Vitamin B12

Overview

Description
A nutrient commonly found in a wide variety of multivitamins.
Description
A nutrient commonly found in a wide variety of multivitamins.
DrugBank ID
DB00115
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
3
Phase 1
19
Phase 2
32
Phase 3
24
Phase 4
28
Therapeutic Categories
  • Vitamin B Complex

Identification

Summary

Vitamin B12 is a vitamin available in many formulations to correct vitamin B12 deficiency.

Brand Names
Animi-3 With Vitamin D, B-12, Cobex, Concept Ob, Dodex, Ferralet 90, Folbic, Foltabs, Fortaplex, Hematogen, Infuvite, Infuvite Pediatric, Irospan 24/6 Kit, Mvc-fluoride, Mvi Pediatric, Nascobal, Natafort, Pregvit, Tandem Plus, Vitafol-one
Generic Name
Cyanocobalamin
Commonly known or available as Vitamin B12
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00115
Background

Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is a highly complex, essential vitamin, owing its name to the fact that it contains the mineral, cobalt. This vitamin is produced naturally by bacteria 16, and is necessary for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production. Vitamin B12 has many forms, including the cyano-, methyl-, deoxyadenosyl- and hydroxy-cobalamin forms. The cyano form, is the most widely used form in supplements and prescription drugs 10, Label. Several pharmaceutical forms of cyanocobalamin have been developed, including the tablet, injection, and nasal spray forms Label, 19, 20. This drug was initially approved by the FDA in 1942 Label.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 1355.3652
Monoisotopic: 1354.5674053
Chemical Formula
C63H88CoN14O14P
Synonyms
  • Cianocobalamina
  • Cyanocob(III)alamin
  • Cyanocobalamin
  • Cyanocobalamine
  • Cyanocobalaminum
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin B12 complex
  • Vitamin B12 NOS

Pharmacology

Indication

Nasal spray

The cyanocobalamin nasal spray is indicated for the maintenance of vitamin B12 concentrations after normalization with intramuscular vitamin B12 therapy in patients with deficiency of this vitamin who have no nervous system involvement Label.

Note: CaloMist Label, the nasal spray form, has not been evaluated for the treatment of newly diagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency.

Injection forms (subcutaneous, intramuscular)

These forms are indicated for vitamin B12 deficiencies due to various causes, with or without neurologic manifestations 26. Vitamin B12 deficiency is frequently caused by malabsorption, which is often associated with the following conditions 20:

Addisonian (pernicious) anemia

Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery, including gluten enteropathy or sprue, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, total or partial gastrectomy

Fish tapeworm infestation

Malignancy of the pancreas or bowel

Folic acid deficiency

Oral forms

Vitamin B12 supplements are widely available and indicated in patients who require supplementation for various reasons. Dose requirements for vitamin B12 which are higher than normal (caused by pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, malignancy, hepatic and renal disease) can usually be achieved with oral supplementation 20. Oral products of vitamin B12 are not recommended in patients with malabsorption, as these forms are primarily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract 27.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatAnemiaCombination Product in combination with: Ferrous fumarate (DB14491)••• •••••••••
Used in combination to treatAnemia, perniciousCombination Product in combination with: Ferrous fumarate (DB14491)••• •••••••••
Used in combination to treatCombined vitamin b1 and b12 deficiencyCombination Product in combination with: Lipoic acid (DB00166), Thiamine (DB00152)••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for therapyConvalescenceCombination Product in combination with: Arginine PCA (DB16025)••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatDiabetic neuropathiesCombination Product in combination with: Thiamine (DB00152), Lipoic acid (DB00166)••••••••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

General effects

Cyanocobalamin corrects vitamin B12 deficiency and improves the symptoms and laboratory abnormalities associated with pernicious anemia (megaloblastic indices, gastrointestinal lesions, and neurologic damage). This drug aids in growth, cell reproduction, hematopoiesis, nucleoprotein, and myelin synthesis. It also plays an important role in fat metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, as well as protein synthesis. Cells that undergo rapid division (for example, epithelial cells, bone marrow, and myeloid cells) have a high demand for vitamin B12 10.

Parenteral cyanocobalamin effects

The parenteral administration of vitamin B12 rapidly and completely reverses the megaloblastic anemia and gastrointestinal symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. Rapid parenteral administration of vitamin B12 in deficiency related neurological damage prevents the progression of this condition 20.

Nasal spray effects

In 24 vitamin B12 deficient patients who were already stabilized on intramuscular (IM) vitamin B12 therapy, single daily doses of intranasal cyanocobalamin for 8 weeks lead to serum vitamin B12 concentrations that were within the target therapeutic range (>200 ng/L) Label.

Mechanism of action

Vitamin B12 serves as a cofactor for methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase enzymes. Methionine synthase is essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines that form DNA. L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the degradation of propionate 24, an important reaction required for both fat and protein metabolism. It is a lack of vitamin B12 cofactor in the above reaction and the resulting accumulation of methylmalonyl CoA that is believed to be responsible for the neurological manifestations of B12 deficiency 10. Succinyl-CoA is also necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin 24.

In tissues, vitamin B12 is required for the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Methionine is required for the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, a methyl donor for nearly 100 substrates, comprised of DNA, RNA, hormones, proteins, as well as lipids 24. Without vitamin B12, tetrahydrofolate cannot be regenerated from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and this can lead to functional folate deficiency 22, Label. This reaction is dependent on methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) as a co-factor and is also dependent on folate, in which the methyl group of methyltetrahydrofolate is transferred to homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate. Vitamin B12 incorporates into circulating folic acid into growing red blood cells; retaining the folate in these cells 23. A deficiency of vitamin B12 and the interruption of this reaction leads to the development of megaloblastic anemia.

TargetActionsOrganism
AMethionine synthase
cofactor
Humans
AMethylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial
cofactor
Humans
UMethionine synthase reductase
cofactor
Humans
UMethylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial
binder
Humans
UCyanocobalamin reductase / alkylcobalamin dealkylase
cofactor
Humans
UMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)
cofactor
Humans
Absorption

Vitamin B12 is quickly absorbed from intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) sites of injection; with peak plasma concentrations achieved about 1 hour after IM injection 26.

Orally administered vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) during its transport through the stomach. The separation of Vitamin B12 and IF occurs in the terminal ileum when calcium is present, and vitamin B12 is then absorbed into the gastrointestinal mucosal cells. It is then transported by transcobalamin binding proteins 20. Passive diffusion through the intestinal wall can occur, however, high doses of vitamin B12 are required in this case (i.e. >1 mg). After the administration of oral doses less than 3 mcg, peak plasma concentrations are not reached for 8 to 12 hours, because the vitamin is temporarily retained in the wall of the lower ileum 26.

Volume of distribution

Cobalamin is distributed to tissues and stored mainly in the liver and bone marrow Label.

Protein binding

Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin [FDA label.

Metabolism

Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin obtained from food is initially bound by haptocorrin, a protein found in the saliva with high affinity for B12. This forms a haptocorrin-B12 complex. Cyanocobalamin passes through the stomach and is protected from acid degradation due to its binding to haptocorrin. In the duodenum, pancreatic proteases release cobalamin from the haptocorrin-B12 complex and from other proteins containing protein-bound B12 that have been ingested. Following this, the binding of cobalamin to a second glycoprotein, intrinsic factor, promotes its uptake by terminal ileum mucosal cells by a process called cubilin/AMN receptor-mediated endocytosis. After absorption into enterocytes, intrinsic factor is broken down in the lysosome, and cobalamin is then released into the bloodstream. The transporter ABCC1, found in the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial and other cells, exports cobalamin bound to transcobalamin out of the cell 15. Cyanocobalamin then passes through the portal vein in the liver, and then reaches the systemic circulation. The active forms of cyanocobalamin are methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin 15, 24.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

This drug is partially excreted in the urine 27. According to a clinical study, approximately 3-8 mcg of vitamin B12 is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract daily via the bile. In patients with adequate levels of intrinsic factor, all except approximately 1 mcg is reabsorbed. When vitamin B12 is administered in higher doses that saturate the binding capacity of plasma proteins and the liver, the unbound vitamin B12 is eliminated rapidly in the urine. The body storage of vitamin B12 is dose-dependent Label.

Half-life

Approximately 6 days (400 days in the liver) 27.

Clearance

During vitamin loading, the kidney accumulates large amounts of unbound vitamin B12. This drug is cleared partially by the kidney, however, multiligand receptor megalin promotes the reuptake and reabsorption of vitamin B12 into the body 13, 14.

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

LD50 Oral (mouse): > 5,000 mg/kg 25.

General toxicity

Vitamin B12 is generally non-toxic, even at higher doses. Mild, transient diarrhea, polycythemia vera, peripheral vascular thrombosis, itching, transitory exanthema, a feeling of swelling of entire body, pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure in early treatment stages, anaphylactic shock and death have been observed after vitamin B12 administration 26.

Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis

Long term studies in animals examining the carcinogenic potential of any of the vitamin B12 formulations have not completed to date. There is no evidence from long-term use in patients with pernicious anemia that vitamin B12 has carcinogenic potential. Pernicious anemia is known to be associated with an increased incidence of stomach carcinoma, however, this malignancy has been attributed to the underlying cause of pernicious anemia and has not been found to be related to treatment with vitamin B12 Label.

Use in pregnancy

No adverse effects have been reported with ingestion of normal daily requirements during pregnancy 26.

A note on the use of the nasal spray in pregnancy

Although vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin and requirements are increased during pregnancy, it is currently unknown whether the nasal spray form can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. The nasal spray form should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed, as it is considered a pregnancy category C drug in this form. Sufficient well-controlled studies have not been done to this date in pregnant women Label.

Use in lactation

Vitamin B12 has been found distributed into the milk of nursing women in concentrations similar to the maternal blood vitamin B12 concentrations. No adverse effects have been reported to date with intake of normal required doses during lactation 26.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirCyanocobalamin may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Cyanocobalamin which could result in a higher serum level.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Cyanocobalamin which could result in a higher serum level.
AcetazolamideAcetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Cyanocobalamin which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Acetylsalicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Cyanocobalamin which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. Recommendations vary from product to product - consult individual product monographs for additional information.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Bedodeka (Teva) / Bedoz / Berubigen (Upjohn) / Betalin (Lilly) / Cobione (MSD) / Cobolin-M / Crystamine / Cyanoject / Cyomin / Cytakon (GlaxoSmithKline) / Cytamen (GlaxoSmithKline) / Dicopac / Neuroforte-R / Primabalt / Vitabee 12
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
B-12 1000 Inj 1000mcg/mlSolution1 mg / mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousOmega Laboratories Ltd1985-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Bedoz 1000injLiquid1 mg / mLIntramuscularLab Nadeau LtÉe, Division Of Technilab Inc.1951-12-312005-08-05Canada flag
CaloMistSpray, metered25 ug/0.1mLNasalFleming & Company, Pharmaceuticals2007-10-012010-01-26US flag
Cobex Inj 1000mcg/mlSolution1 mg / mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousKripps Pharmacy Ltd.1979-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Crystalline Vitamin B12-liq Im Sc 1000mcg/mlLiquid1 mg / mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousGermiphene Corporation1996-12-311999-06-28Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Aj-cyanocobalaminSolution1000 mcg / mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousAgila Jamp Canada IncNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
B12 Inject KitKit1000 ug/1mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousOaklock, Llc2015-07-082019-04-09US flag
B12 Inject KitKit1000 ug/1mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousOaklock, Llc2015-06-192019-03-21US flag
CyanocobalaminInjection1000 ug/1mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousGeneral Injectables & Vaccines, Inc2018-07-192020-03-31US flag
CyanocobalaminInjection1000 ug/1mLIntramuscular; SubcutaneousGland Pharma Limited2020-09-24Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
B-12 1000mcg Continuous Released TabTablet, extended release1 mg / tabOralGahler Enterprises Ltd.1981-12-312000-10-03Canada flag
B-plexTablet50 mcg / tabOralBeverly International Nutrition1986-12-311998-08-01Canada flag
B12 1000mcgTablet1000 mcg / tabOralNatural Factors Nutritional Products Ltd.2000-09-012007-08-07Canada flag
B12 250mcg CyanocobalaminTablet250 mcgOralWn Pharmaceuticals Ltd.2001-10-012009-09-28Canada flag
Coco12Lotion0.05 g/0.05gTopicalSSG Ventures Inc2019-09-26Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
24 Multivitamins + MineralsCyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese cation (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)TabletOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1997-04-302002-07-31Canada flag
4Life Targeted Vitamin & Mineral Complex CapsuleCyanocobalamin (0.002 mg) + Ascorbic acid (50.76 mg) + Beta carotene (630 IU) + Chromium (0.07 mg) + Copper (0.5 mg) + Folic acid (0.1 mg) + Magnesium (46.4 mg) + Niacin (5 mg) + Potassium (12.5 mg) + Pyridoxine (0.5 mg) + Selenium (0.013 mg) + Vanadium (0.15 mg) + Vitamin E (25.5 IU) + Zinc (2.5 mg)CapsuleOralForlife Research Imports Sdn. Bhd.2020-09-08Not applicableMalaysia flag
50 PlusCyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (20 unit)TabletOralQuest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products1998-08-042001-07-06Canada flag
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & MineralsCyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese cation (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg)TabletOralGfr Pharma Ltd.2002-10-202004-06-15Canada flag
ABAJOSCyanocobalamin (100 mg) + Acetaminophen (50 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (500 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (100 mcg)CapsuleNufarindo2017-05-152026-09-06Indonesia flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Active FECyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)TabletOralGM Pharmaceuticals, INC2013-11-11Not applicableUS flag
Active OBCyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (320 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (30 mg/1)Capsule, liquid filledOralGM Pharmaceuticals, INC2013-10-282017-03-31US flag
Animi-3Cyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)CapsuleOralPbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.2011-06-01Not applicableUS flag
Animi-3 with Vitamin DCyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)CapsuleOralPbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.2011-06-01Not applicableUS flag
Av-VITE FBCyanocobalamin (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1)TabletOralAv Kare, Inc.2015-11-052016-01-13US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
B03BA01 — CyanocobalaminB03AE01 — Iron, vitamin b12 and folic acidB03BA51 — Cyanocobalamin, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cobalamin derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a corrin ring, a cobalt atom, an a nucleotide moiety. Cobalamin Derivatives are actually derived from vitamin B12.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Tetrapyrroles and derivatives
Sub Class
Corrinoids
Direct Parent
Cobalamin derivatives
Alternative Parents
Metallotetrapyrroles / Benzimidazole ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides / Pentose phosphates / Glycosylamines / Monosaccharide phosphates / Benzimidazoles / Phosphoethanolamines / Dialkyl phosphates / Benzenoids / Fatty amides
show 21 more
Substituents
1-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole / Alcohol / Alkyl phosphate / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Benzenoid / Benzimidazole / Carbonyl group / Carboxamide group
show 45 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
cob(III)alamins (CHEBI:17439)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
P6YC3EG204
CAS number
68-19-9
InChI Key
RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-WZHZPDAFSA-L
InChI
InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;;+2/p-2/t31-,34-,35-,36-,37+,41-,52-,53-,56-,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1
IUPAC Name
cyano[(1R,2R,3R,4R,6Z,8S,11Z,13S,14S,16Z,18S,19S)-8,13,18-tris(2-carbamoylethyl)-3,14,19-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-4-(2-{[(2R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl phosphonato]oxy}propyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)-1,4,6,9,9,14,16,19-octamethyl-20,21,22,23-tetraazapentacyclo[15.2.1.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}.1^{12,15}]tricosa-5(23),6,10(22),11,15(21),16-hexaen-20-yl]cobaltylium
SMILES
C[C@H](CNC(=O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H](CC(N)=O)[C@H]2N=C1\C(C)=C1/N=C(/C=C3\N=C(\C(\C)=C4\[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)[C@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)N4[Co+]C#N)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]3CCC(N)=O)C(C)(C)[C@@H]1CCC(N)=O)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]([C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2

References

Synthesis Reference

Robert H. Allen, "Preparation of samples for vitamin B12 and/or folate assay and assay." U.S. Patent US4451571, issued October, 1982.

US4451571
General References
  1. Wickramasinghe SN: Morphology, biology and biochemistry of cobalamin- and folate-deficient bone marrow cells. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1995 Sep;8(3):441-59. [Article]
  2. Sharabi A, Cohen E, Sulkes J, Garty M: Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;56(6):635-8. [Article]
  3. Hall AH, Rumack BH: Hydroxycobalamin/sodium thiosulfate as a cyanide antidote. J Emerg Med. 1987;5(2):115-21. [Article]
  4. Andres E, Noel E, Goichot B: Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Oct 28;162(19):2251-2. [Article]
  5. Gilligan MA: Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Feb 25;162(4):484-5. [Article]
  6. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, Schirmer H, Tverdal A, Steigen T, Wang H, Nordrehaug JE, Arnesen E, Rasmussen K: Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1578-88. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055227. Epub 2006 Mar 12. [Article]
  7. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen MJ, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Held C, Genest J Jr: Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1567-77. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa060900. Epub 2006 Mar 12. [Article]
  8. Russell-Jones GJ, Alpers DH: Vitamin B12 transporters. Pharm Biotechnol. 1999;12:493-520. [Article]
  9. Seetharam B: Receptor-mediated endocytosis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:173-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.173. [Article]
  10. O'Leary F, Samman S: Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):299-316. doi: 10.3390/nu2030299. Epub 2010 Mar 5. [Article]
  11. Scott JM: Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May;58(2):441-8. [Article]
  12. Zhang M, Han W, Hu S, Xu H: Methylcobalamin: a potential vitamin of pain killer. Neural Plast. 2013;2013:424651. doi: 10.1155/2013/424651. Epub 2013 Dec 26. [Article]
  13. Birn H: The kidney in vitamin B12 and folate homeostasis: characterization of receptors for tubular uptake of vitamins and carrier proteins. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Jul;291(1):F22-36. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2005. [Article]
  14. Moestrup SK, Birn H, Fischer PB, Petersen CM, Verroust PJ, Sim RB, Christensen EI, Nexo E: Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8612-7. [Article]
  15. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R: Navigating the B(12) road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]
  16. Fang H, Kang J, Zhang D: Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives. Microb Cell Fact. 2017 Jan 30;16(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12934-017-0631-y. [Article]
  17. Amidon, Gordon L., Sadée, Wolfgang (2002). Vitamin B12 Transporters (12th ed.). Springer, Boston MA.
  18. Methylcobalamin vs cyanocobalamin [Link]
  19. B12, cyanocobalamin tablets, DailyMed [Link]
  20. Cyanocobalamin injection, DailyMed [Link]
  21. Vitamin B12 [Link]
  22. The metabolic processes of folic acid and Vitamin B12 deficiency [Link]
  23. University of Virginia: Megaloblastic anemia [Link]
  24. Vitamin B 12 Health Professional Fact Sheet [Link]
  25. Cyanocobalamin VitB12, MSDS [File]
  26. Cyanocobalamin injection, monograph [File]
  27. Cyanocobalamin label [File]
KEGG Drug
D00166
KEGG Compound
C02823
PubChem Compound
70678590
PubChem Substance
46509031
ChemSpider
21864832
RxNav
11248
ChEBI
17439
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2110563
PharmGKB
PA451892
PDBe Ligand
CNC
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Cyanocobalamin
FDA label
Download (208 KB)
MSDS
Download (37.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableActive Not RecruitingNot AvailableCOVID-19, Long Haul / Long Haul COVID / Post-Acute COVID-19 / Post-acute COVID-19 (PACS), or "Long COVID" Syndrome1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableActive Not RecruitingOtherIron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) / Scoliosis Idiopathic / Ultra-short-term1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableVitamin B12 Deficiency1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedBasic ScienceDiabetes Mellitus1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedBasic ScienceVitamin B12 Deficiency1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Abraxis pharmaceutical products
  • Akorn inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
  • Bioniche pharma usa llc
  • Dell laboratories inc
  • Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
  • Solopak medical products inc
  • Warner chilcott inc
  • Wyeth ayerst laboratories
  • Merck and co inc
  • Bel mar laboratories inc
  • Bristol myers squibb co
  • Savage laboratories inc div altana inc
  • Bayer healthcare pharmaceuticals inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Bracco diagnostics inc
Packagers
  • American Regent
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • Bayer Healthcare
  • C.O. Truxton Inc.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
  • Central Pharmaceuticals
  • Chain Drug
  • Choice Rx Ltd.
  • Clint Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • CVS Pharmacy
  • Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
  • General Injectables and Vaccines Inc.
  • Gonberetica
  • Gyn Nutriment Pharmacology
  • H and H Laboratories
  • International Ethical Labs Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Keene Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Luitpold Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Martica Enterprises Inc.
  • Martin Surgical Supply
  • Mason Distributors
  • Mckesson Corp.
  • MDRNA Inc.
  • Merck & Co.
  • Merit Pharmaceuticals
  • National Pharmaceuticals
  • National Vitamin Company
  • Neuman Distributors Inc.
  • Par Pharmaceuticals
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Primedics Laboratories
  • Rite Aid Corp.
  • Rugby Laboratories
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
  • Sunmark
  • Torrance Co.
  • Vitaline Corp.
  • Walgreen Co.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular
Capsule; liquidOral
Tablet, coatedOral1 mg
LiquidIntraocular
SolutionIntramuscular
SolutionIntravenous1.914 mg
TabletOral1000 ug/1
Injection, solution; kitIntramuscular; Topical
KitTopical
TabletOral50 mcg / tab
PatchTransdermal
TabletOral1000 mcg / tab
Injection, solutionParenteral1000 UG
Injection, solutionParenteral1 mg/mL
KitIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 ug/1mL
Injection, solutionParenteral500 µg/mL
Tablet, sugar coatedOral
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
LiquidIntramuscular1 mg / mL
Tablet, delayed release
Tablet, coated
ElixirOral
InjectionIntramuscular1 mg/ml
Spray, meteredNasal25 ug/0.1mL
TabletOral6 mcg / tab
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous
SolutionIntramuscular1 mg
SolutionIntramuscular; Parenteral0.1 mg
Injection, solutionParenteral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular1000 mcg/ml
Injection, solution
SolutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1 mg / mL
LotionTopical0.05 g/0.05g
LiquidIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1 mg / mL
Injection
Injection1 MG/ML
Injection500 mcg
Injection500 mcg/ml
InjectionIntramuscular1 mg/1mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 ug/1mL
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 ug/1mL
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous1000 ug/1mL
Spray, meteredNasal500 ug/1
Tablet, film coated
Capsule
CapsuleCutaneous; Oral
SolutionIntramuscular75.000 mg
TabletOral50 mg
InjectionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous20 mcg/ml
Injection, solution1000 MICROGRAMMI/ML
Injection, solution500 MICROGRAMMI/ML
Injection, solutionIntramuscular5000 MICROGRAMMI/2ML
Solution / dropsOral20 MICROGRAMMI/ML
TabletOral0.250 mg
TabletOral1.000 mg
TabletOral1.00 mg
TabletOral50.000 mg
LiquidOral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
CapsuleOral162 mg
LozengeOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tabletOral
TabletOral3 mcg
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous
TabletOral100.000 mg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral75 mcg
GelOral
Capsule, delayed releaseOral
TabletOral24 mcg / tab
SolutionIntravenous
Tablet, coatedOral150 mcg
SolutionIntramuscular100 mg
Tablet, coatedOral
Kit; tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
Injection, solutionParenteral3 mg
SyrupOral
Injection, solution, concentrate; kitIntravenous
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous
KitIntravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular
SolutionIntramuscular1000 μg
Tablet, effervescentOral
SolutionOral
TabletOral
Tablet, chewableOral
LiquidIntravenous
SprayNasal500 ug/1
Powder, for solutionOral
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
Tablet, film coatedOral50 mg
SolutionParenteral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
Injection
InjectionIntramuscular
Tablet, sugar coatedOral100 mcg
Tablet, film coatedOral1000 mcg
Tablet, film coatedOral500 mg
Tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral200 mcg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
Tablet, sugar coatedOral250 mcg
Gum, chewingOral
Injection, solutionParenteral1 MG
SolutionParenteral15.000 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mcg
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Powder
Injection, solution; kitIntravenous
Injection, solutionIntravenous
Injection100 mcg/ml
KitIntramuscular; Subcutaneous; Topical
InjectionParenteral
Solution / dropsOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral1 mcg / tab
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
WaferOral
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous1 mg / mL
Injection, solutionIntramuscular1000 ug/1mL
LiquidIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 mcg / mL
Powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous100 mg
InjectionIntramuscular
Liquid; tabletOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
SolutionIntramuscular5.0000 mg
SolutionParenteral10.000 mg
SolutionParenteral75.000 mg
Injection, solution
CapsuleOral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionParenteral
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule, coatedOral
CapsuleOral0.50 mg
Capsule; kit; tabletOral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet, extended releaseOral1.2 mg / tab
TabletOral500 mcg / tab
StripOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kitOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
Capsule; kit; tablet, coatedOral
TabletOral.025 mg
CapsuleOral1000 mcg / cap
Injection1000 MCG/ML
LiquidIntramuscular; Subcutaneous100 mcg / mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 mcg / mL
TabletOral
TabletOral1 mg / tab
CapsuleOral1000 mcg
CapsuleOral500 mcg
TabletOral500 mcg
Tablet, coatedOral1000 Mikrogramm
CapsuleOral500 mcg / cap
Injection, solutionParenteral3000 mcg/2mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous100 mcg / mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1000 mcg/ml
Injection, solutionParenteral100 UG
Injection, solutionParenteral1000 mcg/2mL
Injection, solutionParenteral1000 UG/ML
Injection, solutionParenteral100 mcg/mL
Tablet, extended releaseOral1 mg / tab
TabletOral100 mcg / tab
TabletOral250 mcg
TabletOral25 mcg
TabletOral5 mcg / tab
TabletOral250 mcg / tab
Injection, solutionParenteral121000 UG
InjectionIntramuscular1 mg
SolutionParenteral1000 cg
SolutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous1 mg
SolutionParenteral1 mg
SolutionIntramuscular; Subcutaneous0.01 g
TabletOral100 mcg
TabletOral25 mcg / tab
TabletOral3 mcg / tab
KitOral
SuspensionOral
SolutionIntramuscular100.00 mg
SolutionIntramuscular15.000 mg
SolutionIntramuscular100.000 mg
PowderOral
GranuleOral
TabletOral1000 mcg
Solution
Tablet, sugar coatedOral100 mcg
TabletOral50 mcg
Tablet
Tablet, coatedOral25 mcg
Solution1000 mcg/1ml
Tablet, coatedOral100 mcg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral25 mcg
Suspension
Solution10 mcg/1ml
Tablet, coatedOral50 mcg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral50 mcg
Solution2000 mcg/1ml
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Nascobal 500 mcg/0.1ml Solution 2.3ml Bottle277.97USD bottle
Cyanocobalamin crystals161.18USD g
Infuvite pediatric vial2.58USD ml
Cyanocobalamin 1000 mcg/ml vial1.44USD vial
Cyanocobalamin 1000 mcg/ml1.2USD ml
Cyanocobalamin 1000 mcg/ml Solution1.03USD ml
Rubesol-1000 mcg/ml vial0.48USD ml
Vitamin B-12 1000 mcg/ml0.47USD ml
Vitamin b-12 2.5 mg tablet sl0.17USD tablet
Cyanocobalamin 1000 mcg tablet0.16USD tablet
Cyanocobalamin 100 mcg tablet0.14USD tablet
Vitamin b-12 1000 mcg tablet sl0.08USD tablet
B12 2500 mcg tablet sl0.07USD tablet
Sm vitamin b-12 500 mcg tablet0.06USD tablet
Vitamin b-12 1000 mcg tablet0.06USD tablet
Vitabee with vit c caplet0.05USD caplet
Vitamin b-12 500 mcg tablet0.05USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b-12 1000 mcg tablet0.04USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b-12 500 mcg tablet0.04USD tablet
Vitamin b-12 50 mcg tablet0.04USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b12 100 mcg tablet0.03USD tablet
Pv vit b-12 1000 mcg tablet sl0.03USD tablet
Ra vitamin b-12 50 mcg tablet0.03USD tablet
Vitamin b-12 250 mcg tablet0.03USD tablet
Pv b-12 250 mcg tablet0.02USD tablet
Vitamin b-12 100 mcg tablet0.02USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US7229636No2007-06-122024-08-01US flag
US7879349No2011-02-012024-08-01US flag
US8003353No2011-08-232024-08-01US flag
US8940714No2015-01-272024-02-26US flag
US7404489No2008-07-292024-03-12US flag
US9415007No2016-08-162024-07-28US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)> 300 https://www.lookchem.com/Cyanocobalamin/
boiling point (°C)> 300http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/msds/Cyanocobalamin%20Vit%20B12.pdf
water solubility12.5 mg/mLhttp://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00607
logP1.897http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00607
logS-4.5http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00607
pKa1.84, 8.77http://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB013264
