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Identification
- Generic Name
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB02527
- Background
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Structure
Structure for Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DB02527)
- Weight
- Average: 329.2059
Monoisotopic: 329.052519653 - Chemical Formula
- C10H12N5O6P
- Synonyms
- 3',5'-cyclic AMP
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate
- AMPC
- cAMP
- Cyclic adenylic acid
- Cyclic AMP
- External IDs
- NSC-143670
- NSC-94017
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism UPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 Not Available Humans UcAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit Not Available Humans UcAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit Not Available Humans UcAMP-activated global transcriptional regulator CRP Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UAdenylate cyclase Not Available Anabaena sp. UCyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel mll3241 Not Available Rhizobium loti (strain MAFF303099) - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcetazolamide The excretion of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be decreased when combined with Acetazolamide. Acetylsalicylic acid The excretion of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be decreased when combined with Acetylsalicylic acid. Acyclovir The excretion of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir. Adefovir dipivoxil The excretion of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be decreased when combined with Adefovir dipivoxil. Aminohippuric acid The excretion of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be decreased when combined with Aminohippuric acid. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides. These are purine nucleotides in which the oxygen atoms linked to the C3 and C5 carbon atoms of the ribose moiety are both bonded the same phosphorus atom of the phosphate group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
- Class
- Purine nucleotides
- Sub Class
- Cyclic purine nucleotides
- Direct Parent
- 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides
- Alternative Parents
- Pentose phosphates / Glycosylamines / 6-aminopurines / Monosaccharide phosphates / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Imidolactams / Organic phosphoric acids and derivatives / N-substituted imidazoles / Tetrahydrofurans / Heteroaromatic compounds show 7 more
- Substituents
- 3',5'-cyclic purine ribonucleotide / 6-aminopurine / Alcohol / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Glycosyl compound / Heteroaromatic compound show 23 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide, adenyl ribonucleotide (CHEBI:17489) / 3',5'-Cyclic nuclcleotides (C00575)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- E0399OZS9N
- CAS number
- 60-92-4
- InChI Key
- IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one
- SMILES
- NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@@H]4COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]4[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Shigehiro Kataoka, Ayako Nasu, Nobuyuki Yamaji, Motohiko Kato, "Process for preparation of N.sup.6 -substituted 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and salt thereof." U.S. Patent US4751293, issued July, 1984.
US4751293- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000058
- KEGG Compound
- C00575
- PubChem Compound
- 6076
- PubChem Substance
- 46508991
- ChemSpider
- 5851
- BindingDB
- 10851
- 1314330
- ChEBI
- 17489
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL316966
- ZINC
- ZINC000003873977
- PDBe Ligand
- CMP
- Wikipedia
- Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate
- PDB Entries
- 1cgp / 1cx4 / 1g6n / 1hw5 / 1i5z / 1i6x / 1j59 / 1lb2 / 1lpc / 1nhk … show 137 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 219-220 °C PhysProp logP -2.96 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 3.58 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.3 ALOGPS logP -3.4 Chemaxon logS -2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.83 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.94 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 8 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 154.84 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 70.29 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 28.42 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9052 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9159 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6931 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.7464 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8988 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9787 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9284 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8462 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8381 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9169 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9295 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9146 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9319 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7116 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9182 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9822 Rat acute toxicity 2.3314 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9821 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8361
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 181.0194212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 180.6046212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 180.2379212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 180.4967212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 157.68968 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 181.9604212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 180.9515212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 180.8979212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 180.7946212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 160.00285 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 181.6395212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 180.5679212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 180.9689212 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 165.91539 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Hyperpolarization-activated ion channel that is permeable to sodium and potassium ions. Displays lower selectivity for K(+) over Na(+) ions (PubMed:10228147, PubMed:22006928). Contributes to the native pacemaker currents in heart (If) and in neurons (Ih) (PubMed:10228147, PubMed:10524219). Can also transport ammonium in the distal nephron (By similarity). Involved in the initiation of neuropathic pain in sensory neurons (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cAMP binding
- Gene Name
- HCN2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UL51
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2
- Molecular Weight
- 96949.43 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells
- Specific Function
- cAMP binding
- Gene Name
- PRKAR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P10644
- Uniprot Name
- cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 42981.28 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase
- Specific Function
- cAMP binding
- Gene Name
- PRKAR2B
- Uniprot ID
- P31323
- Uniprot Name
- cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 46301.685 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- A global transcription regulator, which plays a major role in carbon catabolite repression (CCR) as well as other processes. Binds cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site overlap, CRP making multiple contacts with RNAP. Class III promoters require multiple activator molecules, including at least one CRP dimer. CRP can act as an activator, repressor, coactivator or corepressor. Induces a severe bend in DNA (about 87 degrees), bringing upstream promoter elements into contact with RNAP. Acts as a negative regulator of its own synthesis as well as for adenylate cyclase (cyaA), which generates cAMP. High levels of active CRP are detrimental to growth (PubMed:16260780). In CCR it prevents expression of genes involved in catabolism of nonpreferred carbon sources when glucose is present. CCR involves cAMP, adenylate cyclase (cyaA), CRP and the EIIA-Glc component of the PTS (crr). In the presence of glucose, EIIA-Glc is dephosphorylated, and does not activate adenylate cyclase, leading to reduced cAMP and thus decreased CRP activity. When glucose is absent cAMP binds to CRP, upregulating expression of genes involved in the consumption of non-glucose carbon sources. Also plays a role in many other processes (see PubMed:22573269).
