorylation and inhibition of proapoptotic proteins (BAD, MAP3K5, FOXO3) (PubMed:18593906). Phosphorylation of MYC leads to an increase of MYC protein stability and thereby an increase of transcriptional activity (By similarity). The stabilization of MYC exerted by PIM1 might explain partly the strong synergism between these two oncogenes in tumorigenesis (By similarity). Mediates survival signaling through phosphorylation of BAD, which induces release of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X(L)/BCL2L1 (By similarity). Phosphorylation of MAP3K5, another proapoptotic protein, by PIM1, significantly decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity and inhibits MAP3K5-mediated phosphorylation of JNK and JNK/p38MAPK subsequently reducing caspase-3 activation and cell apoptosis (PubMed:19749799). Stimulates cell cycle progression at the G1-S and G2-M transitions by phosphorylation of CDC25A and CDC25C (PubMed:16356754). Phosphorylation of CDKN1A, a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1, results in the relocation of CDKN1A to the cytoplasm and enhanced CDKN1A protein stability (PubMed:12431783). Promotes cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis by down-regulating expression of a regulator of cell cycle progression, CDKN1B, at both transcriptional and post-translational levels (PubMed:18593906). Phosphorylation of CDKN1B, induces 14-3-3 proteins binding, nuclear export and proteasome-dependent degradation (PubMed:18593906). May affect the structure or silencing of chromatin by phosphorylating HP1 gamma/CBX3 (PubMed:10664448). Acts also as a regulator of homing and migration of bone marrow cells involving functional interaction with the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of mTORC1 signaling by mediating phosphorylation and inhibition of DEPDC5 component of the GATOR1 complex (PubMed:31548394). Acts as a negative regulator of innate immunity by mediating phosphorylation and inactivation of GBP1 in absence of infection: phosphorylation of GBP1 induces interaction with 14-3-3 protein sigma (SFN) and retention in the cytosol (PubMed:37797010). Also phosphorylates and activates the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2, allowing resistance to drugs through their excretion from cells (PubMed:18056989). Promotes brown adipocyte differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- PIM1
- Uniprot ID
- P11309
- Uniprot Name
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1
- Molecular Weight
- 35685.44 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis
- Specific Function
- AMP binding
- Gene Name
- PYGL
- Uniprot ID
- P06737
- Uniprot Name
- Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form
- Molecular Weight
- 97147.82 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Highly reversible phosphoryltransferase. The phosphomannomutase activity produces a precursor for alginate polymerization, the alginate layer causes a mucoid phenotype and provides a protective barrier against host immune defenses and antibiotics. Also involved in core lipopolysaccaride (LPS) biosynthesis due to its phosphoglucomutase activity. Essential for rhamnolipid production, an exoproduct correlated with pathogenicity (PubMed:10481091). Required for biofilm production. The reaction proceeds via 2 processive phosphoryl transferase reactions; first from enzyme-phospho-Ser-108 to the substrate (generating a bisphosphorylated substrate intermediate and a dephosphorylated enzyme), a 180 degree rotation of the intermediate (probably aided by movement of domain 4), and subsequent transfer of phosphate back to the enzyme (PubMed:11716469, PubMed:16595672, PubMed:16880541, PubMed:22242625).
- Specific Function
- magnesium ion binding
- Gene Name
- algC
- Uniprot ID
- P26276
- Uniprot Name
- Phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase
- Molecular Weight
- 50295.09 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:15642694, PubMed:15905176, PubMed:16387847, PubMed:17333334, PubMed:17565987, PubMed:17693412, PubMed:18836454, PubMed:19949837, PubMed:20356841, PubMed:21085490, PubMed:21514275, PubMed:21812984, PubMed:31112131). Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA, SOX9 and VASP (PubMed:15642694, PubMed:15905176, PubMed:16387847, PubMed:17333334, PubMed:17565987, PubMed:17693412, PubMed:18836454, PubMed:19949837, PubMed:20356841, PubMed:21085490, PubMed:21514275, PubMed:21812984). Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis (PubMed:21423175). RORA is activated by phosphorylation (PubMed:21514275). Required for glucose-mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts (PubMed:19949837). Involved in chondrogenesis by mediating phosphorylation of SOX9 (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of platelets in response to thrombin and collagen; maintains circulating platelets in a resting state by phosphorylating proteins in numerous platelet inhibitory pathways when in complex with NF-kappa-B (NFKB1 and NFKB2) and I-kappa-B-alpha (NFKBIA), but thrombin and collagen disrupt these complexes and free active PRKACA stimulates platelets and leads to platelet aggregation by phosphorylating VASP (PubMed:15642694, PubMed:20356841). Prevents the antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in breast cancer cells when activated (PubMed:17333334). RYR2 channel activity is potentiated by phosphorylation in presence of luminal Ca(2+), leading to reduced amplitude and increased frequency of store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR) characterized by an increased rate of Ca(2+) release and propagation velocity of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves, despite