Lauric acid
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Identification
- Generic Name
- Lauric acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB03017
- Background
Lauric acid is an inexpensive, non-toxic and safe to handle compound often used in laboratory investigations of melting-point depression. Lauric acid is a solid at room temperature but melts easily in boiling water, so liquid lauric acid can be treated with various solutes and used to determine their molecular masses.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Experimental
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 200.3178
Monoisotopic: 200.177630012 - Chemical Formula
- C12H24O2
- Synonyms
- 1-undecanecarboxylic acid
- ABL
- C12 fatty acid
- C12:0
- Coconut oil fatty acids
- DAO
- Dodecanoic acid
- Dodecoic acid
- Dodecylcarboxylate
- Dodecylic acid
- Duodecyclic acid
- Duodecylic acid
- Laurinsäure
- Laurostearic acid
- n-dodecanoic acid
- Undecane-1-carboxylic acid
- Vulvic acid
- External IDs
- FEMA No. 2614
- L4250_SIGMA
- L556_ALDRICH
- NSC-5026
- Prifrac 2920
- Univol U-314
- Wecoline 1295
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
- Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
Pathway Category Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Metabolic Beta Oxidation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids Metabolic Mitochondrial Beta-Oxidation of Medium Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Metabolic Adrenoleukodystrophy, X-Linked Disease Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser Lauric acid (6.30 g/90mL) + Palmitic Acid (11.16 g/90mL) + Stearic acid (6.84 g/90mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (0.04 g/1.5mL) + Palmitic Acid (0.16 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Myristic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Palmitic Acid (0.25 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.07 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (5.25 g/150mL) + Palmitic Acid (22.35 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (11.40 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Myristic acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Palmitic Acid (16.50 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (6.45 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser Lauric acid (6.30 g/90mL) + Palmitic Acid (11.16 g/90mL) + Stearic acid (6.84 g/90mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (0.04 g/1.5mL) + Palmitic Acid (0.16 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Myristic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Palmitic Acid (0.25 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.07 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (5.25 g/150mL) + Palmitic Acid (22.35 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (11.40 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Lauric acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Myristic acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Palmitic Acid (16.50 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (6.45 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Fatty Acyls
- Sub Class
- Fatty acids and conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Medium-chain fatty acids
- Alternative Parents
- Straight chain fatty acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Medium-chain fatty acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- medium-chain fatty acid, straight-chain saturated fatty acid (CHEBI:30805) / Straight chain fatty acids, Saturated fatty acids (C02679) / Straight chain fatty acids (LMFA01010012)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 1160N9NU9U
- CAS number
- 143-07-7
- InChI Key
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C12H24O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12(13)14/h2-11H2,1H3,(H,13,14)
- IUPAC Name
- dodecanoic acid
- SMILES
- CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000638
- KEGG Compound
- C02679
- PubChem Compound
- 3893
- PubChem Substance
- 46505943
- ChemSpider
- 3756
- BindingDB
- 50180948
- 1363435
- ChEBI
- 30805
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL108766
- ZINC
- ZINC000001529498
- PDBe Ligand
- DAO
- Wikipedia
- Lauric_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1aym / 1ayn / 1e7f / 1ek4 / 1fk1 / 1fpn / 1hzp / 1m7w / 1ma0 / 1qff … show 88 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Liquid Topical Injectable foam Topical Capsule, liquid filled Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 43.2 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) 298.9 °C PhysProp water solubility 4.81 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP 4.60 SANGSTER (1993) logS -4.62 ADME Research, USCD pKa 5.3 (at 20 °C) SERJEANT,EP & DEMPSEY,B (1979) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00997 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 5.13 ALOGPS logP 4.48 Chemaxon logS -4.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.95 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 37.3 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 10 Chemaxon Refractivity 58.68 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 25.85 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9888 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9488 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8326 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6321 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9598 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9277 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9266 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7886 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8956 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6982 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8326 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8808 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9554 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9578 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9484 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9647 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9865 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6452 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.8795 Rat acute toxicity 1.3275 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9322 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8868
