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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Choline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124739Metabolic[N-oxide-forming] 3 converts TMA to TMAO. … The toxicity of choline is due to the formation of TMA and its metabolism to Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver.
Enzymes: Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Dimethylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124873MetabolicDimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. … Choline is obtained from dietary sources like meat, fish, eggs and poultry. Choline is metabolized in the liver to betaine aldehyde in the mitochondria via the enzyme choline dehydrogenase.
Drugs: Choline · Methionine · NADH · Zinc · N,N-dimethylglycine · Flavin adenine dinucleotide +1 moreMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126858MetabolicPhenylacetylglycine or PAG is a glycine conjugate of phenylacetic acid. Phenylacetic acid may arise from exposure to styrene (plastic) or through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. … Phenylacetic acid is used in some perfumes, possessing a honey-like odour in low concentrations, and is also used in penicillin G production. PAG is a putative biomarker of phospholipidosis.
Drugs: GlycineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123227MetabolicPhenyl glucuronide is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … After being transported into gut microbes, tyrosine undergoes a reaction with the enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase to form phenol.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123239MetabolicIndoxyl glucuronide is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … After being transported into gut microbes, tryptophan undergoes a reaction with the enzyme tryptophanase to form indole.
Metabolsim and Physiological Effects of 4-Ethylphenylsulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125541MetabolicIt has also been found to be related to cardiovascular mortality and to cause cell apoptosis. … acid.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Tyrosine · Iron · Oxogluric acid · Propanoic acid +3 moreEnzymes: Aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of N-Acetylphenylalanine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126720MetabolicThe human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G). … N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid.
Drugs: PhenylalanineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol sulphate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126844MetabolicIn experimental models of diabetes, phenol sulphate administration has been shown to induce albuminuria and podocyte damage. … It is a protein-bound uremic solute that induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreases glutathione levels, rendering cells vulnerable to oxidative stress.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Androsterone sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0127012MetabolicAndrosterone has generally been considered to be an inactive metabolite of testosterone, which when conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation allows testosterone to be removed from the body. … It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androsterone by the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 and can be desulfated back into androsterone by steroid sulfatase.
Drugs: TestosteroneIntracellular Signalling Through Prostacyclin Receptor and Prostacyclin
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000354SignalingProstacyclin binding to its receptor increases vasodilation and decreases platelet aggregation. … The receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, upon its binding it activates G proteins causing the activation of adenylyl cyclase and production of cAMP messenger molecules. cAMP activates PKA (protein