Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Iron is an essential element commonly used for the treatment of patients with documented iron deficiency.
- Brand Names
- Citranatal B-calm Kit, Citranatal Harmony, Concept Ob, Ferralet 90, Natafort, Vitafol-one
- Generic Name
- Iron
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01592
- Background
A metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. It is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Iron (DB01592)
- Weight
- Average: 55.845
Monoisotopic: 55.934942133 - Chemical Formula
- Fe
- Synonyms
- Carbonyl iron
- Eisen
- Electrolytic iron
- Fe
- fer
- Ferrum
- Ferrum metallicum
- Hierro
- Iron powder
- Iron, carbonyl
- Iron, electrolytic
- Iron, elemental
- Iron, reduced
- Reduced iron
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used in preventing and treating iron-deficiency anemia.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Anemia Combination Product in combination with: Ascorbic acid (DB00126) •••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••• ••••••• Used in combination to manage Anemia post chemotherapy Regimen in combination with: Iron sucrose (DB09146) ••• ••••• ••••••••• Used in combination to treat Iron deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Dextran (DB09255) •••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••••• •• •••• •••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Iron deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Dextran (DB09255) •••••••••••• ••••••••••• •• •••• •••• •••••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Iron deficiency Combination Product in combination with: Dextran (DB09255) •••••••••••• ••••••••••• ••• ••••• •••• •••••••• •••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic and cognition-enhancing activities.
- Mechanism of action
Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency can lead to decreased production of hemoglobin and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
Target Actions Organism AHemoglobin subunit alpha activatorHumans UTransferrin receptor protein 1 Not Available Humans UEgl nine homolog 1 Not Available Humans UHistone deacetylase 8 cofactorHumans UAlpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein Not Available Humans UFrataxin, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UFerritin heavy chain Not Available Humans UFlap endonuclease 1 Not Available Humans UEndonuclease 8-like 1 Not Available Humans UEndonuclease 8-like 2 Not Available Humans UDNA polymerase beta Not Available Humans UCeruloplasmin Not Available Humans USerotransferrin Not Available Humans - Absorption
The efficiency of absorption depends on the salt form, the amount administered, the dosing regimen and the size of iron stores. Subjects with normal iron stores absorb 10% to 35% of an iron dose. Those who are iron deficient may absorb up to 95% of an iron dose.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Acute iron overdosage can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, which occurs up to six hours after ingestion, the principal symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. Other symptoms include hypotension, tachycardia and CNS depression ranging from lethargy to coma. The second phase may occur at 6-24 hours after ingestion and is characterized by a temporary remission. In the third phase, gastrointestinal symptoms recur accompanied by shock, metabolic acidosis, coma, hepatic necrosis and jaundice, hypoglycemia, renal failure and pulmonary edema. The fourth phase may occur several weeks after ingestion and is characterized by gastrointestinal obstruction and liver damage. In a young child, 75 milligrams per kilogram is considered extremely dangerous. A dose of 30 milligrams per kilogram can lead to symptoms of toxicity. Estimates of a lethal dosage range from 180 milligrams per kilogram and upwards. A peak serum iron concentration of five micrograms or more per ml is associated with moderate to severe poisoning in many.
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAlmasilate Almasilate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Iron resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Aluminium phosphate Aluminium phosphate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Iron resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Iron resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Benazepril The risk or severity of adverse effects can be decreased when Iron is combined with Benazepril. Calcium phosphate dihydrate Iron can cause a decrease in the absorption of Calcium phosphate dihydrate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. Many different products contain iron; refer to the product monograph for more specific instruction. Taking iron with food may reduce gastric irritation.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Ferrous cation ionic GW89581OWR 15438-31-0 CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Ed-In-Sol / Fe-40 / Feosol (GlaxoSmithkline) / Feostat / Fer-In-Sol / Feratab (Upsher-Smith) / Ferate / Fergon / Ferralet / Ferretts / Ferro sanol / Ferro-Caps / Ferro-Time / Ferrousal / Siderol / Simron / Slow Fe / Vitedyn-Slo / Yieronia
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Iron Chews Tablet, chewable 15 mg/1 Oral Mayne Pharma Inc. 2009-01-01 2016-12-31 US 
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Chelated Iron 25mg - Caplet Tablet 25 mg Oral Health Wise Nutrition Inc. 1995-12-31 2002-07-18 Canada 
Chelated Iron Supplement - Tab Tablet 18 mg Oral Albion 1996-09-06 2002-09-30 Canada Chelated Iron Tab 25mg Tablet 25 mg Oral Gahler Enterprises Ltd. 1984-12-31 2008-07-17 Canada Fe-chelate Tab Tablet 28 mg Oral Nutri West Products Ltd. 1994-12-31 1997-08-05 Canada Fera Liq 16.7mg/15ml Liquid 16.7 mg / 15 mL Oral Inno Vite Incorporated 1987-12-31 2007-07-31 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Actyform Iron (4.18 mg) + Copper (1 mg) + Magnesium (61.15 mg) + Zinc (9 mg) Capsule Oral Technodiet S.E.N.C. 1999-10-26 2008-08-13 Canada Advanced B & T Formula Iron (1.67 mg) + Ascorbic acid (33.3 mg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Chromium (33.33 mcg) + Copper (0.5 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (6.67 mcg) + Folic acid (0.133 mg) + Magnesium (83.3 mg) + Manganese cation (3.33 mg) + Nicotinamide (6.67 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg) + Phosphorus (100 mg) + Potassium (16.67 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (6.67 mg) + Riboflavin (2.67 mg) + Selenium (33.33 mcg) + Silicon (0.333 mg) + Sodium molybdate (16.67 mcg) + Thiamine (2.67 mg) + Vanadium (8.33 mg) + Vitamin D (66.67 unit) + Zinc (5 mg) Capsule Oral Nutraceutical Corporation Not applicable Not applicable Canada APPETON TEENGROW Iron (10 mg) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg) + Calcium (150 mg) + Cholecalciferol (200 IU) + Copper (0.7 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (6 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Iodine (0.749 mcg) + Magnesium (6.13 mg) + Manganese cation (0.56 mg) + Nicotinamide (20 mg) + Potassium (4.98 mg) + Pyridoxine (4 mg) + Riboflavin (3 mg) + Thiamine (3 mg) + Vitamin A (2500 IU) + Vitamin E (15 IU) + Zinc (0.51 mg) Capsule Oral KOTRA PHARMA (M) SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 2024-06-28 Malaysia 
BiO-LiFE Ginsomin Softgel Capsules Iron (15 mg) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg) + Beta carotene (6 mg) + Calcium phosphate, dibasic (255 mg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (2 µg) + Folic acid (200 µg) + Ginseng (50 mg) + Magnesium (4 mg) + Manganese cation (1 mg) + Nicotinamide (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (6 mg) + Potassium (3.5 µg) + Pyridoxine (2 mg) + Riboflavin (1.5 mg) + Selenium (35 µg) + Thiamine (1.5 mg) + Vitamin D (200 IU) + Vitamin E (15 IU) + Zinc (5 mg) Capsule Oral Mega Lifesciences Indonesia 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia BIOGROW BM Iron (225 mcg) + Aminobenzoic acid (5 mg) + Biotin (150 mcg) + Choline (20 mg) + Chromium (25 mcg) + Copper (25 mcg) + Cyanocobalamin (6 mcg) + Folic acid (250 mcg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Magnesium (5 mg) + Manganese cation (250 mcg) + Molybdenum (5 mcg) + Nicotinamide (25 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Pyridoxine (12.5 mg) + Riboflavin (5 mg) + Thiamine (5 mg) + Zinc (150 mcg) Tablet, film coated Oral UNISON NUTRACEUTICALS SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Active FE Iron (75 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1) Tablet Oral GM Pharmaceuticals, INC 2013-11-11 Not applicable US Active OB Iron (20 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (320 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (30 mg/1) Capsule, liquid filled Oral GM Pharmaceuticals, INC 2013-10-28 2017-03-31 US BioFerr 90 Iron (88.5 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (138 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (16.8 ug/1) + Docusate sodium (55 mg/1) + Ferrous gluconate dihydrate (13.2 mg/1) + Folic acid (1.4 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Biocomp Pharma, Inc. 2014-07-01 Not applicable US BumP DHA Iron (15 mg/1) + Cobamamide (500 mg/1) + Flavin adenine dinucleotide (1 mg/1) + Flavin mononucleotide (2 mg/1) + Leucovorin (1 mg/1) + Levomefolate magnesium (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (125 mg/1) + NADH (25 ug/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (250 ug/1) + Pyridoxal phosphate (5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Zinc glycinate (15 1/1) Capsule Oral Centurion Labs 2017-03-24 2017-04-17 US Cavan Alpha Iron (27 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-07-01 2013-09-30 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- B03AE02 — Iron, multivitamins and folic acid
- B03AE — Iron in other combinations
- B03A — IRON PREPARATIONS
- B03 — ANTIANEMIC PREPARATIONS
- B — BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
- A11AA — Multivitamins with minerals
- A11A — MULTIVITAMINS, COMBINATIONS
- A11 — VITAMINS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- B03AE — Iron in other combinations
- B03A — IRON PREPARATIONS
- B03 — ANTIANEMIC PREPARATIONS
- B — BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
- B03AE — Iron in other combinations
- B03A — IRON PREPARATIONS
- B03 — ANTIANEMIC PREPARATIONS
- B — BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
- Kingdom
- Inorganic compounds
- Super Class
- Homogeneous metal compounds
- Class
- Homogeneous transition metal compounds
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Homogeneous transition metal compounds
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Homogeneous transition metal
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- elemental iron (CHEBI:82664)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- E1UOL152H7
- CAS number
- 7439-89-6
- InChI Key
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fe
- IUPAC Name
- iron
- SMILES
- [Fe]
References
- Synthesis Reference
Walter Lugscheider, Paul Mullner, Wilhelm Schiffer, Alois Leutgob, "Arrangement for producing metals, such as molten pig iron, steel pre-material and ferroalloys." U.S. Patent US4617671, issued 0000.
US4617671- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015531
- KEGG Compound
- C00023
- PubChem Compound
- 23925
- PubChem Substance
- 46509190
- ChemSpider
- 22368
- 262150
- ChEBI
- 18248
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001313
- PharmGKB
- PA450087
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Iron
- FDA label
- Download (100 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (75.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Autism Disorder / Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) / Neurodevelopmental Abnormality 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Development, Child / Fetal Neurodevelopmental Disorder / Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) / Iron Deficiency Anemia of Pregnancy / Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment / Neurodevelopmental Disorder of Foetus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Prevention Blood Donation 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Treatment Hypoferritenemia Without Anemia (HWA) / Iron Deficiency Without Anemia) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Available Not Available Iron Deficiency Anemia of Pregnancy 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Accucaps Industries Ltd.
- Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
- Cardinal Health
- Centrix Pharmaceuticals
- Contract Pharm
- Cypress Pharmaceutical Inc.
- Dayton Pharmaceuticals
- Edwards Pharmaceuticals
- Equipharm Inc.
- Haupt Pharma
- Lehigh Valley Technologies Inc.
- Mallinckrodt Inc.
- Marlop Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Midlothian Labs
- Nature's Bounty
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Provident Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Puretek Corp.