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (â„«2) Source type Source [M-H]- 165.226551 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 161.5065587 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 164.960951 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 147.80946 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 151.62924 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 160.43999 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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1. DetailsToll-like receptor 4
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transmembrane receptor that functions as a pattern recognition receptor recognizing pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) to induce innate immune responses via downstream signaling pathways (PubMed:10835634, PubMed:15809303, PubMed:16622205, PubMed:17292937, PubMed:17478729, PubMed:20037584, PubMed:20711192, PubMed:23880187, PubMed:27022195, PubMed:29038465). At the plasma membrane, cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (PubMed:27022195). Also involved in LPS-independent inflammatory responses triggered by free fatty acids, such as palmitate, and Ni(2+) (PubMed:20711192). Mechanistically, acts via MYD88, TIRAP and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response (PubMed:10835634, PubMed:21393102, PubMed:27022195, PubMed:36945827, PubMed:9237759). Alternatively, CD14-mediated TLR4 internalization via endocytosis is associated with the initiation of a MYD88-independent signaling via the TICAM1-TBK1-IRF3 axis leading to type I interferon production (PubMed:14517278). In addition to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, initiates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and formation of a positive feedback loop between autophagy and NF-kappa-B signaling cascade (PubMed:32894580). In complex with TLR6, promotes inflammation in monocytes/macrophages by associating with TLR6 and the receptor CD86 (PubMed:23880187). Upon ligand binding, such as oxLDL or amyloid-beta 42, the TLR4:TLR6 complex is internalized and triggers inflammatory response, leading to NF-kappa-B-dependent production of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL9 cytokines, via MYD88 signaling pathway, and CCL5 cytokine, via TICAM1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23880187). In myeloid dendritic cells, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G but not LPS promotes the activation of IRF7, leading to type I IFN production in a CD14-dependent manner (PubMed:15265881, PubMed:23880187). Required for the migration-promoting effects of ZG16B/PAUF on pancreatic cancer cells
- Specific Function
- amyloid-beta binding
- Gene Name
- TLR4
- Uniprot ID
- O00206
- Uniprot Name
- Toll-like receptor 4
- Molecular Weight
- 95679.19 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
2. DetailsLactotransferrin
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- LTF
- Uniprot ID
- P02788
- Uniprot Name
- Lactotransferrin
- Molecular Weight
- 78181.225 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
3. DetailsPhospholipase A2, membrane associated
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids with implications in host antimicrobial defense, inflammatory response and tissue regeneration (PubMed:10455175, PubMed:10681567, PubMed:2925633). Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity) with preference for phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylcholines (PubMed:10455175, PubMed:10681567). Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane (PubMed:10358193, PubMed:11694541). Upon sterile inflammation, targets membrane phospholipids of extracellular mitochondria released from activated platelets, generating free unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonate that is used by neighboring leukocytes to synthesize inflammatory eicosanoids such as leukotrienes. Simultaneously, by compromising mitochondrial membrane integrity, promotes the release in circulation of potent damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that activate the innate immune response (PubMed:25082876). Plays a stem cell regulator role in the intestinal crypt. Within intracellular compartment mediates Paneth cell differentiation and its stem cell supporting functions by inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal stem cell (ICS). Secreted in the intestinal lumen upon inflammation, acts in an autocrine way and promotes prostaglandin E2 synthesis that stimulates Wnt signaling pathway in ICS cells and tissue regeneration (By similarity). May play a role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl ethanolamines that regulate energy metabolism and inflammation. Hydrolyzes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines to N-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamines, which are further cleaved by a lysophospholipase D to release N-acyl ethanolamines (PubMed:14998370). Independent of its catalytic activity, acts as a ligand for integrins (PubMed:18635536, PubMed:25398877). Binds to and activates integrins ITGAV:ITGB3, ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1 (PubMed:18635536, PubMed:25398877). Binds to a site (site 2) which is distinct from the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) and induces integrin conformational changes and enhanced ligand binding to site 1 (PubMed:25398877). Induces cell proliferation in an integrin-dependent manner (PubMed:18635536)
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- PLA2G2A
- Uniprot ID
- P14555
- Uniprot Name
- Phospholipase A2, membrane associated
- Molecular Weight
- 16082.525 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
4. DetailsGenome polyprotein
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HRV-16
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Capsid protein VP1 Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 (By similarity). The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 mainly forms the vertices of the capsid (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host cell receptor to provide virion attachment to target host cells (By similarity). This attachment induces virion internalization (By similarity). Tyrosine kinases are probably involved in the entry process (By similarity). After binding to its receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized (By similarity). Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q82122
- Uniprot Name
- Genome polyprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 242242.05 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
5. DetailsGenome polyprotein
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HRV-1A
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Capsid protein VP1 Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 (By similarity). The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 mainly forms the vertices of the capsid (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host cell receptor to provide virion attachment to target host cells (By similarity). This attachment induces virion internalization (By similarity). Tyrosine kinases are probably involved in the entry process (By similarity). After binding to its receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized (By similarity). Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P23008
- Uniprot Name
- Genome polyprotein
- Molecular Weight
- Not Available
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
6. DetailsGenome polyprotein
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HRV-2
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Capsid protein VP1 Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 (By similarity). The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 mainly forms the vertices of the capsid (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host cell receptor to provide virion attachment to target host cells (By similarity). This attachment induces virion internalization (By similarity). Tyrosine kinases are probably involved in the entry process (By similarity). After binding to its receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes (By similarity). Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized (By similarity). Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P04936
- Uniprot Name
- Genome polyprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 241975.505 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
7. DetailsHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transcriptional regulator which controls the expression of hepatic genes during the transition of endodermal cells to hepatic progenitor cells, facilitating the recruitment of RNA pol II to the promoters of target genes (PubMed:30597922). Activates the transcription of CYP2C38 (By similarity). Represses the CLOCK-BMAL1 transcriptional activity and is essential for circadian rhythm maintenance and period regulation in the liver and colon cells (PubMed:30530698)
- Specific Function
- chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- HNF4A
- Uniprot ID
- P41235
- Uniprot Name
- Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 52784.205 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
8. DetailsVery low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional cell surface receptor that binds VLDL and transports it into cells by endocytosis and therefore plays an important role in energy metabolism. Binds also to a wide range of other molecules including Reelin/RELN or apolipoprotein E/APOE-containing ligands as well as clusterin/CLU (PubMed:24381170, PubMed:30873003). In the off-state of the pathway, forms homooligomers or heterooligomers with LRP8 (PubMed:30873003). Upon binding to ligands, homooligomers are rearranged to higher order receptor clusters that transmit the extracellular RELN signal to intracellular signaling processes by binding to DAB1 (PubMed:30873003). This interaction results in phosphorylation of DAB1 leading to the ultimate cell responses required for the correct positioning of newly generated neurons. Later, mediates a stop signal for migrating neurons, preventing them from entering the marginal zone (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- apolipoprotein binding
- Gene Name
- VLDLR
- Uniprot ID
- P98155
- Uniprot Name
- Very low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 96097.45 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
9. DetailsGlycolipid transfer protein
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Accelerates the intermembrane transfer of various glycolipids. Catalyzes the transfer of various glycosphingolipids between membranes but does not catalyze the transfer of phospholipids. May be involved in the intracellular translocation of glucosylceramides
- Specific Function
- ceramide 1-phosphate binding
- Gene Name
- GLTP
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NZD2
- Uniprot Name
- Glycolipid transfer protein
- Molecular Weight
- 23849.6 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
10. Details3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the type II fatty acid elongation cycle (PubMed:6988423, PubMed:9013860). Catalyzes the elongation of a wide range of acyl-ACP by the addition of two carbons from malonyl-ACP to an acyl acceptor (PubMed:22017312, PubMed:9013860). Can efficiently catalyze the conversion of palmitoleoyl-ACP (cis-hexadec-9-enoyl-ACP) to cis-vaccenoyl-ACP (cis-octadec-11-enoyl-ACP), an essential step in the thermal regulation of fatty acid composition (PubMed:6988423, PubMed:9013860). Can use acyl chains from C-6 to C-16 (PubMed:22017312, PubMed:9013860). Is able to catalyze the condensation reaction when CoA is the carrier for both substrates (PubMed:22017312).
