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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Choline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124739MetabolicCholine is obtained from foods like poultry, meat, fish, dairy and eggs. … TMAO has negative effects on organs such as the heart, kidney and vascular system by contributing to cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and kidney disease.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Dimethylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124873MetabolicDimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. … Betaine aldehyde is the converted to betaine through alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Finally, betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 produces dimethylglycine from betaine.
Drugs: Choline · Methionine · NADH · Zinc · N,N-dimethylglycine · Flavin adenine dinucleotide +1 moreEnzymes: Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126858MetabolicPhenylacetic acid may arise from exposure to styrene (plastic) or through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. … The presence of phenylacetylglycine in urine has been confirmed for dogs, rats and mice. However, the presence of this compound in human urine is controversial.
Drugs: GlycineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Hippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123209MetabolicIt can reduce blood clotting and, in the kidney, inhibit organic acid secretion. It is associated with phenylketonuria, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I (genetic metabolic disorders). … After ingestion and absorption in the gut, benzoic acid is transported into the hepatic liver cell from blood where it undergoes two metabolic reactions.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123227MetabolicPhenyl glucuronide is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123239MetabolicIndoxyl glucuronide is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123300MetabolicKynurenic acid is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, and it also disrupts the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … After being transported into a hepatocyte from portal circulation tryptophan undergoes a reaction with the enzyme tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase to initially form kynurenine and then with a kynurenine aminotransferase
Metabolsim and Physiological Effects of 4-Ethylphenylsulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125541MetabolicIt has also been found to be related to cardiovascular mortality and to cause cell apoptosis. … phenylalanine is consumed through foods such as milk, eggs, cheese, nuts, soybeans, chicken, beef, pork, beans and fish.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Tyrosine · Iron · Oxogluric acid · Propanoic acid +3 moreMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Imidazolepropionic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126521MetabolicHistidine can be obtained from the diet from foods such as meat and dairy and other foods high in protein. ImP is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). … ImP is a metabolite of histidine and it is formed from histidine via a urocanate intermediate in gut microbiota by the enzyme urocanate reductase (urdA).
Drugs: HistidineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of N-Acetylphenylalanine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126720MetabolicN-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. … N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid.
Drugs: Phenylalanine