- Rising Pharmaceuticals
- River's Edge Pharmaceuticals
- Roxmar Laboratories
- Seyer Pharmatec Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Solution Oral 6.66 mg Solution Oral 600 mg Tablet Oral 60.27 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 18 mg Kit; tablet; tablet, film coated Oral Solution Intravenous 100 mg Solution Intravenous 10000000 mg Tablet Capsule Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tablet Oral Solution Intravenous 100 mg/5ml Tablet, chewable Oral Tablet Oral 350 mcg Syrup Oral 1 g Tablet Oral 28 mg Solution Oral 50 mg Solution Oral 1.5 g Liquid Oral 16.7 mg / 15 mL Injection Intramuscular 100 mg/2ml Capsule Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg Solution Intramuscular Suspension Oral 30 mg Suspension Oral Gel Oral Capsule, delayed release Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral Solution Intravenous 20 mg Elixir Oral Tablet, coated Oral Capsule Oral 40 mg Tablet Oral 37 mg Tablet, chewable Oral 15 mg/1 Tablet Oral 25 mg / tab Tablet Oral 40 mg Tablet, chewable Oral 100 mg Solution / drops Oral 50 mg/ml Solution Oral 50 mg/ml Syrup Oral 50 mg/5ml Injection, solution Intravenous Solution / drops Oral Solution Oral Powder, for solution Oral Liquid Oral Capsule Oral 50 mg/1 Liquid Oral 15 mg/1mL Syrup Oral Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet Oral Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral 80 mg Tablet, coated Oral Capsule Oral 150 mg/1 Capsule, coated Oral Tablet Oral Patch Topical 0.76 g/1 Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Tablet, effervescent Oral Solution Oral 40 MG/15ML Capsule; kit; tablet, coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 80 mg Kit; tablet; tablet, coated Oral Tablet, chewable Oral 500 mg Capsule; kit; tablet Oral Injection Intravenous 100 mg/5ml Tablet, film coated Oral Capsule, liquid filled; kit Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Kit Oral Suspension Oral 15 mg/1.25mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 mg/1ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Iron chews 15 mg tablet chew 0.29USD tablet Ferrous sulfate 28 mg tablet 0.04USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6667050 No 2003-12-23 2019-04-06 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 1538 °C Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source logP -0.77 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 0 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 0 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 1.78 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9838 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9733 Caco-2 permeable + 0.7354 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.885 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9787 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9858 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9108 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8466 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8259 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.8158 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8807 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9373 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9708 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9553 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.988 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.882 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9633 Carcinogenicity Carcinogens 0.664 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.7326 Rat acute toxicity 2.0135 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9547 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9746
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues
- Specific Function
- heme binding
- Gene Name
- HBA1
- Uniprot ID
- P69905
- Uniprot Name
- Hemoglobin subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 15257.405 Da
References
- Zhou S, Olson JS, Fabian M, Weiss MJ, Gow AJ: Biochemical fates of alpha hemoglobin bound to alpha hemoglobin-stabilizing protein AHSP. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 27;281(43):32611-8. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes (PubMed:26214738). Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system (By similarity). A second ligand, the hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE, competes for binding with transferrin for an overlapping C-terminal binding site. Positively regulates T and B cell proliferation through iron uptake (PubMed:26642240). Acts as a lipid sensor that regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating activation of the JNK pathway (PubMed:26214738). When dietary levels of stearate (C18:0) are low, promotes activation of the JNK pathway, resulting in HUWE1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the mitofusin MFN2 and inhibition of mitochondrial fusion (PubMed:26214738). When dietary levels of stearate (C18:0) are high, TFRC stearoylation inhibits activation of the JNK pathway and thus degradation of the mitofusin MFN2 (PubMed:26214738). Mediates uptake of NICOL1 into fibroblasts where it may regulate extracellular matrix production (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- double-stranded RNA binding
- Gene Name
- TFRC
- Uniprot ID
- P02786
- Uniprot Name
- Transferrin receptor protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 84870.665 Da
References
- Hemadi M, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM: The mechanism of iron release from the transferrin-receptor 1 adduct. J Mol Biol. 2006 May 12;358(4):1125-36. Epub 2006 Mar 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif
- Specific Function
- 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- EGLN1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9GZT9
- Uniprot Name
- Egl nine homolog 1
- Molecular Weight
- 46020.585 Da
References
- Davidson TL, Chen H, Di Toro DM, D'Angelo G, Costa M: Soluble nickel inhibits HIF-prolyl-hydroxylases creating persistent hypoxic signaling in A549 cells. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Jul;45(7):479-89. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748). Also involved in the deacetylation of cohesin complex protein SMC3 regulating release of cohesin complexes from chromatin (PubMed:22885700). May play a role in smooth muscle cell contractility (PubMed:15772115). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription factor binding
- Gene Name
- HDAC8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BY41
- Uniprot Name
- Histone deacetylase 8
- Molecular Weight
- 41757.29 Da
References
- Gantt SL, Gattis SG, Fierke CA: Catalytic activity and inhibition of human histone deacetylase 8 is dependent on the identity of the active site metal ion. Biochemistry. 2006 May 16;45(19):6170-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Acts as a chaperone to prevent the harmful aggregation of alpha-hemoglobin during normal erythroid cell development. Specifically protects free alpha-hemoglobin from precipitation. It is predicted to modulate pathological states of alpha-hemoglobin excess such as beta-thalassemia
- Specific Function
- hemoglobin binding
- Gene Name
- AHSP
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NZD4
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein
- Molecular Weight
- 11840.325 Da
References
- Zhou S, Olson JS, Fabian M, Weiss MJ, Gow AJ: Biochemical fates of alpha hemoglobin bound to alpha hemoglobin-stabilizing protein AHSP. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 27;281(43):32611-8. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Functions as an activator of persulfide transfer to the scaffoding protein ISCU as component of the core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex and participates to the [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly (PubMed:12785837, PubMed:24971490). Accelerates sulfur transfer from NFS1 persulfide intermediate to ISCU and to small thiols such as L-cysteine and glutathione leading to persulfuration of these thiols and ultimately sulfide release (PubMed:24971490). Binds ferrous ion and is released from FXN upon the addition of both L-cysteine and reduced FDX2 during [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly (PubMed:29576242). The core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex is involved in the de novo synthesis of a [2Fe-2S] cluster, the first step of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. This process is initiated by the cysteine desulfurase complex (NFS1:LYRM4:NDUFAB1) that produces persulfide which is delivered on the scaffold protein ISCU in a FXN-dependent manner. Then this complex is stabilized by FDX2 which provides reducing equivalents to accomplish the [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly. Finally, the [2Fe-2S] cluster is transferred from ISCU to chaperone proteins, including HSCB, HSPA9 and GLRX5 (By similarity). May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+); the oligomeric form but not the monomeric form has in vitro ferroxidase activity (PubMed:15641778). May be able to store large amounts of iron in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization; however, the physiological relevance is unsure as reports are conflicting and the function has only been shown using heterologous overexpression systems (PubMed:11823441, PubMed:12755598). May function as an iron chaperone protein that protects the aconitase [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster from disassembly and promotes enzyme reactivation (PubMed:15247478). May play a role as a high affinity iron binding partner for FECH that is capable of both delivering iron to ferrochelatase and mediating the terminal step in mitochondrial heme biosynthesis (PubMed:15123683, PubMed:16239244)
- Specific Function
- 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
- Gene Name
- FXN
- Uniprot ID
- Q16595
- Uniprot Name
- Frataxin, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 23134.895 Da
References
- Bencze KZ, Kondapalli KC, Cook JD, McMahon S, Millan-Pacheco C, Pastor N, Stemmler TL: The structure and function of frataxin. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Sep-Oct;41(5):269-91. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity (PubMed:9003196). Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (PubMed:9003196). Also plays a role in delivery of iron to cells (By similarity). Mediates iron uptake in capsule cells of the developing kidney (By similarity). Delivery to lysosomes is mediated by the cargo receptor NCOA4 for autophagic degradation and release of iron (PubMed:24695223, PubMed:26436293)
- Specific Function
- ferric iron binding
- Gene Name
- FTH1
- Uniprot ID
- P02794
- Uniprot Name
- Ferritin heavy chain
- Molecular Weight
- 21225.47 Da
References
- Toussaint L, Bertrand L, Hue L, Crichton RR, Declercq JP: High-resolution X-ray structures of human apoferritin H-chain mutants correlated with their activity and metal-binding sites. J Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 12;365(2):440-52. Epub 2006 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA
- Specific Function
- 5'-3' exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- FEN1
- Uniprot ID
- P39748
- Uniprot Name
- Flap endonuclease 1
- Molecular Weight
- 42592.635 Da
References
- Hegde ML, Hegde PM, Holthauzen LM, Hazra TK, Rao KS, Mitra S: Specific Inhibition of NEIL-initiated repair of oxidized base damage in human genome by copper and iron: potential etiological linkage to neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 10;285(37):28812-25. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.126664. Epub 2010 Jul 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Acts as a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes damaged bases. Has a preference for oxidized pyrimidines, such as thymine glycol, formamidopyrimidine (Fapy) and 5-hydroxyuracil. Has marginal activity towards 8-oxoguanine. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity and introduces nicks in the DNA strand. Cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates. Has DNA glycosylase/lyase activity towards mismatched uracil and thymine, in particular in U:C and T:C mismatches. Specifically binds 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), suggesting that it acts as a specific reader of 5hmC
- Specific Function
- class I DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- NEIL1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96FI4
- Uniprot Name
- Endonuclease 8-like 1
- Molecular Weight
- 43683.625 Da
References
- Hegde ML, Hegde PM, Holthauzen LM, Hazra TK, Rao KS, Mitra S: Specific Inhibition of NEIL-initiated repair of oxidized base damage in human genome by copper and iron: potential etiological linkage to neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 10;285(37):28812-25. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.126664. Epub 2010 Jul 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Has DNA glycosylase activity towards 5-hydroxyuracil and other oxidized derivatives of cytosine with a preference for mismatched double-stranded DNA (DNA bubbles). Has low or no DNA glycosylase activity towards thymine glycol, 2-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine and 8-oxoguanine. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity and introduces nicks in the DNA strand. Cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates
- Specific Function
- class I DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- NEIL2
- Uniprot ID
- Q969S2
- Uniprot Name
- Endonuclease 8-like 2
- Molecular Weight
- 36826.285 Da
References
- Hegde ML, Hegde PM, Holthauzen LM, Hazra TK, Rao KS, Mitra S: Specific Inhibition of NEIL-initiated repair of oxidized base damage in human genome by copper and iron: potential etiological linkage to neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 10;285(37):28812-25. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.126664. Epub 2010 Jul 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Repair polymerase that plays a key role in base-excision repair (PubMed:10556592, PubMed:9207062, PubMed:9572863). During this process, the damaged base is excised by specific DNA glycosylases, the DNA backbone is nicked at the abasic site by an apurinic/apyrimidic (AP) endonuclease, and POLB removes 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate from the preincised AP site acting as a 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase); through its DNA polymerase activity, it adds one nucleotide to the 3' end of the arising single-nucleotide gap (PubMed:10556592, PubMed:17526740, PubMed:9556598, PubMed:9572863, PubMed:9614142). Conducts 'gap-filling' DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases. It is also able to cleave sugar-phosphate bonds 3' to an intact AP site, acting as an AP lyase (PubMed:9614142)
- Specific Function
- 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity
- Gene Name
- POLB
- Uniprot ID
- P06746
- Uniprot Name
- DNA polymerase beta
- Molecular Weight
- 38177.34 Da
References
- Hegde ML, Hegde PM, Holthauzen LM, Hazra TK, Rao KS, Mitra S: Specific Inhibition of NEIL-initiated repair of oxidized base damage in human genome by copper and iron: potential etiological linkage to neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 10;285(37):28812-25. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.126664. Epub 2010 Jul 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane (PubMed:16150804). Copper ions provide a large number of enzymatic activites. Oxidizes highly toxic ferrous ions to the ferric state for further incorporation onto apo-transferrins, catalyzes Cu(+) oxidation and promotes the oxidation of biogenic amines such as norepinephrin and serotonin (PubMed:14623105, PubMed:4643313, PubMed:5912351). Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 (By similarity). Has glutathione peroxidase-like activity, can remove both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in the presence of thiols (PubMed:10481051). Also shows NO-oxidase and NO2 synthase activities that determine endocrine NO homeostasis (PubMed:16906150)
- Specific Function
- copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- CP
- Uniprot ID
- P00450
- Uniprot Name
- Ceruloplasmin
- Molecular Weight
- 122218.48 Da
References
- Ha-Duong NT, Eid C, Hemadi M, El Hage Chahine JM: In vitro interaction between ceruloplasmin and human serum transferrin. Biochemistry. 2010 Dec 7;49(48):10261-3. doi: 10.1021/bi1014503. Epub 2010 Nov 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- TF
- Uniprot ID
- P02787
- Uniprot Name
- Serotransferrin
- Molecular Weight
- 77049.175 Da
References
- Ha-Duong NT, Eid C, Hemadi M, El Hage Chahine JM: In vitro interaction between ceruloplasmin and human serum transferrin. Biochemistry. 2010 Dec 7;49(48):10261-3. doi: 10.1021/bi1014503. Epub 2010 Nov 9. [Article]
Drug created at August 29, 2007 16:01 / Updated at October 21, 2024 08:50