- Specific Function
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity
- Gene Name
- fabF
- Uniprot ID
- P0AAI5
- Uniprot Name
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 43045.39 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
11. DetailsProtein TonB
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Interacts with outer membrane receptor proteins that carry out high-affinity binding and energy dependent uptake into the periplasmic space of specific substrates such as cobalamin, and various iron compounds (such as iron dicitrate, enterochelin, aerobactin, etc.). In the absence of TonB these receptors bind their substrates but do not carry out active transport. TonB also interacts with some colicins and is involved in the energy-dependent, irreversible steps of bacteriophages phi 80 and T1 infection. It could act to transduce energy from the cytoplasmic membrane to specific energy-requiring processes in the outer membrane, resulting in the release into the periplasm of ligands bound by these outer membrane proteins. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment (PubMed:20005847).
- Specific Function
- energy transducer activity
- Gene Name
- tonB
- Uniprot ID
- P02929
- Uniprot Name
- Protein TonB
- Molecular Weight
- 26094.07 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
12. DetailsComplement component C8 gamma chain
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- C8 is a constituent of the membrane attack complex. C8 binds to the C5B-7 complex, forming the C5B-8 complex. C5-B8 binds C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9. The gamma subunit seems to be able to bind retinol
- Specific Function
- complement binding
- Gene Name
- C8G
- Uniprot ID
- P07360
- Uniprot Name
- Complement component C8 gamma chain
- Molecular Weight
- 22277.285 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
13. DetailsGroup IID secretory phospholipase A2
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular lipids, exerting anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions (PubMed:10455175, PubMed:10681567). Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity) with preference for phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylcholines (PubMed:10455175). In draining lymph nodes, selectively hydrolyzes diacyl and alkenyl forms of phosphatidylethanolamines, releasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate that are precursors of the anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, resolvins (By similarity). During the resolution phase of acute inflammation drives docosahexaenoate-derived resolvin D1 synthesis, which suppresses dendritic cell activation and T-helper 1 immune response (By similarity). May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner (By similarity). Via a mechanism independent of its catalytic activity, promotes differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and participates in the maintenance of immune tolerance (By similarity). May contribute to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- PLA2G2D
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNK4
- Uniprot Name
- Group IID secretory phospholipase A2
- Molecular Weight
- 16546.1 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
14. DetailsAcyl-homoserine lactone acylase PvdQ
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the deacylation of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL or acyl-HSL), releasing homoserine lactone (HSL) and the corresponding fatty acid. Possesses a specificity for the degradation of long-chain acyl-HSLs (side chains of 11 to 14 carbons in length). Degrades 3-oxo-C12-HSL, one of the two main AHL signal molecules of P.aeruginosa, and thereby functions as a quorum quencher, inhibiting the las quorum-sensing system. Therefore, may enable P.aeruginosa to modulate its own quorum-sensing-dependent pathogenic potential. Also appears to be required for pyoverdin biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides
- Gene Name
- pvdQ
- Uniprot ID
- Q9I194
- Uniprot Name
- Acyl-homoserine lactone acylase PvdQ
- Molecular Weight
- 84039.305 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
15. DetailsLymphocyte antigen 96
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (PubMed:17569869, PubMed:17803912). Cooperates with TLR4 in the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and with TLR2 in the response to cell wall components from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11160242, PubMed:11593030). Enhances TLR4-dependent activation of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:10359581). Cells expressing both LY96 and TLR4, but not TLR4 alone, respond to LPS (PubMed:10359581)
- Specific Function
- coreceptor activity
- Gene Name
- LY96
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6Y9
- Uniprot Name
- Lymphocyte antigen 96
- Molecular Weight
- 18545.345 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as a transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2. May be required for the propagation of clock information to metabolic pathways regulated by PER2
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- PPARA
- Uniprot ID
- Q07869
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 52224.595 Da
References
- Murakami K, Ide T, Suzuki M, Mochizuki T, Kadowaki T: Evidence for direct binding of fatty acids and eicosanoids to human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):609-13. [Article]
17. DetailsFerrichrome-iron receptor
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the uptake of iron in complex with ferrichrome, a hydroxamate-type siderophore. Binds and transports ferrichrome-iron across the outer membrane (PubMed:1089064, PubMed:2066336). In addition to its role in ferrichrome-iron transport, transports the antibiotic albomycin, which is a structural analog of ferrichrome, and acts as a receptor for colicin M, microcin J25 and bacteriophages T1, T5, phi80 and UC-1 (PubMed:1089064, PubMed:2066336, PubMed:353030, PubMed:8617231). The energy source, which is required for all FhuA functions except infection by phage T5, is provided by the inner membrane TonB system (PubMed:12427941, PubMed:353030, PubMed:9353297).
