Apigenin

Identification

Generic Name
Apigenin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB07352
Background

Not Available

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Experimental
Structure
Weight
Average: 270.2369
Monoisotopic: 270.05282343
Chemical Formula
C15H10O5
Synonyms
Not Available
External IDs
  • LY-080400
  • NSC-83244
  • UCCF-031

Pharmacology

Indication

Not Available

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Pharmacodynamics

Not Available

Mechanism of action
TargetActionsOrganism
ACasein kinase II subunit alpha
inhibitor
Humans
AAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
inhibitor
Humans
ACytochrome P450 1B1
inhibitor
Humans
AAromatase
inhibitor
Humans
AAndrogen receptor
inhibitor
Humans
ACyclin-dependent kinase 6
inhibitor
Humans
A17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
inhibitor
Humans
U3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase FabZNot AvailableHelicobacter pylori
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
Not Available

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavones. These are flavonoids with a structure based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Flavonoids
Sub Class
Flavones
Direct Parent
Flavones
Alternative Parents
7-hydroxyflavonoids / 5-hydroxyflavonoids / 4'-hydroxyflavonoids / Chromones / Pyranones and derivatives / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Vinylogous acids / Heteroaromatic compounds
show 4 more
Substituents
1-benzopyran / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 4'-hydroxyflavonoid / 5-hydroxyflavonoid / 7-hydroxyflavonoid / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Chromone
show 14 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
trihydroxyflavone (CHEBI:18388) / flavones, Flavones and Flavonols (C01477) / Flavones and Flavonols (LMPK12110005)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
7V515PI7F6
CAS number
520-36-5
InChI Key
KZNIFHPLKGYRTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C15H10O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-7,16-18H
IUPAC Name
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
SMILES
OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(O)C=C2O

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0002124
KEGG Compound
C01477
PubChem Compound
5280443
PubChem Substance
99443823
ChemSpider
4444100
BindingDB
7458
RxNav
1368130
ChEBI
18388
ChEMBL
CHEMBL28
ZINC
ZINC000003871576
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
AGI
Wikipedia
Apigenin
PDB Entries
3amy / 3cf9 / 4der / 4dgm / 4hkk / 4wo0 / 5auv / 5i2h / 5uqt / 7d3a
show 1 more

