Palmitic Acid
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Identification
- Summary
Palmitic Acid is a fatty used as a food additive and emollient or surfactant in cosmetics.
- Generic Name
- Palmitic Acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB03796
- Background
A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 256.4241
Monoisotopic: 256.240230268 - Chemical Formula
- C16H32O2
- Synonyms
- 1-hexyldecanoic acid
- 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
- Hexadecanoate
- Hexadecanoic acid
- Hexadecoic acid
- Hexadecylic acid
- Hexaectylic acid
- Palmitate
- Palmitic Acid
- Palmitinic acid
- Palmitinsäure
- External IDs
- EDENOR C 16-98-100
- FEMA NO. 2832
- HYDROFOL ACID 1690
- IMEX C 1498
- KORTACID 1698
- LOXIOL EP 278
- NSC-5030
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Dry skin ••• ••••• Treatment of Skin irritation ••• ••••• Treatment of Skin rash ••• ••••• Treatment of Nonvenomous insect bite ••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism AFatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte inhibitorHumans AFatty acid-binding protein 5 inhibitorHumans UAlpha-lactalbumin Not Available Humans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Not Available Humans URhodopsin Not Available Humans UPalmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 Not Available Humans UMyelin P2 protein Not Available Humans UGlycodelin Not Available Humans UHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma Not Available Humans ULipid binding protein Not Available Geobacillus stearothermophilus UCytochrome P450 2C8 Not Available Humans UTrafficking protein particle complex subunit 3 Not Available Humans UFatty acid-binding protein TM_1468 Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Acute oral toxicity (LD50) in rat is >10000 mg/kg
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key 16-chloropalmitic acid Not Available Not Available Not applicable - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Borage Oil Capsules Palmitic Acid (96 mg) + Gamolenic acid (258 mg) + Linoleic acid (375 mg) + Oleic Acid (148 mg) Capsule Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 2001-10-15 2009-08-05 Canada Flaxseed Oil Capsules Palmitic Acid (54 mg) + Linoleic acid (144 mg) + Oleic Acid (165 mg) + alpha-Linolenic acid (594 mg) Capsule Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 1998-05-27 2007-08-01 Canada Huile D'onagre Vitamin E Palmitic Acid (7 %) + Linoleic acid (72 %) + Oleic Acid (9 %) + Stearic acid (1 %) + Vitamin E (15 %) + alpha-Linolenic acid (11 %) Capsule Oral Le Naturiste J.M.B. Inc. 1987-12-31 2000-08-23 Canada Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser Palmitic Acid (11.16 g/90mL) + Lauric acid (6.30 g/90mL) + Stearic acid (6.84 g/90mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Palmitic Acid (0.16 g/1.5mL) + Lauric acid (0.04 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser Palmitic Acid (11.16 g/90mL) + Lauric acid (6.30 g/90mL) + Stearic acid (6.84 g/90mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Palmitic Acid (0.16 g/1.5mL) + Lauric acid (0.04 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M Palmitic Acid (0.25 g/1.5mL) + Lauric acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Myristic acid (0.06 g/1.5mL) + Stearic acid (0.07 g/1.5mL) Liquid Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M Palmitic Acid (22.35 g/150mL) + Lauric acid (5.25 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (11.40 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M Palmitic Acid (16.50 g/150mL) + Lauric acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Myristic acid (4.50 g/150mL) + Stearic acid (6.45 g/150mL) Injectable Foam Topical Jayjun Cosmetic Co.,ltd. 2018-12-01 2019-11-01 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Fatty Acyls
- Sub Class
- Fatty acids and conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Long-chain fatty acids
- Alternative Parents
- Straight chain fatty acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Long-chain fatty acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- long-chain fatty acid, straight-chain saturated fatty acid (CHEBI:15756) / Straight chain fatty acids, Saturated fatty acids (C00249) / Straight chain fatty acids (LMFA01010001)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 2V16EO95H1
- CAS number
- 57-10-3
- InChI Key
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
- IUPAC Name
- hexadecanoic acid
- SMILES
- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Walter R. Fehr, Earl G. Hammond, "Elevated palmitic acid production in soybeans." U.S. Patent US5750846, issued February, 1997.
US5750846- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000220
- KEGG Drug
- D05341
- KEGG Compound
- C00249
- PubChem Compound
- 985
- PubChem Substance
- 46506400
- ChemSpider
- 960
- BindingDB
- 50152850
- 1370621
- ChEBI
- 15756
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL82293
- ZINC
- ZINC000006072466
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- PLM
- Wikipedia
- Palmitic_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1aca / 1b0o / 1b56 / 1be2 / 1cov / 1e12 / 1e7h / 1eh5 / 1ev1 / 1gxa … show 612 more
- MSDS
- Download (73 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data2 Completed Diagnostic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Terminated Prevention Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity / Premature Births / Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 0 Completed Basic Science Fatty Liver 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral Liquid Topical Injectable foam Topical Powder, for solution Intravenous Liquid Cutaneous Ointment Topical Suspension Endotracheal - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 61.8 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) 351.5 °C PhysProp water solubility 0.04 mg/L (at 25 °C) ROBB.ID (1966) logP 7.17 SANGSTER (1993) logS -6.81 ADME Research, USCD - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.000407 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 7.23 ALOGPS logP 6.26 Chemaxon logS -5.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.95 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 37.3 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 14 Chemaxon Refractivity 77.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 34.36 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9888 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9488 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8326 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6321 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9598 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9277 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9266 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7886 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8956 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6982 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8326 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8808 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9554 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9578 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9484 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9647 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9865 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6452 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.8795 Rat acute toxicity 1.3275 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9322 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8868
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (10.5 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 192.5867687 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 191.9876687 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 192.6934687 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 191.9217687 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 161.9157 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 165.93608 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 174.95392 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Lipid transport protein in adipocytes. Binds both long chain fatty acids and retinoic acid. Delivers long-chain fatty acids and retinoic acid to their cognate receptors in the nucleus
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
- Gene Name
- FABP4
- Uniprot ID
- P15090
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte
- Molecular Weight
- 14718.815 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Intracellular carrier for long-chain fatty acids and related active lipids, such as endocannabinoids, that regulate the metabolism and actions of the ligands they bind. In addition to the cytosolic transport, selectively delivers specific fatty acids from the cytosol to the nucleus, wherein they activate nuclear receptors (PubMed:21395585, PubMed:22170058). Delivers retinoic acid to the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; which promotes proliferation and survival. May also serve as a synaptic carrier of endocannabinoid at central synapses and thus controls retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Modulates inflammation by regulating PTGES induction via NF-kappa-B activation, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis during inflammation (By similarity). May be involved in keratinocyte differentiation (PubMed:8092987)
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
- Gene Name
- FABP5
- Uniprot ID
- Q01469
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein 5
- Molecular Weight
- 15164.36 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Regulatory subunit of lactose synthase, changes the substrate specificity of galactosyltransferase in the mammary gland making glucose a good acceptor substrate for this enzyme. This enables LS to synthesize lactose, the major carbohydrate component of milk. In other tissues, galactosyltransferase transfers galactose onto the N-acetylglucosamine of the oligosaccharide chains in glycoproteins
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- LALBA
- Uniprot ID
- P00709
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-lactalbumin
- Molecular Weight
- 16224.695 Da
References
- Barbana C, Perez MD, Pocovi C, Sanchez L, Wehbi Z: Interaction of human alpha-lactalbumin with fatty acids: determination of binding parameters. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2008 Jun;73(6):711-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as a transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2. May be required for the propagation of clock information to metabolic pathways regulated by PER2
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- PPARA
- Uniprot ID
- Q07869
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 52224.595 Da
References
- Murakami K, Ide T, Suzuki M, Mochizuki T, Kadowaki T: Evidence for direct binding of fatty acids and eicosanoids to human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):609-13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity (PubMed:7846071, PubMed:8107847). Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth (PubMed:12566452, PubMed:2215617). Light-induced isomerization of the chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins (PubMed:26200343, PubMed:28524165, PubMed:28753425, PubMed:8107847). Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling (PubMed:26200343, PubMed:28524165)
- Specific Function
- 11-cis retinal binding
- Gene Name
- RHO
- Uniprot ID
- P08100
- Uniprot Name
- Rhodopsin
- Molecular Weight
- 38892.335 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups such as palmitate from modified cysteine residues in proteins or peptides during lysosomal degradation. Prefers acyl chain lengths of 14 to 18 carbons (PubMed:8816748)
- Specific Function
- long-chain fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity
- Gene Name
- PPT1
- Uniprot ID
- P50897
- Uniprot Name
- Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34193.245 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May play a role in lipid transport protein in Schwann cells. May bind cholesterol
- Specific Function
- cholesterol binding
- Gene Name
- PMP2
- Uniprot ID
- P02689
- Uniprot Name
- Myelin P2 protein
- Molecular Weight
- 14909.305 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycoprotein that regulates critical steps during fertilization and also has immunomonomodulatory effects. Four glycoforms, namely glycodelin-S, -A, -F and -C have been identified in reproductive tissues that differ in glycosylation and biological activity. Glycodelin-A has contraceptive and immunosuppressive activities (PubMed:7531163, PubMed:9918684). Glycodelin-C stimulates binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida (PubMed:17192260). Glycodelin-F inhibits spermatozoa-zona pellucida binding and significantly suppresses progesterone-induced acrosome reaction of spermatozoa (PubMed:12672671). Glycodelin-S in seminal plasma maintains the uncapacitated state of human spermatozoa (PubMed:15883155)
- Specific Function
- small molecule binding
- Gene Name
- PAEP
- Uniprot ID
- P09466
- Uniprot Name
- Glycodelin
- Molecular Weight
- 20624.015 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transcription factor. Has a lower transcription activation potential than HNF4-alpha
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
- Gene Name
- HNF4G
- Uniprot ID
- Q14541
- Uniprot Name
- Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 45876.235 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Geobacillus stearothermophilus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May bind long-chain fatty acids, such as palmitate, and may play a role in lipid transport or fatty acid metabolism.
- Specific Function
- lipid binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P83812
- Uniprot Name
- Lipid binding protein
- Molecular Weight
- 32173.81 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Schoch GA, Yano JK, Wester MR, Griffin KJ, Stout CD, Johnson EF: Structure of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2C8. Evidence for a peripheral fatty acid binding site. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 5;279(10):9497-503. Epub 2003 Dec 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- TRAPPC3
- Uniprot ID
- O43617
- Uniprot Name
- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 3
- Molecular Weight
- 20273.915 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds long-chain fatty acids, such as palmitate, and may play a role in lipid transport or fatty acid metabolism.
- Specific Function
- lipid binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X1H9
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein TM_1468
- Molecular Weight
- 32574.335 Da
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Simard JR, Zunszain PA, Hamilton JA, Curry S: Location of high and low affinity fatty acid binding sites on human serum albumin revealed by NMR drug-competition analysis. J Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 11;361(2):336-51. Epub 2006 Jun 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Lipid transport protein in adipocytes. Binds both long chain fatty acids and retinoic acid. Delivers long-chain fatty acids and retinoic acid to their cognate receptors in the nucleus
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
- Gene Name
- FABP4
- Uniprot ID
- P15090
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte
- Molecular Weight
- 14718.815 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Intracellular carrier for long-chain fatty acids and related active lipids, such as endocannabinoids, that regulate the metabolism and actions of the ligands they bind. In addition to the cytosolic transport, selectively delivers specific fatty acids from the cytosol to the nucleus, wherein they activate nuclear receptors (PubMed:21395585, PubMed:22170058). Delivers retinoic acid to the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; which promotes proliferation and survival. May also serve as a synaptic carrier of endocannabinoid at central synapses and thus controls retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Modulates inflammation by regulating PTGES induction via NF-kappa-B activation, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis during inflammation (By similarity). May be involved in keratinocyte differentiation (PubMed:8092987)
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
- Gene Name
- FABP5
- Uniprot ID
- Q01469
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein 5
- Molecular Weight
- 15164.36 Da
References
- Zimmerman AW, van Moerkerk HT, Veerkamp JH: Ligand specificity and conformational stability of human fatty acid-binding proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001 Sep;33(9):865-76. doi: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00070-x. [Article]
- Hyder A, Zenhom M, Klapper M, Herrmann J, Schrezenmeir J: Expression of fatty acid binding proteins 3 and 5 genes in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1E cells: regulation by fatty acids and glucose. Islets. 2010 May-Jun;2(3):174-84. doi: 10.4161/isl.2.3.11454. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- FABPs are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters
- Specific Function
- cytoskeletal protein binding
- Gene Name
- FABP3
- Uniprot ID
- P05413
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein, heart
- Molecular Weight
- 14857.93 Da
References
- Zanotti G, Scapin G, Spadon P, Veerkamp JH, Sacchettini JC: Three-dimensional structure of recombinant human muscle fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 15;267(26):18541-50. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- FABPs are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
- Gene Name
- FABP2
- Uniprot ID
- P12104
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal
- Molecular Weight
- 15237.195 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22