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0202 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.66ALOGPS
logP-3.2Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.82Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.68Chemaxon
Physiological Charge3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count18Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count9Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area477.85 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count27Chemaxon
Refractivity337.48 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability138.79 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings8Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9574
Blood Brain Barrier-0.7447
Caco-2 permeable-0.6455
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8341
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5082
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.6369
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.898
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8104
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8085
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.65
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8775
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8775
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8737
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7076
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.7118
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8125
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.5707
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7782
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9972
Rat acute toxicity2.6731 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8988
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.682
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Not Available
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcob(III)alamin (MeCbl) to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine in the cytosol (PubMed:16769880, PubMed:17288554, PubMed:27771510). MeCbl is an active form of cobalamin (vitamin B12) used as a cofactor for methionine biosynthesis. Cob(I)alamin form is regenerated to MeCbl by a transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (PubMed:16769880, PubMed:17288554, PubMed:27771510). The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine (PubMed:16769880, PubMed:27771510)
Specific Function
cobalamin binding
Gene Name
MTR
Uniprot ID
Q99707
Uniprot Name
Methionine synthase
Molecular Weight
140525.91 Da
References
  1. Stover PJ: Vitamin B12 and older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):24-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333d157. [Article]
  2. Allen LH: Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr Bull. 2008 Jun;29(2 Suppl):S20-34; discussion S35-7. [Article]
  3. O'Leary F, Samman S: Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):299-316. doi: 10.3390/nu2030299. Epub 2010 Mar 5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) (generated from branched-chain amino acid metabolism and degradation of dietary odd chain fatty acids and cholesterol) to succinyl-CoA (3-carboxypropionyl-CoA), a key intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Specific Function
cobalamin binding
Gene Name
MMUT
Uniprot ID
P22033
Uniprot Name
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
83133.755 Da
References
  1. Worgan LC, Niles K, Tirone JC, Hofmann A, Verner A, Sammak A, Kucic T, Lepage P, Rosenblatt DS: Spectrum of mutations in mut methylmalonic acidemia and identification of a common Hispanic mutation and haplotype. Hum Mutat. 2006 Jan;27(1):31-43. [Article]
  2. Brooks AJ, Vlasie M, Banerjee R, Brunold TC: Co-C bond activation in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase by stabilization of the post-homolysis product Co2+ cobalamin. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Nov 30;127(47):16522-8. [Article]
  3. Kozlowski PM, Andruniow T, Jarzecki AA, Zgierski MZ, Spiro TG: DFT analysis of co-alkyl and co-adenosyl vibrational modes in B12-cofactors. Inorg Chem. 2006 Jul 10;45(14):5585-90. [Article]
  4. Moras E, Hosack A, Watkins D, Rosenblatt DS: Mitochondrial vitamin B12-binding proteins in patients with inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Feb;90(2):140-7. Epub 2006 Sep 29. [Article]
  5. Stover PJ: Vitamin B12 and older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):24-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333d157. [Article]
  6. O'Leary F, Samman S: Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):299-316. doi: 10.3390/nu2030299. Epub 2010 Mar 5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Key enzyme in methionine and folate homeostasis responsible for the reactivation of methionine synthase (MTR/MS) activity by catalyzing the reductive methylation of MTR-bound cob(II)alamin (PubMed:17892308). Cobalamin (vitamin B12) forms a complex with MTR to serve as an intermediary in methyl transfer reactions that cycles between MTR-bound methylcob(III)alamin and MTR bound-cob(I)alamin forms, and occasional oxidative escape of the cob(I)alamin intermediate during the catalytic cycle leads to the inactive cob(II)alamin species (Probable). The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine (PubMed:27771510). Also necessary for the utilization of methyl groups from the folate cycle, thereby affecting transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (By similarity). Also acts as a molecular chaperone for methionine synthase by stabilizing apoMTR and incorporating methylcob(III)alamin into apoMTR to form the holoenzyme (PubMed:16769880). Also serves as an aquacob(III)alamin reductase by reducing aquacob(III)alamin to cob(II)alamin; this reduction leads to stimulation of the conversion of apoMTR and aquacob(III)alamin to MTR holoenzyme (PubMed:16769880)
Specific Function
[methionine synthase] reductase activity
Gene Name
MTRR
Uniprot ID
Q9UBK8
Uniprot Name
Methionine synthase reductase
Molecular Weight
77672.995 Da
References
  1. O'Leary VB, Mills JL, Pangilinan F, Kirke PN, Cox C, Conley M, Weiler A, Peng K, Shane B, Scott JM, Parle-McDermott A, Molloy AM, Brody LC: Analysis of methionine synthase reductase polymorphisms for neural tube defects risk association. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Jul;85(3):220-7. Epub 2005 Mar 17. [Article]
  2. Miriuka SG, Langman LJ, Evrovski J, Miner SE, D'Mello N, Delgado DH, Wong BY, Ross HJ, Cole DE: Genetic polymorphisms predisposing to hyperhomocysteinemia in cardiac transplant patients. Transpl Int. 2005 Jan;18(1):29-35. [Article]
  3. Berkun Y, Abou Atta I, Rubinow A, Orbach H, Levartovsky D, Aamar S, Arbel O, Dresner-Pollak R, Friedman G, Ben-Yehuda A: 2756GG genotype of methionine synthase reductase gene is more prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate and is associated with methotrexate-induced nodulosis. J Rheumatol. 2007 Aug;34(8):1664-9. Epub 2007 Jul 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
GTPase, binds and hydrolyzes GTP (PubMed:20876572, PubMed:21138732, PubMed:28497574, PubMed:28943303). Involved in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism, mediates the transport of cobalamin (Cbl) into mitochondria for the final steps of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) synthesis (PubMed:20876572, PubMed:28497574). Functions as a G-protein chaperone that assists AdoCbl cofactor delivery from MMAB to the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT) (PubMed:20876572, PubMed:28497574). Plays a dual role as both a protectase and a reactivase for MMUT (PubMed:21138732, PubMed:28943303). Protects MMUT from progressive inactivation by oxidation by decreasing the rate of the formation of the oxidized inactive cofactor hydroxocobalamin (OH2Cbl) (PubMed:21138732, PubMed:28943303). Additionally acts a reactivase by promoting the replacement of OH2Cbl by the active cofactor AdoCbl, restoring the activity of MMUT in the presence and hydrolysis of GTP (PubMed:21138732, PubMed:28943303)
Specific Function
GTP binding
Gene Name
MMAA
Uniprot ID
Q8IVH4
Uniprot Name
Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
46537.865 Da
References
  1. Lerner-Ellis JP, Dobson CM, Wai T, Watkins D, Tirone JC, Leclerc D, Dore C, Lepage P, Gravel RA, Rosenblatt DS: Mutations in the MMAA gene in patients with the cblA disorder of vitamin B12 metabolism. Hum Mutat. 2004 Dec;24(6):509-16. [Article]
  2. Dobson CM, Gradinger A, Longo N, Wu X, Leclerc D, Lerner-Ellis J, Lemieux M, Belair C, Watkins D, Rosenblatt DS, Gravel RA: Homozygous nonsense mutation in the MCEE gene and siRNA suppression of methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase expression: a novel cause of mild methylmalonic aciduria. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Aug;88(4):327-33. Epub 2006 May 11. [Article]
  3. Zhou X, Cui Y, Han J: Methylmalonic acidemia: Current status and research priorities. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2018 May;7(2):73-78. doi: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01026. [Article]
  4. Froese DS, Zhang J, Healy S, Gravel RA: Mechanism of vitamin B12-responsiveness in cblC methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria. Mol Genet Metab. 2009 Dec;98(4):338-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.07.014. Epub 2009 Aug 3. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) cytosolic chaperone that catalyzes the reductive decyanation of cyanocob(III)alamin (cyanocobalamin, CNCbl) to yield cob(II)alamin and cyanide, using FAD or FMN as cofactors and NADPH as cosubstrate (PubMed:18779575, PubMed:19700356, PubMed:21697092, PubMed:25809485). Cyanocobalamin constitutes the inactive form of vitamin B12 introduced from the diet, and is converted into the active cofactors methylcobalamin (MeCbl) involved in methionine biosynthesis, and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) involved in the TCA cycle (PubMed:19801555). Forms a complex with the lysosomal transporter ABCD4 and its chaperone LMBRD1, to transport cobalamin across the lysosomal membrane into the cytosol (PubMed:25535791). The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR (methionine synthase) which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine (PubMed:21071249, PubMed:27771510). Also acts as a glutathione transferase by catalyzing the dealkylation of the alkylcob(III)alamins MeCbl and AdoCbl, using the thiolate of glutathione for nucleophilic displacement to generate cob(I)alamin and the corresponding glutathione thioether (PubMed:19801555, PubMed:21697092, PubMed:22642810, PubMed:25809485). The conversion of incoming MeCbl or AdoCbl into a common intermediate cob(I)alamin is necessary to meet the cellular needs for both cofactors (PubMed:19801555). Cysteine and homocysteine cannot substitute for glutathione in this reaction (PubMed:19801555)
Specific Function
cobalamin binding
Gene Name
MMACHC
Uniprot ID
Q9Y4U1
Uniprot Name
Cyanocobalamin reductase / alkylcobalamin dealkylase
Molecular Weight
31728.095 Da
References
  1. Chandler RJ, Aswani V, Tsai MS, Falk M, Wehrli N, Stabler S, Allen R, Sedensky M, Kazazian HH, Venditti CP: Propionyl-CoA and adenosylcobalamin metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans: evidence for a role of methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase in intermediary metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Sep-Oct;89(1-2):64-73. Epub 2006 Jul 14. [Article]
  2. Ben-Omran TI, Wong H, Blaser S, Feigenbaum A: Late-onset cobalamin-C disorder: a challenging diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 May 1;143A(9):979-84. [Article]
  3. Morel CF, Lerner-Ellis JP, Rosenblatt DS: Combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (cblC): phenotype-genotype correlations and ethnic-specific observations. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Aug;88(4):315-21. Epub 2006 May 22. [Article]
  4. Lerner-Ellis JP, Tirone JC, Pawelek PD, Dore C, Atkinson JL, Watkins D, Morel CF, Fujiwara TM, Moras E, Hosack AR, Dunbar GV, Antonicka H, Forgetta V, Dobson CM, Leclerc D, Gravel RA, Shoubridge EA, Coulton JW, Lepage P, Rommens JM, Morgan K, Rosenblatt DS: Identification of the gene responsible for methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type. Nat Genet. 2006 Jan;38(1):93-100. Epub 2005 Nov 27. [Article]
  5. Obeid R, Fedosov SN, Nexo E: Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 Jul;59(7):1364-72. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500019. Epub 2015 May 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a cosubstrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine (PubMed:29891918). Represents a key regulatory connection between the folate and methionine cycles (Probable)
Specific Function
FAD binding
Gene Name
MTHFR
Uniprot ID
P42898
Uniprot Name
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)
Molecular Weight
74595.895 Da
References
  1. Nakamura T, Saionji K, Hiejima Y, Hirayama H, Tago K, Takano H, Tajiri M, Hayashi K, Kawabata M, Funamizu M, Makita Y, Hata A: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, vitamin B12, and folate influence plasma homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 May;39(5):1032-9. [Article]
  2. Erdogan MO, Yildiz SH, Solak M, Eser O, Cosar E, Eser B, Koken R, Buyukbas S: C677T polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene does not affect folic acid, vitamin B12, and homocysteine serum levels in Turkish children with neural tube defects. Genet Mol Res. 2010 Jun 22;9(2):1197-203. doi: 10.4238/vol9-2gmr816. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Converts cob(I)alamin to adenosylcobalamin (adenosylcob(III)alamin), a coenzyme for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, therefore participates in the final step of the vitamin B12 conversion (PubMed:12514191). Generates adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and directly delivers the cofactor to MUT in a transfer that is stimulated by ATP-binding to MMAB and gated by MMAA (Probable)
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
MMAB
Uniprot ID
Q96EY8
Uniprot Name
Corrinoid adenosyltransferase MMAB
Molecular Weight
27387.975 Da
References
  1. Zhang J, Dobson CM, Wu X, Lerner-Ellis J, Rosenblatt DS, Gravel RA: Impact of cblB mutations on the function of ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase in disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Apr;87(4):315-22. Epub 2006 Jan 24. [Article]
  2. Lerner-Ellis JP, Gradinger AB, Watkins D, Tirone JC, Villeneuve A, Dobson CM, Montpetit A, Lepage P, Gravel RA, Rosenblatt DS: Mutation and biochemical analysis of patients belonging to the cblB complementation class of vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonic aciduria. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Mar;87(3):219-25. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Product of
General Function
Catalyzes ATP-dependent phosphorylation of adenosylcobinamide and addition of GMP to adenosylcobinamide phosphate.
Specific Function
adenosylcobinamide kinase (ATP-specific) activity
Gene Name
cobU
Uniprot ID
Q05599
Uniprot Name
Bifunctional adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis protein CobU
Molecular Weight
19901.7 Da
References
  1. Fang H, Li D, Kang J, Jiang P, Sun J, Zhang D: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for de novo biosynthesis of vitamin B12. Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 21;9(1):4917. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07412-6. [Article]
  2. Warren MJ, Raux E, Schubert HL, Escalante-Semerena JC: The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Nat Prod Rep. 2002 Aug;19(4):390-412. [Article]
3. Pancreatic proteases
Kind
Group
Organism
Not Available
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
This group is comprised of proteases secreted from the pancreas.
References
  1. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R: Navigating the B(12) road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Membrane-bound component of the endocytic receptor formed by AMN and CUBN (PubMed:14576052, PubMed:29402915, PubMed:30523278). Required for normal CUBN glycosylation and trafficking to the cell surface (PubMed:14576052, PubMed:29402915). The complex formed by AMN and CUBN is required for efficient absorption of vitamin B12 (PubMed:12590260, PubMed:14576052, PubMed:26040326). Required for normal CUBN-mediated protein transport in the kidney (Probable)
Specific Function
cargo receptor activity
Gene Name
AMN
Uniprot ID
Q9BXJ7
Uniprot Name
Protein amnionless
Molecular Weight
47753.91 Da
References
  1. Al-Alami JR, Tanner SM, Tayeh MK, de la Chapelle A, El-Shanti H: Homozygous AMN mutation in hereditary selective intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2005 Jul;26(7):1061-4. [Article]
  2. Alpers DH: Absorption and blood/cellular transport of folate and cobalamin: Pharmacokinetic and physiological considerations. Biochimie. 2016 Jul;126:52-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.006. Epub 2015 Nov 14. [Article]
  3. O'Leary F, Samman S: Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):299-316. doi: 10.3390/nu2030299. Epub 2010 Mar 5. [Article]
  4. He Q, Madsen M, Kilkenney A, Gregory B, Christensen EI, Vorum H, Hojrup P, Schaffer AA, Kirkness EF, Tanner SM, de la Chapelle A, Giger U, Moestrup SK, Fyfe JC: Amnionless function is required for cubilin brush-border expression and intrinsic factor-cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption in vivo. Blood. 2005 Aug 15;106(4):1447-53. Epub 2005 Apr 21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Binds vitamin B12 with femtomolar affinity and protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach
Specific Function
cargo receptor ligand activity
Gene Name
TCN1
Uniprot ID
P20061
Uniprot Name
Transcobalamin-1
Molecular Weight
48206.32 Da
References
  1. Carmel R: Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) and cobalamin deficiencies. Clin Chem. 2007 Feb;53(2):367-8; author reply 368-9. [Article]
  2. Al-Alami JR, Tanner SM, Tayeh MK, de la Chapelle A, El-Shanti H: Homozygous AMN mutation in hereditary selective intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2005 Jul;26(7):1061-4. [Article]
  3. Russell-Jones GJ, Alpers DH: Vitamin B12 transporters. Pharm Biotechnol. 1999;12:493-520. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Primary vitamin B12-binding and transport protein. Delivers cobalamin to cells
Specific Function
cargo receptor ligand activity
Gene Name
TCN2
Uniprot ID
P20062
Uniprot Name
Transcobalamin-2
Molecular Weight
47534.54 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Remacha AF, Sarda MP, Carmel R: Influence of cobalamin deficiency compared with that of cobalamin absorption on serum holo-transcobalamin II. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1):110-4. [Article]
  2. Alessio AC, Hoehr NF, Siqueira LH, Bydlowski SP, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM: Polymorphism C776G in the transcobalamin II gene and homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. Association with MTHFR C677T and A1298C and MTRR A66G polymorphisms in healthy children. Thromb Res. 2007;119(5):571-7. Epub 2006 Jul 3. [Article]
  3. Bowen RA, Drake SK, Vanjani R, Huey ED, Grafman J, Horne MK 3rd: Markedly increased vitamin B12 concentrations attributable to IgG-IgM-vitamin B12 immune complexes. Clin Chem. 2006 Nov;52(11):2107-14. [Article]
  4. Bosco P, Gueant-Rodriguez RM, Anello G, Spada R, Romano A, Fajardo A, Caraci F, Ferri R, Gueant JL: Association of homocysteine (but not of MTHFR 677 C>T, MTR 2756 A>G, MTRR 66 A>G and TCN2 776 C>G) with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease in Sicily. Thromb Haemost. 2006 Aug;96(2):154-9. [Article]
  5. Al-Alami JR, Tanner SM, Tayeh MK, de la Chapelle A, El-Shanti H: Homozygous AMN mutation in hereditary selective intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2005 Jul;26(7):1061-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Promotes absorption of the essential vitamin cobalamin (Cbl) in the ileum. After interaction with CUBN, the CBLIF-cobalamin complex is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis
Specific Function
cargo receptor ligand activity
Gene Name
CBLIF
Uniprot ID
P27352
Uniprot Name
Cobalamin binding intrinsic factor
Molecular Weight
45415.67 Da
References
  1. Fedosov SN, Fedosova NU, Berglund L, Moestrup SK, Nexo E, Petersen TE: Composite organization of the cobalamin binding and cubilin recognition sites of intrinsic factor. Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 8;44(9):3604-14. [Article]
  2. He Q, Madsen M, Kilkenney A, Gregory B, Christensen EI, Vorum H, Hojrup P, Schaffer AA, Kirkness EF, Tanner SM, de la Chapelle A, Giger U, Moestrup SK, Fyfe JC: Amnionless function is required for cubilin brush-border expression and intrinsic factor-cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption in vivo. Blood. 2005 Aug 15;106(4):1447-53. Epub 2005 Apr 21. [Article]
  3. Moestrup SK: New insights into carrier binding and epithelial uptake of the erythropoietic nutrients cobalamin and folate. Curr Opin Hematol. 2006 May;13(3):119-23. [Article]
  4. Seetharam B: Receptor-mediated endocytosis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:173-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.173. [Article]
  5. O'Leary F, Samman S: Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):299-316. doi: 10.3390/nu2030299. Epub 2010 Mar 5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Endocytic receptor which plays a role in lipoprotein, vitamin and iron metabolism by facilitating their uptake (PubMed:10371504, PubMed:11606717, PubMed:11717447, PubMed:14576052, PubMed:9572993). Acts together with LRP2 to mediate endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins, GC, hemoglobin, ALB, TF and SCGB1A1. Acts together with AMN to mediate endocytosis of the CBLIF-cobalamin complex (PubMed:14576052, PubMed:9572993). Binds to ALB, MB, Kappa and lambda-light chains, TF, hemoglobin, GC, SCGB1A1, APOA1, high density lipoprotein, and the CBLIF-cobalamin complex. Ligand binding requires calcium (PubMed:9572993). Serves as important transporter in several absorptive epithelia, including intestine, renal proximal tubules and embryonic yolk sac. May play an important role in the development of the peri-implantation embryo through internalization of APOA1 and cholesterol. Binds to LGALS3 at the maternal-fetal interface
Specific Function
calcium ion binding
Gene Name
CUBN
Uniprot ID
O60494
Uniprot Name
Cubilin
Molecular Weight
398732.93 Da
References
  1. Fedosov SN, Fedosova NU, Berglund L, Moestrup SK, Nexo E, Petersen TE: Composite organization of the cobalamin binding and cubilin recognition sites of intrinsic factor. Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 8;44(9):3604-14. [Article]
  2. He Q, Madsen M, Kilkenney A, Gregory B, Christensen EI, Vorum H, Hojrup P, Schaffer AA, Kirkness EF, Tanner SM, de la Chapelle A, Giger U, Moestrup SK, Fyfe JC: Amnionless function is required for cubilin brush-border expression and intrinsic factor-cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption in vivo. Blood. 2005 Aug 15;106(4):1447-53. Epub 2005 Apr 21. [Article]
  3. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R: Navigating the B(12) road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Multiligand endocytic receptor (By similarity). Acts together with CUBN to mediate endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins (By similarity). Mediates receptor-mediated uptake of polybasic drugs such as aprotinin, aminoglycosides and polymyxin B (By similarity). In the kidney, mediates the tubular uptake and clearance of leptin (By similarity). Also mediates transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier through endocytosis at the choroid plexus epithelium (By similarity). Endocytosis of leptin in neuronal cells is required for hypothalamic leptin signaling and leptin-mediated regulation of feeding and body weight (By similarity). Mediates endocytosis and subsequent lysosomal degradation of CST3 in kidney proximal tubule cells (By similarity). Mediates renal uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in complex with the vitamin D3 transporter GC/DBP (By similarity). Mediates renal uptake of metallothionein-bound heavy metals (PubMed:15126248). Together with CUBN, mediates renal reabsorption of myoglobin (By similarity). Mediates renal uptake and subsequent lysosomal degradation of APOM (By similarity). Plays a role in kidney selenium homeostasis by mediating renal endocytosis of selenoprotein SEPP1 (By similarity). Mediates renal uptake of the antiapoptotic protein BIRC5/survivin which may be important for functional integrity of the kidney (PubMed:23825075). Mediates renal uptake of matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 in complex with metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP1 (By similarity). Mediates endocytosis of Sonic hedgehog protein N-product (ShhN), the active product of SHH (By similarity). Also mediates ShhN transcytosis (By similarity). In the embryonic neuroepithelium, mediates endocytic uptake and degradation of BMP4, is required for correct SHH localization in the ventral neural tube and plays a role in patterning of the ventral telencephalon (By similarity). Required at the onset of neurulation to sequester SHH on the apical surface of neuroepithelial cells of the rostral diencephalon ventral midline and to control PTCH1-dependent uptake and intracellular trafficking of SHH (By similarity). During neurulation, required in neuroepithelial cells for uptake of folate bound to the folate receptor FOLR1 which is necessary for neural tube closure (By similarity). In the adult brain, negatively regulates BMP signaling in the subependymal zone which enables neurogenesis to proceed (By similarity). In astrocytes, mediates endocytosis of ALB which is required for the synthesis of the neurotrophic factor oleic acid (By similarity). Involved in neurite branching (By similarity). During optic nerve development, required for SHH-mediated migration and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (By similarity). Mediates endocytic uptake and clearance of SHH in the retinal margin which protects retinal progenitor cells from mitogenic stimuli and keeps them quiescent (By similarity). Plays a role in reproductive organ development by mediating uptake in reproductive tissues of androgen and estrogen bound to the sex hormone binding protein SHBG (By similarity). Mediates endocytosis of angiotensin-2 (By similarity). Also mediates endocytosis of angiotensis 1-7 (By similarity). Binds to the complex composed of beta-amyloid protein 40 and CLU/APOJ and mediates its endocytosis and lysosomal degradation (By similarity). Required for embryonic heart development (By similarity). Required for normal hearing, possibly through interaction with estrogen in the inner ear (By similarity)
Specific Function
calcium ion binding
Gene Name
LRP2
Uniprot ID
P98164
Uniprot Name
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2
Molecular Weight
521952.77 Da
References
  1. Moestrup SK, Birn H, Fischer PB, Petersen CM, Verroust PJ, Sim RB, Christensen EI, Nexo E: Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8612-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Confers resistance to anticancer drugs by decreasing accumulation of drug in cells, and by mediating ATP- and GSH-dependent drug export (PubMed:9281595). Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency (PubMed:16230346). Catalyzes the export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from mast cells independently of their degranulation (PubMed:17050692). Participates in inflammatory response by allowing export of leukotriene C4 from leukotriene C4-synthezing cells (By similarity). Mediates ATP-dependent, GSH-independent cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) export (PubMed:36070769). Thus, by limiting intracellular cGAMP concentrations negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway (PubMed:36070769)
Specific Function
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCC1
Uniprot ID
P33527
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Molecular Weight
171589.5 Da
References
  1. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R: Navigating the B(12) road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]
  2. Quadros EV, Sequeira JM: Cellular uptake of cobalamin: transcobalamin and the TCblR/CD320 receptor. Biochimie. 2013 May;95(5):1008-18. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.004. Epub 2013 Feb 14. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 09, 2024 05:50