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
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PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableRecruitingTreatmentNeurodegenerative Disorders / Parkinson's Disease (PD)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.118 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.07ALOGPS
logP2.71Chemaxon
logS-3.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.57Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-5.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area86.99 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity72.91 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability26.78 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9887
Blood Brain Barrier+0.6364
Caco-2 permeable+0.8541
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5073
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9543
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7525
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9037
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7813
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9126
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6907
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9222
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.7746
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.7043
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.958
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7316
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8906
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9181
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8384
Rat acute toxicity2.6983 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9559
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9098
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-0000900000-b6d7fc88c039e719d164
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-00fu-0390000000-746c7fa7b11e53e27235
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-0433900000-b411d851fccc9f228d84
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-03xv-1913500000-be46740b1210f9e106ee
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-00di-0000900000-b6d7fc88c039e719d164
MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0940000000-eb8b08c7beca627dc728
MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-3fea3046af52ea21ae28
MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0940000000-eb8b08c7beca627dc728
MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-3fea3046af52ea21ae28
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0890000000-c8366acac0c0d42ae2e8
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0920000000-812a3ee12823ec0b2025
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-0194000200-b2908d4b21e6769c5a08
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-3970000000-5a23944b045cfe1763b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-0f608530bf761944dbf3
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-0c659ac43b543480168b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0690000000-e19eed49b8311d9cd339
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0910000000-57a56bfe2cce55357a11
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-b8799a618cff0ac84ddb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0490000000-f9a416c79166c84ca773
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-1499c7f2bceeb3e13f52
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0490000000-413a7da79773bc92a112
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-8f4d30104539ae85cd50
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0290000000-32e8793c17b364eee127
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uea-0900000000-52147353f7af35162dab
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-7a9b77ceb393c9239412
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00vi-0290000000-c9cb9331a28763da83a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-TOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0940000000-eb8b08c7beca627dc728
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-47dcd836edc83106c566
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-f81b58efeb7a6ad517b7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-9ee52d5a554d161d358d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0fk9-0970000000-f0c48df94377a366e7cf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-30ebb05b6bde04f3e31b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-a85299a573dffafef065
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uk9-1930000000-43094873af4b4f7a25b2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0290000000-ff8b597db51ea98fdc32
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0290000000-3406e459293197b27907
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0v4i-3910000000-3572b48dde802358120c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-ff3722aa39210cc9881e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0290000000-ed84e69abb42359dd823
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uk9-0790000000-297c255e89289169aef5
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-3970000000-5a23944b045cfe1763b1
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-781e82fec625cdc0aed5
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0390000000-a31cd1b164f7c27a052f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-b2bd8d39dfd0078af990
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-1b3297a28c8803a79172
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-43eb6394e1eeaabde525
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-7a0050bcf86c7affd121
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004l-1190000000-23c77e15e12795a58104
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9780000000-b33d362bfd0439c4b5b6
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-173.8712907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-165.3118112
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-174.0241907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-174.2272907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-159.7925
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+175.3425907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+163.6764763
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+174.3631907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+175.1828907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+162.1505
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+174.5130907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+168.6806128
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+174.6191907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+174.9290907
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+168.24365
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine (PubMed:11239457, PubMed:11704824, PubMed:16193064, PubMed:18411307, PubMed:18583988, PubMed:18678890, PubMed:19188443, PubMed:20545769, PubMed:20625391, PubMed:22017874, PubMed:22406621, PubMed:24962073, PubMed:30898438, PubMed:31439799). Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552). May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552). During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that maintains cyclin-B-CDK1 activity and G2 arrest in response to spindle damage (PubMed:11704824, PubMed:19188443). Also required for p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis, phosphorylating 'Ser-392' of p53/TP53 following UV irradiation (PubMed:11239457). Phosphorylates a number of DNA repair proteins in response to DNA damage, such as MDC1, MRE11, RAD9A, RAD51 and HTATSF1, promoting their recruitment to DNA damage sites (PubMed:18411307, PubMed:18583988, PubMed:18678890, PubMed:20545769, PubMed:21482717, PubMed:22325354, PubMed:26811421, PubMed:28512243, PubMed:30898438, PubMed:35597237). Can also negatively regulate apoptosis (PubMed:16193064, PubMed:22184066). Phosphorylates the caspases CASP9 and CASP2 and the apoptotic regulator NOL3 (PubMed:16193064). Phosphorylation protects CASP9 from cleavage and activation by CASP8, and inhibits the dimerization of CASP2 and activation of CASP8 (PubMed:16193064). Phosphorylates YY1, protecting YY1 from cleavage by CASP7 during apoptosis (PubMed:22184066). Regulates transcription by direct phosphorylation of RNA polymerases I, II, III and IV (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387550, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:23123191). Also phosphorylates and regulates numerous transcription factors including NF-kappa-B, STAT1, CREB1, IRF1, IRF2, ATF1, ATF4, SRF, MAX, JUN, FOS, MYC and MYB (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387550, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:23123191). Phosphorylates Hsp90 and its co-chaperones FKBP4 and CDC37, which is essential for chaperone function (PubMed:19387550). Mediates sequential phosphorylation of FNIP1, promoting its gradual interaction with Hsp90, leading to activate both kinase and non-kinase client proteins of Hsp90 (PubMed:30699359). Regulates Wnt signaling by phosphorylating CTNNB1 and the transcription factor LEF1 (PubMed:19387549). Acts as an ectokinase that phosphorylates several extracellular proteins (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387550, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552). During viral infection, phosphorylates various proteins involved in the viral life cycles of EBV, HSV, HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV and HPV (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387550, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:19387552). Phosphorylates PML at 'Ser-565' and primes it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation (PubMed:20625391, PubMed:22406621). Plays an important role in the circadian clock function by phosphorylating BMAL1 at 'Ser-90' which is pivotal for its interaction with CLOCK and which controls CLOCK nuclear entry (By similarity). Phosphorylates CCAR2 at 'Thr-454' in gastric carcinoma tissue (PubMed:24962073). Phosphorylates FMR1, promoting FMR1-dependent formation of a membraneless compartment (PubMed:30765518, PubMed:31439799). May phosphorylate histone H2A on 'Ser-1' (PubMed:38334665)
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
CSNK2A1
Uniprot ID
P68400
Uniprot Name
Casein kinase II subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
45143.25 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia (PubMed:1936586). Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:8343525). Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides (PubMed:17381426). Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls) (PubMed:21329684)
Specific Function
aldose reductase (NADPH) activity
Gene Name
AKR1B1
Uniprot ID
P15121
Uniprot Name
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
Molecular Weight
35853.125 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Exhibits catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2- and 4-hydroxy E1 and E2. Displays a predominant hydroxylase activity toward E2 at the C-4 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes testosterone and progesterone to B or D ring hydroxylated metabolites (PubMed:10426814). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:15258110). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA. Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EpETrE) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- EpETrE, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Additionally, displays dehydratase activity toward oxygenated eicosanoids hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (HpETEs). This activity is independent of cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and O2 (PubMed:21068195). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, particularly converting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aryl amines procarcinogens to DNA-damaging products (PubMed:10426814). Plays an important role in retinal vascular development. Under hyperoxic O2 conditions, promotes retinal angiogenesis and capillary morphogenesis, likely by metabolizing the oxygenated products generated during the oxidative stress. Also, contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression (By similarity)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1B1
Uniprot ID
Q16678
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1B1
Molecular Weight
60845.33 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of C19 androgens, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) and testosterone to the C18 estrogens, estrone and estradiol, respectively (PubMed:27702664, PubMed:2848247). Catalyzes three successive oxidations of C19 androgens: two conventional oxidations at C19 yielding 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo/19-aldehyde derivatives, followed by a third oxidative aromatization step that involves C1-beta hydrogen abstraction combined with cleavage of the C10-C19 bond to yield a phenolic A ring and formic acid (PubMed:20385561). Alternatively, the third oxidative reaction yields a 19-norsteroid and formic acid. Converts dihydrotestosterone to delta1,10-dehydro 19-nordihydrotestosterone and may play a role in homeostasis of this potent androgen (PubMed:22773874). Also displays 2-hydroxylase activity toward estrone (PubMed:22773874). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:20385561, PubMed:22773874)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP19A1
Uniprot ID
P11511
Uniprot Name
Aromatase
Molecular Weight
57882.48 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues (PubMed:19022849). Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation (PubMed:20812024). Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3
Specific Function
androgen binding
Gene Name
AR
Uniprot ID
P10275
Uniprot Name
Androgen receptor
Molecular Weight
99187.115 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the control of the cell cycle and differentiation; promotes G1/S transition. Phosphorylates pRB/RB1 and NPM1. Interacts with D-type G1 cyclins during interphase at G1 to form a pRB/RB1 kinase and controls the entrance into the cell cycle. Involved in initiation and maintenance of cell cycle exit during cell differentiation; prevents cell proliferation and negatively regulates cell differentiation, but is required for the proliferation of specific cell types (e.g. erythroid and hematopoietic cells). Essential for cell proliferation within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Required during thymocyte development. Promotes the production of newborn neurons, probably by modulating G1 length. Promotes, at least in astrocytes, changes in patterns of gene expression, changes in the actin cytoskeleton including loss of stress fibers, and enhanced motility during cell differentiation. Prevents myeloid differentiation by interfering with RUNX1 and reducing its transcription transactivation activity, but promotes proliferation of normal myeloid progenitors. Delays senescence. Promotes the proliferation of beta-cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. May play a role in the centrosome organization during the cell cycle phases (PubMed:23918663)
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
CDK6
Uniprot ID
Q00534
Uniprot Name
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
Molecular Weight
36938.025 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Converts estrone (E1) to a more potent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) (PubMed:8994190). Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH
Specific Function
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Gene Name
HSD17B1
Uniprot ID
P14061
Uniprot Name
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
Molecular Weight
34949.715 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Helicobacter pylori
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Involved in unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of short chain beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs and long chain saturated and unsaturated beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs.
Specific Function
(3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
Gene Name
fabZ
Uniprot ID
Q5G940
Uniprot Name
3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase FabZ
Molecular Weight
18184.08 Da
References
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]

Drug created at September 15, 2010 21:20 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22