- Specific Function
- cAMP binding
- Gene Name
- crp
- Uniprot ID
- P0ACJ8
- Uniprot Name
- cAMP-activated global transcriptional regulator CRP
- Molecular Weight
- 23640.275 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Anabaena sp.
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- adenylate cyclase activity
- Gene Name
- cyaB2
- Uniprot ID
- P94182
- Uniprot Name
- Adenylate cyclase
- Molecular Weight
- 96773.905 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Rhizobium loti (strain MAFF303099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cyclic nucleotide-regulated potassium channel activated by cAMP.
- Specific Function
- cAMP binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q98GN8
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel mll3241
- Molecular Weight
- 37735.0 Da
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds and xenobiotics from cells. Transports a range of endogenous molecules that have a key role in cellular communication and signaling, including cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), bile acids, steroid conjugates, urate, and prostaglandins (PubMed:11856762, PubMed:12523936, PubMed:12835412, PubMed:12883481, PubMed:15364914, PubMed:15454390, PubMed:16282361, PubMed:17959747, PubMed:18300232, PubMed:26721430). Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 (PubMed:17959747). Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) (PubMed:12523936, PubMed:12883481, PubMed:16282361). Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules (PubMed:11856762, PubMed:12105214, PubMed:15454390, PubMed:17344354, PubMed:18300232). Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate (PubMed:11106685)
- Specific Function
- 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC4
- Uniprot ID
- O15439
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 149525.33 Da
References
- Chen ZS, Lee K, Kruh GD: Transport of cyclic nucleotides and estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide by multidrug resistance protein 4. Resistance to 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 7;276(36):33747-54. Epub 2001 Jul 10. [Article]
- van Aubel RA, Smeets PH, Peters JG, Bindels RJ, Russel FG: The MRP4/ABCC4 gene encodes a novel apical organic anion transporter in human kidney proximal tubules: putative efflux pump for urinary cAMP and cGMP. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Mar;13(3):595-603. [Article]
- Chen ZS, Lee K, Walther S, Raftogianis RB, Kuwano M, Zeng H, Kruh GD: Analysis of methotrexate and folate transport by multidrug resistance protein 4 (ABCC4): MRP4 is a component of the methotrexate efflux system. Cancer Res. 2002 Jun 1;62(11):3144-50. [Article]
- Lai L, Tan TM: Role of glutathione in the multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4)-mediated efflux of cAMP and resistance to purine analogues. Biochem J. 2002 Feb 1;361(Pt 3):497-503. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds, and xenobiotics from cells. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of endogenous metabolites such as cAMP and cGMP, folic acid and N-lactoyl-amino acids (in vitro) (PubMed:10893247, PubMed:12637526, PubMed:12695538, PubMed:15899835, PubMed:17229149, PubMed:25964343). Acts also as a general glutamate conjugate and analog transporter that can limit the brain levels of endogenous metabolites, drugs, and toxins (PubMed:26515061). Confers resistance to the antiviral agent PMEA (PubMed:12695538). Able to transport several anticancer drugs including methotrexate, and nucleotide analogs in vitro, however it does with low affinity, thus the exact role of ABCC5 in mediating resistance still needs to be elucidated (PubMed:10840050, PubMed:12435799, PubMed:12695538, PubMed:15899835). Acts as a heme transporter required for the translocation of cytosolic heme to the secretory pathway (PubMed:24836561). May play a role in energy metabolism by regulating the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion from enteroendocrine cells (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC5
- Uniprot ID
- O15440
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 160658.8 Da
References
- Jedlitschky G, Burchell B, Keppler D: The multidrug resistance protein 5 functions as an ATP-dependent export pump for cyclic nucleotides. J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 29;275(39):30069-74. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds and xenobiotics from cells. Plays a role in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids and cyclic nucleotides, including cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:12764137, PubMed:15537867). Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of a range of physiological lipophilic anions, including the glutathione S-conjugates leukotriene C4 and dinitrophenyl S-glutathione, steroid sulfates, such as dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS) and estrone 3-sulfate, glucuronides such as estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG), the monoanionic bile acids glycocholate and taurocholate, and methotrexate (PubMed:15537867, PubMed:16359813, PubMed:25896536). Plays a role in the transport of earwax components (PubMed:16444273, PubMed:19383836). Participates in the secretion of odorants and their precursors from the apocrine sweat glands, including the secretion of glutamine conjugates, as well as the Cys-Gly-(S) conjugates of 3-methyl-3-sulfanyl-hexanol (PubMed:19710689). Involved in the cellular extrusion of nucleotide analogs, hence confering resistance to various drugs, including clinically relevant drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and methotrexate (PubMed:12764137, PubMed:15537867, PubMed:25896536)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type bile acid transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC11
- Uniprot ID
- Q96J66
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 154299.625 Da
References
- Chen ZS, Guo Y, Belinsky MG, Kotova E, Kruh GD: Transport of bile acids, sulfated steroids, estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide, and leukotriene C4 by human multidrug resistance protein 8 (ABCC11). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;67(2):545-57. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [Article]
- Guo Y, Kotova E, Chen ZS, Lee K, Hopper-Borge E, Belinsky MG, Kruh GD: MRP8, ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11), is a cyclic nucleotide efflux pump and a resistance factor for fluoropyrimidines 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 9'-(2'-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):29509-14. Epub 2003 May 22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:11907186, PubMed:14675047, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370, PubMed:28534121, PubMed:9950961). Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine (PubMed:9887087). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion (PubMed:11907186). Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:26377792). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). May transport glutamate (PubMed:26377792). Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:14675047). Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate (PubMed:14675047, PubMed:26377792). Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) (PubMed:11669456). May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Sekine T, Watanabe N, Hosoyamada M, Kanai Y, Endou H: Expression cloning and characterization of a novel multispecific organic anion transporter. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 25;272(30):18526-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15644426, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804, PubMed:31553721). Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:15864504, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (PubMed:11306713, PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (PubMed:26377792). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule (PubMed:11907186). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside (PubMed:15644426). May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (PubMed:14675047). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (PubMed:15864504). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Organic anion transporter 3
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as a Na(+)-independent bidirectional multispecific transporter (PubMed:11327718, PubMed:18216183, PubMed:21446918, PubMed:28945155). Contributes to the renal and hepatic elimination of endogenous organic compounds from the systemic circulation into the urine and bile, respectively (PubMed:11327718, PubMed:25904762). Capable of transporting a wide range of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides, with cGMP, 2'deoxyguanosine and GMP being the preferred substrates (PubMed:11327718, PubMed:18216183, PubMed:26377792, PubMed:28945155). Functions as a pH- and chloride-independent cGMP bidirectional facilitative transporter that can regulate both intracellular and extracellular levels of cGMP and may be involved in cGMP signaling pathways (PubMed:18216183, PubMed:26377792). Mediates orotate/glutamate bidirectional exchange and most likely display a physiological role in hepatic release of glutamate into the blood (PubMed:21446918). Involved in renal secretion and possible reabsorption of creatinine (PubMed:25904762, PubMed:28945155). Able to uptake prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and may contribute to PGE2 renal excretion (Probable). Also transports alpha-ketoglutarate and urate (PubMed:11327718, PubMed:26377792). Apart from the orotate/glutamate exchange, the counterions for the uptake of other SLC22A7/OAT2 substrates remain to be identified (PubMed:26377792)
- Specific Function
- alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y694
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 7
- Molecular Weight
- 60025.025 Da
References
- Sun W, Wu RR, van Poelje PD, Erion MD: Isolation of a family of organic anion transporters from human liver and kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 May 4;283(2):417-22. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at July 02, 2020 13:18