reduced wave amplitude and resting cytosolic Ca(2+) (PubMed:17693412). PSMC5/RPT6 activation by phosphorylation stimulates proteasome (PubMed:17565987). Negatively regulates tight junctions (TJs) in ovarian cancer cells via CLDN3 phosphorylation (PubMed:15905176). NFKB1 phosphorylation promotes NF-kappa-B p50-p50 DNA binding (PubMed:15642694). Required for phosphorylation of GLI transcription factors which inhibits them and prevents transcriptional activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway target genes (By similarity). GLI transcription factor phosphorylation is inhibited by interaction of PRKACA with SMO which sequesters PRKACA at the cell membrane (By similarity). Involved in embryonic development by down-regulating the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that determines embryo pattern formation and morphogenesis most probably through the regulation of OFD1 in ciliogenesis (PubMed:33934390). Prevents meiosis resumption in prophase-arrested oocytes via CDC25B inactivation by phosphorylation (By similarity). May also regulate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) (By similarity). Phosphorylates APOBEC3G and AICDA (PubMed:16387847, PubMed:18836454). Phosphorylates HSF1; this phosphorylation promotes HSF1 nuclear localization and transcriptional activity upon heat shock (PubMed:21085490). Acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by mediating phosphorylation of RPTOR (PubMed:31112131)
- Specific Function
- AMP-activated protein kinase activity
- Gene Name
- PRKACA
- Uniprot ID
- P17612
- Uniprot Name
- cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 40589.38 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Lysinibacillus sphaericus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- In the phosphorylated form it could act as an anti-anti-sigma factor that counteracts SpoIIAB and thus releases sigma f from inhibition.
- Specific Function
- anti-sigma factor antagonist activity
- Gene Name
- spoIIAA
- Uniprot ID
- O32723
- Uniprot Name
- Anti-sigma F factor antagonist
- Molecular Weight
- 13043.1 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Major component of the type IV pilus (T4P) that plays a role in cellular adherence, microcolony formation, resistance to neutrophil mediated killing, twitching motility as well as transformation (PubMed:27213957). Mediates the attachment and the formation of bacterial microcolonies on host epithelial cells. Mechanistically, pili retractation induces host NF-kappa-B activation in infected cells, which is temporally associated with the formation of gonococcal microcolonies (PubMed:27213957).
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pilE1
- Uniprot ID
- P02974
- Uniprot Name
- Fimbrial protein
- Molecular Weight
- 17944.29 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- alkaline phosphatase activity
- Gene Name
- phoA
- Uniprot ID
- P00634
- Uniprot Name
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Molecular Weight
- 49438.17 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity (PubMed:7846071, PubMed:8107847). Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth (PubMed:12566452, PubMed:2215617). Light-induced isomerization of the chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins (PubMed:26200343, PubMed:28524165, PubMed:28753425, PubMed:8107847). Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling (PubMed:26200343, PubMed:28524165)
- Specific Function
- 11-cis retinal binding
- Gene Name
- RHO
- Uniprot ID
- P08100
- Uniprot Name
- Rhodopsin
- Molecular Weight
- 38892.335 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May act as a papain-like cysteine protease inhibitor to modulate the host immune response against tumor cells. Also functions as an inhibitor of UV-induced apoptosis via suppression of the activity of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK1)
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- SERPINB3
- Uniprot ID
- P29508
- Uniprot Name
- Serpin B3
- Molecular Weight
- 44564.315 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Clostridium thermocellum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity
- Gene Name
- xynY
- Uniprot ID
- P51584
- Uniprot Name
- Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase Y
- Molecular Weight
- 119671.86 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in different processes such as membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies formation DNA damage response and MAPK14/p38 MAPK stress-activated MAPK cascade. Phosphorylates itself, MBP, activated MAPK8, MAP2K3, MAP2K6 and tubulins. Activates the MAPK14/p38 MAPK signaling pathway through the specific activation and phosphorylation of the upstream MAP2K3 and MAP2K6 kinases. In response to DNA damage, involved in the G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint by activating the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade, probably by mediating phosphorylation of upstream MAP2K3 and MAP2K6 kinases. Isoform 1, but not isoform 2, plays a role in apoptotic morphological changes, including cell contraction, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies formation. This function, which requires the activation of MAPK8/JNK and nuclear localization of C-terminally truncated isoform 1, may be linked to the mitochondrial CASP9-associated death pathway. Isoform 1 binds to microtubules and affects their organization and stability independently of its kinase activity. Prevents MAP3K7-mediated activation of CHUK, and thus NF-kappa-B activation, but not that of MAPK8/JNK. May play a role in the osmotic stress-MAPK8 pathway. Isoform 2, but not isoform 1, is required for PCDH8 endocytosis. Following homophilic interactions between PCDH8 extracellular domains, isoform 2 phosphorylates and activates MAPK14/p38 MAPK which in turn phosphorylates isoform 2. This process leads to PCDH8 endocytosis and CDH2 cointernalization. Both isoforms are involved in MAPK14 phosphorylation
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- TAOK2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UL54
- Uniprot Name
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2
- Molecular Weight
- 138250.17 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel that opens in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, forming a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:7993631). The channel displays rapid activation and inactivation kinetics (PubMed:7993631)
- Specific Function
- delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
- Gene Name
- KCNC4
- Uniprot ID
- Q03721
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC4
- Molecular Weight
- 69766.06 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Might act as an inhibitor of spontaneous calcium carbonate precipitation. May be associated with neuronal sprouting in brain, and with brain and pancreas regeneration
- Specific Function
- growth factor activity
- Gene Name
- REG1A
- Uniprot ID
- P05451
- Uniprot Name
- Lithostathine-1-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 18730.845 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. Promotes TGFB1-mediated transcription of odontoblastic differentiation genes in dental papilla cells (By similarity). Positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator. May act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma (PubMed:8752209)
- Specific Function
- chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- SMAD2
- Uniprot ID
- Q15796
- Uniprot Name
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
- Molecular Weight
- 52305.76 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- glutaminase activity
- Gene Name
- glsA1
- Uniprot ID
- O31465
- Uniprot Name
- Glutaminase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 36186.3 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the SAM-dependent methylations of uroporphyrinogen III at position C-2 and C-7 to form precorrin-2 via precorrin-1. Then it catalyzes the NAD-dependent ring dehydrogenation of precorrin-2 to yield sirohydrochlorin. Finally, it catalyzes the ferrochelation of sirohydrochlorin to yield siroheme.
- Specific Function
- NAD binding
- Gene Name
- cysG
- Uniprot ID
- P25924
- Uniprot Name
- Siroheme synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 50146.22 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- General (non sugar-specific) component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS). This major carbohydrate active-transport system catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is transferred to the phosphoryl carrier protein HPr by enzyme I. Phospho-HPr then transfers it to the PTS EIIA domain.
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ptsH
- Uniprot ID
- P07515
- Uniprot Name
- Phosphocarrier protein HPr
- Molecular Weight
- 9320.575 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis (PubMed:26823428). Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane (PubMed:10792060, PubMed:11524016, PubMed:11707463, PubMed:12519745, PubMed:12529365, PubMed:12588899, PubMed:12727866, PubMed:15010471, PubMed:17036051, PubMed:1712898, PubMed:17182731, PubMed:19398555, PubMed:19621064, PubMed:22178883, PubMed:25330774, PubMed:26846474, PubMed:28087700, PubMed:8910473, PubMed:9804160). Possesses an intrinsic ATPase activity and utilizes ATP to gate its channel; the passive flow of anions through the channel is gated by cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis by the ATP-binding domains (PubMed:11524016, PubMed:15284228, PubMed:26627831, PubMed:8910473). The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3)(-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration (PubMed:15010471, PubMed:19019741). In vitro, mediates ATP-dependent glutathione flux (PubMed:12727866). Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters (PubMed:12403779, PubMed:22121115, PubMed:22178883, PubMed:27941075). Plays an important role in airway fluid homeostasis (PubMed:16645176, PubMed:19621064, PubMed:26823428). Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the airway surface fluid layer and thereby plays an important role in defense against pathogens (PubMed:14668433, PubMed:16645176, PubMed:26823428). Modulates the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) complex, in part by regulating the cell surface expression of the ENaC complex (PubMed:17182731, PubMed:17434346, PubMed:27941075). Inhibits the activity of the ENaC channel containing subunits SCNN1A, SCNN1B and SCNN1G (PubMed:17182731). Inhibits the activity of the ENaC channel containing subunits SCNN1D, SCNN1B and SCNN1G, but not of the ENaC channel containing subunits SCNN1A, SCNN1B and SCNN1G (PubMed:17182731, PubMed:27941075). May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the transporter SLC4A7 (PubMed:12403779). Can inhibit the chloride channel activity of ANO1 (PubMed:22178883). Plays a role in the chloride and bicarbonate homeostasis during sperm epididymal maturation and capacitation (PubMed:19923167, PubMed:27714810)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type transporter activity
- Gene Name
- CFTR
- Uniprot ID
- P13569
- Uniprot Name
- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Molecular Weight
- 168139.895 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22