- Specific Function
- iron ion binding
- Gene Name
- fhuA
- Uniprot ID
- P06971
- Uniprot Name
- Ferrichrome-iron receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 82181.75 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
18. DetailsGanglioside GM2 activator
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- The large binding pocket can accommodate several single chain phospholipids and fatty acids, GM2A also exhibits some calcium-independent phospholipase activity (By similarity). Binds gangliosides and stimulates ganglioside GM2 degradation. It stimulates only the breakdown of ganglioside GM2 and glycolipid GA2 by beta-hexosaminidase A. It extracts single GM2 molecules from membranes and presents them in soluble form to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3 (By similarity). Has cholesterol transfer activity (PubMed:17552909)
- Specific Function
- beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
- Gene Name
- GM2A
- Uniprot ID
- P17900
- Uniprot Name
- Ganglioside GM2 activator
- Molecular Weight
- 20838.1 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
19. DetailsAlcohol dehydrogenase class-3
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione (PubMed:8460164). Also oxidizes long chain omega-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 20-HETE, producing both the intermediate aldehyde, 20-oxoarachidonate and the end product, a dicarboxylic acid, (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenedioate (PubMed:16081420). Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol (PubMed:8460164). Required for clearance of cellular formaldehyde, a cytotoxic and carcinogenic metabolite that induces DNA damage (PubMed:33355142). Also acts as a S-nitroso-glutathione reductase by catalyzing the NADH-dependent reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione, thereby regulating protein S-nitrosylation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity, zinc-dependent
- Gene Name
- ADH5
- Uniprot ID
- P11766
- Uniprot Name
- Alcohol dehydrogenase class-3
- Molecular Weight
- 39723.945 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
20. Details3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 3
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. Catalyzes the first condensation reaction which initiates fatty acid synthesis and may therefore play a role in governing the total rate of fatty acid production. Possesses both acetoacetyl-ACP synthase and acetyl transacylase activities (PubMed:10840036, PubMed:11278743, PubMed:16040614). Possesses a clear preference for long-chain acyl-CoA substrates rather than acyl-ACP primers. Its substrate specificity determines the biosynthesis of mycolic acid fatty acid chain, which is characteristic of mycobacterial cell wall (PubMed:10840036, PubMed:11278743, PubMed:16040614). In vitro, when AcpM (the natural partner) is used as the carrier, malonate incorporation increases with acyl chain length to reach an apparent maximum with primers ranging in length from C:14-CoA to C:20-CoA (PubMed:16040614). However, the initial acylation step shows preference for dodecanoyl-CoA, suggesting a role for AcpM in determining the specificity of the mtFabH reaction (PubMed:18096200). Shows only very weak activity with acetyl-CoA (PubMed:10840036, PubMed:11278743).
- Specific Function
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity
- Gene Name
- fabH
- Uniprot ID
- P9WNG3
- Uniprot Name
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 34872.13 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
21. Details3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 1
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the type II fatty acid elongation cycle. Catalyzes the elongation of a wide range of acyl-ACP by the addition of two carbons from malonyl-ACP to an acyl acceptor (PubMed:19679654, PubMed:22017312, PubMed:8910376, PubMed:9013860). Can also use unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:19679654, PubMed:3076377, PubMed:8910376). Catalyzes a key reaction in unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis, the elongation of the cis-3-decenoyl-ACP produced by FabA (PubMed:19679654). Can use acyl chains from C-6 to C-14 (PubMed:19679654, PubMed:22017312, PubMed:8910376, PubMed:9013860). Has an absolute requirement for an ACP substrate as the acyl donor, and no activity is detected when both substrates are based on CoA (PubMed:22017312).
- Specific Function
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity
- Gene Name
- fabB
- Uniprot ID
- P0A953
- Uniprot Name
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 42612.995 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Carriers
1. DetailsAlbumin
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Yamazaki E, Inagaki M, Kurita O, Inoue T: Kinetics of fatty acid binding ability of glycated human serum albumin. J Biosci. 2005 Sep;30(4):475-81. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22