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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Beta-Alanine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126732MetabolicIt is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5), which itself is a component of coenzyme A. … It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indolelactic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126749MetabolicIndolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. … Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 1-Methylhistidine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126760MetabolicThe average concentration of 1-methylhistidine in human blood plasma has been detected and quantified at 12.7 micromolar (uM) with a range of 9.8-15.6 uM. … Approximately 75% of 1-methylhistidine in the human body is estimated to originate from skeletal muscle (3MH/1MH switch - PMID: 32235743 ).
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Vanillic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126881MetabolicVanillic acid is a metabolic byproduct of caffeic acid and is often found in the urine of humans who have consumed coffee, chocolate, tea, and vanilla-flavoured confectionary. … Vanillic acid is a phenolic acid found in some forms of vanilla and many other plant extracts. It is a flavouring and scent agent that produces a pleasant, creamy odour.
Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2a and Adenosine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000320SignalingThe A2A receptor is also expressed in the brain, where it has important roles in the regulation of glutamate and dopamine release.
Drugs: ATP · Adenosine · Magnesium cation · Zinc · Cyclic adenosine monophosphate · Pyrophosphoric acidEnzymes: Transcription factor AP-1, Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Intracellular Signalling Through Histamine H2 Receptor and Histamine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000335SignalingHistamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that is involved in local immune responses and it is a neurotransmitter for brain. … Histamine can mediate various actions by interacting with histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4).
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl glucoside (indican)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124742MetabolicIt is also shown to cause vascular calcification and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … Indoxyl glucoside (indican) is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a sulfation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Phsyiological Effects of Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124747MetabolicL-arginine is obtained from protein-rich foods like red meat, poultry, dairy and eggs. It is absorbed in the intestine to the blood. … This elevates blood pressure, causes vasoconstriction, impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation, and increases endothelial cell adhesiveness.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124764MetabolicL-arginine is obtained from protein-rich foods like red meat, poultry, dairy and eggs. It is absorbed in the intestine to the blood. … It enters cells in the body and is metabolized to SDMA via the enzyme protein arginine methyltransferase-5 or protein arginine methyltransferase-7.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of β-Hydroxybutyric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126987Metabolicelectron transport chain and other redox reactions. β-Hydroxybutyrate is the most abundant of the ketone bodies, followed by acetoacetate and finally acetone … Ketone synthesis in the liver produces acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from two acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism.