Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Pseudoephedrine is an alpha and beta adrenergic agonist used to treat nasal and sinus congestion, as well as allergic rhinitis.
- Brand Names
- Advil Cold and Sinus, Alavert D, Aleve-D, Allegra-D, Aller-tec D, Allerclear, Bromfed DM, Cheratussin Dac, Clarinex-D, Claritin-D, Codar D, Covan, Entex T, Lodrane D, Mar-cof BP, Mucinex D, Nexafed, Pseudodine C, Rescon Tablets, Semprex-D, Stahist Ad Liquid, Sudafed, Sudafed Sinus & Pain, Sudogest, Triacin-C, Tusnel C, Wal Zyr D, Wal-itin D, Wal-phed, Zephrex-D, Zyrtec-D
- Generic Name
- Pseudoephedrine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00852
- Background
Pseudoephedrine is structurally related to ephedrine but exerts a weaker effect on the sympathetic nervous system.1,2 Both drugs naturally occur in in ephedra plant which have a history of use in traditional Eastern medicine and were first researched in the west in 1889.2 The decongestant effect of pseudoephedrine was described in dogs in 1927.2
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Pseudoephedrine (DB00852)
- Weight
- Average: 165.2322
Monoisotopic: 165.115364107 - Chemical Formula
- C10H15NO
- Synonyms
- (+) threo-2-(methylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol
- (+)-(1S,2S)-Pseudoephedrine
- (+)-Pseudoephedrine
- (+)-psi-Ephedrine
- (+)-threo-Ephedrine
- d-Isoephedrine
- d-Pseudoephedrine
- d-psi-2-Methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol
- d-psi-Ephedrine
- Isoephedrine
- L-(+)-Pseudoephedrine
- L(+)-psi-Ephedrine
- Pseudoefedrina
- pseudoéphédrine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Pseudoephedrine D-form
- Pseudoephedrinum
- Psi-ephedrin
- Psi-ephedrine
- trans-Ephedrine
- ψ-ephedrine
Pharmacology
- Indication
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for its decongestant activity.12,13,14,15,16,17,18
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination for symptomatic treatment of Allergic rhinitis (ar) Combination Product in combination with: Loratadine (DB00455) •••••••••••• ••••• Used in combination for symptomatic treatment of Allergic rhinitis (ar) Combination Product in combination with: Triprolidine (DB00427), Guaifenesin (DB00874) •••••••••••• •••••••• • •••••• •••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Allergic rhinitis (ar) Combination Product in combination with: Chlorpheniramine (DB01114) ••• ••• ••••• Used in combination to treat Allergies Combination Product in combination with: Loratadine (DB00455) •••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••• ••••••• Used in combination for symptomatic treatment of Common cold Combination Product in combination with: Ibuprofen (DB01050), Ascorbic acid (DB00126) •••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••• •••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pseudoephedrine causes vasoconstriction which leads to a decongestant effect.2,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 It has a short duration of action unless formulated as an extended release product.12,13,14,15,16,17,18 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of central nervous system stimulation.12,14,17,18
- Mechanism of action
Pseudoephedrine acts mainly as an agonist of alpha adrenergic receptors6 and less strongly as an agonist of beta adrenergic receptors.11 This agonism of adrenergic receptors produces vasoconstriction which is used as a decongestant2,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 and as a treatment of priapism.7 Pseudoephedrine is also an inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin transporters.8,9
The sympathomimetic effects of pseudoephedrine include an increase in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and chronotropic response of the right atria.5 Pseudoephedrine is also a partial agonist of the anococcygeal muscle.5 Pseudoephedrine also inhibits NF-kappa-B, NFAT, and AP-1.10
Target Actions Organism ASodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter inhibitorHumans AD(2) dopamine receptor stimulatorHumans ASodium-dependent dopamine transporter inhibitorHumans AAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor agonistHumans AAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonistHumans ASodium-dependent serotonin transporter inhibitorHumans UBeta-2 adrenergic receptor partial agonistHumans UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor agonistpartial agonistHumans UNuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 inhibitorHumans UTumor necrosis factor inhibitorHumans UNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit inhibitorHumans Uactivator protein 1 inhibitorHumans UInterleukin-2 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
A 240mg oral dose of pseudoephedrine reaches a Cmax of 246.3±10.5ng/mL fed and 272.5±13.4ng/mL fasted, with a Tmax of 6.60±1.38h fed and 11.87±0.72h fasted, with an AUC of 6862.0±334.1ng*h/mL fed and 7535.1±333.0ng*h/mL fasted.4
- Volume of distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of pseudoephedrin is 2.6-3.3L/kg.12
- Protein binding
-pseudoephedrine is 6.6±0.4% bound to human serum albumin and 22.5±3.2% protein bound in serum.3 +pseudoephedrine is 6.7±1.2% protein bound to human serum albumin and 25.4±3.9% protein bound in human serum.3
- Metabolism
Pseudoephedrine is <1% N-demethylated to an inactive metabolite.17,18 The majority of pseudoephedrine is eliminated unmetabolized in the urine.17,18
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
55-75% of an oral dose is detected in the urine as unchanged pseudoephedrine.14
- Half-life
The mean elimination half life of pseudoephedrine is 6.0h.12
- Clearance
A 60mg oral dose of pseudoephedrine has a clearance of 5.9±1.7mL/min/kg.14
- Adverse Effects
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The oral LD50 of pseudoephedrine is 2206mg/kg in rats and 726mg/kg in mice.14
Patients experiencing an overdose of pseudoephedrine may present with giddiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, tachycardia, precordial pain, palpitations, difficulty urinating, muscle weakness, muscle tension, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, toxic psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, circulatory collapse, convulsions, coma, and respiratory failure.17,18 Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment including removal of unabsorbed drug.17,18
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Pseudoephedrine. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be decreased when used in combination with Pseudoephedrine. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Pseudoephedrine is combined with Aceclofenac. Acemetacin The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Pseudoephedrine is combined with Acemetacin. Acetazolamide Acetazolamide may decrease the excretion rate of Pseudoephedrine which could result in a higher serum level. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 6V9V2RYJ8N 345-78-8 BALXUFOVQVENIU-KXNXZCPBSA-N Pseudoephedrine sulfate Y9DL7QPE6B 7460-12-0 CAVQBDOACNULDN-NRCOEFLKSA-N - Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Ephedrine unknown GN83C131XS 299-42-3 KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Acunaso / Afrinol / Benylin Decongestant / Cenafed / Decofed / Dimetapp Decongestant / Eltor 120 / Genaphed / Maxenal / Myfedrine / Neodurasina / Novafed / Robidrine / Sudafed Decongestant
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image SudoGest Tablet, film coated 60 mg/1 Oral bryant ranch prepack 1994-10-01 Not applicable US 
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 12 Hour Decongestant Tablet, film coated, extended release 120 mg/1 Oral Kroger Company 1999-12-14 2023-01-31 US 12 Hour Decongestant Tablet, film coated, extended release 120 mg/1 Oral L. Perrigo Company 2011-10-04 Not applicable US 12 Hour Decongestant Tablet, film coated, extended release 120 mg/1 Oral Meijer Distribution Inc 1999-11-05 Not applicable US 12 Hour Nasal Decongestant Tablet, film coated 120 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 2024-05-16 Not applicable US 12 Hour Nasal Decongestant Tablet, film coated, extended release 120 mg/1 Oral CVS PHARMACY 1999-12-01 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 12 Hour Allergy and Congestion Pseudoephedrine sulfate (120 mg/1) + Loratadine (5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral Walgreen Company 2018-05-05 Not applicable US 12 Hour Allergy D Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Cetirizine hydrochloride (5 mg/1) Tablet, extended release Oral Meijer Distribution Inc 1988-07-15 Not applicable US 12 Hour Allergy D Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Cetirizine hydrochloride (5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral Meijer Distribution Inc 2020-04-07 Not applicable US 12HR Allergy and Congestion Relief Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Fexofenadine hydrochloride (60 mg/1) Tablet, extended release Oral Cardinal Health 2019-10-08 Not applicable US 12hr Allergy and Congestion Relief Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Fexofenadine hydrochloride (60 mg/1) Tablet, extended release Oral LEADER/ Cardinal Health 110, Inc. 2022-03-31 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AlleRx Dose Pack Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Chlorpheniramine maleate (8 mg/1) + Methscopolamine nitrate (2.5 mg/1) + Methscopolamine nitrate (2.5 mg/1) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) Kit Oral Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. 2008-02-01 2012-10-31 US AlleRx-D Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (120 mg/1) + Methscopolamine nitrate (2.5 mg/1) Tablet Oral Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. 2008-07-01 2012-11-30 US Atuss DS Tannate Suspension Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (30 mg/5mL) + Chlorpheniramine maleate (4 mg/5mL) + Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate (30 mg/5mL) Suspension Oral Atley Pharmaceuticals 2006-11-21 Not applicable US Atuss HS Tannate Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (30 mg/5mL) + Chlorpheniramine maleate (4 mg/5mL) + Hydrocodone bitartrate (5 mg/5mL) Suspension Oral Atley Pharmaceuticals 2006-11-21 2009-08-03 US Bromdex D Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (50 mg/5mL) + Brompheniramine maleate (3 mg/5mL) + Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate (30 mg/5mL) Syrup Oral Breckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc. 2009-07-21 2011-05-31 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R01BA52 — Pseudoephedrine, combinations
- R01BA — Sympathomimetics
- R01B — NASAL DECONGESTANTS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- R01 — NASAL PREPARATIONS
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Alcohols
- Alpha-and Beta-adrenergic Agonists
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Amphetamines
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Autonomic Agents
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Ethylamines
- Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents
- Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors for interaction with Monoamine Oxidase A substrates
- Nasal Decongestants
- Nasal Decongestants for Systemic Use
- Nasal Preparations
- Norepinephrine Releasing Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Phenethylamines
- Propanolamines
- Propanols
- Respiratory System Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Agents
- Sympathomimetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Phenylpropanes
- Direct Parent
- Phenylpropanes
- Alternative Parents
- Aralkylamines / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- secondary alcohol, secondary amine (CHEBI:51209) / Phenylalanine derived alkaloids (C02765)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 7CUC9DDI9F
- CAS number
- 90-82-4
- InChI Key
- KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WCBMZHEXSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (1S,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
- SMILES
- CN[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Andrew G. Myers, "Synthesis of l-azatyrosine using pseudoephedrine as a chiral auxiliary." U.S. Patent US5760237, issued June, 1991.
US5760237- General References
- AVIADO DM Jr, WNUCK AL, DE BEER EJ: Cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetic bronchodilators; epinephrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, isoproterenol, methoxyphenamine and isoprophenamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Mar;122(3):406-17. [Article]
- Chen K, Schmidt C: Ephedrine and Related Substances Medicine. 1930 Feb;9(1):1-117. [Article]
- Volpp M, Holzgrabe U: Determination of plasma protein binding for sympathomimetic drugs by means of ultrafiltration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Jan 15;127:175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Oct 31. [Article]
- Chao ST, Prather D, Pinson D, Coen P, Pruitt B, Knowles M, Place V: Effect of food on bioavailability of pseudoephedrine and brompheniramine administered from a gastrointestinal therapeutic system. J Pharm Sci. 1991 May;80(5):432-5. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600800507. [Article]
- Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. [Article]
- Johnson DA, Hricik JG: The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Nov-Dec;13(6 Pt 2):110S-115S; discussion 143S-146S. [Article]
- Thippaiah SM, Nagaraja S, Birur B, Pandurangi A: Successful Management of Psychotropics Induced Stuttering Priapism with Pseudoephedrine in a Patient with Schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2018 Feb 5;48(2):29-33. [Article]
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
- Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Zyrtec Cetirizine and Pseudoephedrine Oral Tablets (OTC) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Motrin Cold and Sinus Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine Oral Caplets (OTC) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Semprex Avacristine and Pseudoephedrine Oral Capsules [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Mucinex Guaifenesin and Pseudoephedrine Oral Extended Release Tablets (OTC) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Loratadine and Pseudoephedrine Oral Extended Release Tablets (OTC) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Clarinex 12 Hour Desloratadine and Pseudoephedrine Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Clarinex 24 Hour Desloratadine and Pseudoephedrine Oral Tablets [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001943
- KEGG Drug
- D08449
- KEGG Compound
- C02765
- PubChem Compound
- 7028
- PubChem Substance
- 46508190
- ChemSpider
- 6761
- 8896
- ChEBI
- 51209
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1590
- ZINC
- ZINC000000020259
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000195
- PharmGKB
- PA451170
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pseudoephedrine
- MSDS
- Download (52.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers (HV) 3 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis / Sinusitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Healthy Volunteers (HV) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Atopy / Rhinitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Brain Swelling / Intracranial Aneurysms / Scoliosis / Surgery 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Ucb inc
- Schering plough healthcare products inc
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- AG Marin Pharmaceuticals
- Alaven Pharmaceutical
- Allaire Pharmaceuticals
- Allegis Pharmaceuticals
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- Health Care Products
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
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- PCA LLC
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pell Tech Health Care Private Limited
- Perrigo Co.
- Pfizer Inc.
- Pharma Medica Research Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Generic Developers Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Poly Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prasco Labs
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Propharma Inc.
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- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
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- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Elixir Oral 10 mg/5ml Syrup Oral 100 mg/5ml Kit; tablet Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral Solution / drops; suspension / drops 9.375 MG/ML Capsule, extended release 5 mg Capsule, liquid filled Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Syrup Oral 12.5 mg/5mL Solution / drops; suspension / drops 7.5 MG/0.8ML Granule, for suspension Oral 30 MG Granule, for suspension Oral Suspension Oral Syrup Oral 15 mg/5ml Syrup Oral 10 mg/5ml Tablet Oral 4 mg Syrup Oral 7.5 mg / 0.8 mL Liquid Oral Solution Nasal; Oral Syrup Oral 1 mg/5ml Solution Oral 15 mg/5mL Solution / drops Oral Tablet Nasal Suspension Syrup Oral 5 mg/5ml Capsule; kit Oral Tablet, film coated Syrup Oral 30 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 10.50 mg Tablet Oral 30 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 120 mg / cap Capsule, extended release Oral 120 mg / src Solution / drops Nasal Pill Oral 30 mg/1 Kit; powder, for solution Oral Tablet Oral 60 mg Syrup Oral 150 ml Capsule Nasal Tablet; tablet, extended release Oral Elixir Oral 15 mg/15ml Solution / drops; suspension / drops 7.5 mg Syrup Oral 30 mg/5ml Tablet, extended release Oral 120 mg / tab Liquid Oral 60 mg/60mL Kit; powder Oral Kit; tablet, film coated Oral Capsule Oral 4 mg Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Granule, for solution Oral Granule Oral Powder Oral Suspension 0.5 mg/60mL Tablet Tablet, coated Oral Tablet, sugar coated Oral Syrup Oral 50 mg/5mL Tablet, effervescent Oral Tablet Oral 120 mg / tab Capsule, extended release Oral 240 mg / cap Solution Oral Capsule, extended release Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 120 mg/1 Tablet, sugar coated Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg Tablet, coated Oral 30 MG Syrup Oral 16.7 mg/5mL Capsule, extended release Oral Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 15 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 2 mg Syrup Oral 30 mg/5ml Tablet, extended release Oral 120 mg / srt Tablet Oral 2 mg Tablet, coated Oral 30 mg/1 Syrup Oral Solution / drops; suspension / drops Tablet Oral 120 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 120 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 120 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 120 mg Tablet Oral 60 mg / tab Elixir Oral Tablet Oral Capsule, extended release Syrup Oral 100 ml Capsule, coated pellets Nasal 120 mg Liquid Oral 30 mg/5mL Capsule Oral Tablet 2 mg Syrup Oral 7.5 mg/5mL Syrup Oral 2 mg/5ml Tablet, sugar coated Oral 2 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 240 mg/1 Tablet Oral 15 mg Syrup Oral 30 mg / 5 mL Tablet Oral 30 mg / tab Syrup Oral 600 MG Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 240 mg/1 Tablet, chewable Oral Liquid Oral 15 mg/5mL Tablet Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, multilayer Oral Tablet, extended release Oral 60 mg Syrup Oral 0.5 mg/5mL Powder, for solution Oral Liquid Oral 30 mg / 10 mL Liquid Oral 7.5 mg / .8 mL Syrup Oral 1.25 mg/5mL Kit Oral Capsule, coated Oral Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Sudafed 24 hour tablet 0.84USD tablet Pseudoephedrine hcl crystal 0.67USD g Afrin 0.05% nose spray 0.62USD ml Sudafed 12 hr sinus-pain caplet 0.53USD caplet Drixoral cold & allergy tablet sa 0.4USD tablet Sudafed om sinus nasal spray 0.4USD ml Afrin no drip sinus pump mist 0.38USD ml Sudafed pe cold & cough caplet 0.34USD caplet Afrin sinus spray 0.33USD ml Chlor-trimeton allergy 0.31USD each Sudafed pe severe cold caplet 0.28USD caplet Guaifenesin-phenylephrine tablet 0.27USD tablet Dimetapp cold-allergy tablet chew 0.25USD tablet Sudafed pe 10 mg tablet 0.25USD tablet Chlor-trimeton 8 mg repetab 0.24USD tablet Sudafed pe day & night tablet 0.24USD tablet Sudafed triple action caplet 0.23USD caplet Sudafed pe nighttime cold caplet 0.22USD caplet Sudafed non-drying sinus caplet 0.2USD caplet Sudafed pe sinus & allergy tablet 0.2USD tablet Sudafed pe sinus headache caplet 0.2USD caplet Sudafed 30 mg tablet 0.19USD tablet Wal-phed 30 mg tablet 0.17USD tablet Suphedrin 30 mg tablet 0.15USD tablet CVS Pharmacy decongestant 30 mg tablet 0.12USD tablet Sudogest 60 mg tablet 0.12USD tablet Medi-phedrine 30 mg tablet 0.1USD tablet Nasal decongestant 30 mg tablet 0.1USD tablet Genaphed plus tablet 0.09USD tablet CVS Pharmacy nasal decongest 30 mg tablet 0.07USD tablet Genaphed 30 mg tablet 0.07USD tablet Pseudoephedrine gg syrup 0.07USD ml Pseudoephedrine 60 mg tablet 0.06USD tablet Children's sudafed pe liquid 0.05USD ml Pseudoephedrine 30 mg tablet 0.05USD tablet Dimetapp cold & cough liquid 0.04USD ml Dimetapp dm cold & cough elix 0.04USD ml Dimetapp long-acting cough liquid 0.04USD ml Suphedrine 30 mg tablet 0.04USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6037353 Yes 2000-03-14 2017-09-14 US US6039974 No 2000-03-21 2018-07-31 US US6211246 No 2001-04-03 2019-06-10 US US6469009 No 2002-10-22 2019-07-13 US US7226614 No 2007-06-05 2022-06-10 US US6489329 No 2002-12-03 2016-04-08 US US7014867 No 2006-03-21 2022-06-10 US US6100274 Yes 2000-08-08 2020-01-07 US US6372252 No 2002-04-16 2020-04-28 US US6955821 No 2005-10-18 2020-04-28 US US7838032 No 2010-11-23 2020-04-28 US US7618649 Yes 2009-11-17 2021-06-19 US US6709676 No 2004-03-23 2021-02-18 US US8187630 No 2012-05-29 2020-12-19 US US7863287 No 2011-01-04 2027-02-28 US US6979463 No 2005-12-27 2022-03-28 US US7820199 Yes 2010-10-26 2022-09-28 US US6613357 No 2003-09-02 2020-12-25 US USRE39069 No 2006-04-18 2018-05-29 US US6113942 Yes 2000-09-05 2015-08-28 US US5855912 Yes 1999-01-05 2015-08-28 US US10238640 No 2019-03-26 2024-05-25 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 119 °C PhysProp logP 0.89 KRIL,MB & FUNG,HL (1990) pKa 10.3 (at 0 °C) PERRIN,DD (1965) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 8.26 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1 ALOGPS logP 1.32 Chemaxon logS -1.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.89 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.52 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 32.26 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 49.69 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 18.83 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9645 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.5638 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8866 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.7182 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9795 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.984 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8965 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8001 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7839 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7235 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.5595 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7209 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.5846 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5737 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9431 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.907 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9517 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7739 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.7807 Rat acute toxicity 2.3882 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9329 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9277
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (8.24 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 140.3864286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 142.3321286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 142.2651286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 140.67659 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 140.9804286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 142.6129286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 142.3604286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 143.07216 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 140.5780286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 142.2863286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 142.2216286 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 148.98468 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (PubMed:2008212, PubMed:8125921). Can also mediate sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:11093780, PubMed:8125921)
- Specific Function
- Actin binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A2
- Uniprot ID
- P23975
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69331.42 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Stimulator
- General Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase (PubMed:21645528). Positively regulates postnatal regression of retinal hyaloid vessels via suppression of VEGFR2/KDR activity, downstream of OPN5 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Dopamine binding
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:10375632, PubMed:11093780, PubMed:1406597, PubMed:15505207, PubMed:19478460, PubMed:8302271). Also mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (By similarity). Regulator of light-dependent retinal hyaloid vessel regression, downstream of OPN5 signaling (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Amine binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A3
- Uniprot ID
- Q01959
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 68494.255 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine(PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes
- Specific Function
- Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1A
- Uniprot ID
- P35348
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51486.005 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Wellington K, Jarvis B: Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2231-40; discussion 2241-2. [Article]
- Johnson DA, Hricik JG: The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Nov-Dec;13(6 Pt 2):110S-115S; discussion 143S-146S. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
- Specific Function
- Alpha-1b adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRA2A
- Uniprot ID
- P08913
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50646.17 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Johnson DA, Hricik JG: The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Nov-Dec;13(6 Pt 2):110S-115S; discussion 143S-146S. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serotonin transporter that cotransports serotonin with one Na(+) ion in exchange for one K(+) ion and possibly one proton in an overall electroneutral transport cycle. Transports serotonin across the plasma membrane from the extracellular compartment to the cytosol thus limiting serotonin intercellular signaling (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Essential for serotonin homeostasis in the central nervous system. In the developing somatosensory cortex, acts in glutamatergic neurons to control serotonin uptake and its trophic functions accounting for proper spatial organization of cortical neurons and elaboration of sensory circuits. In the mature cortex, acts primarily in brainstem raphe neurons to mediate serotonin uptake from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal thus terminating serotonin signaling at the synapse (By similarity). Modulates mucosal serotonin levels in the gastrointestinal tract through uptake and clearance of serotonin in enterocytes. Required for enteric neurogenesis and gastrointestinal reflexes (By similarity). Regulates blood serotonin levels by ensuring rapid high affinity uptake of serotonin from plasma to platelets, where it is further stored in dense granules via vesicular monoamine transporters and then released upon stimulation (PubMed:17506858, PubMed:18317590). Mechanistically, the transport cycle starts with an outward-open conformation having Na1(+) and Cl(-) sites occupied. The binding of a second extracellular Na2(+) ion and serotonin substrate leads to structural changes to outward-occluded to inward-occluded to inward-open, where the Na2(+) ion and serotonin are released into the cytosol. Binding of intracellular K(+) ion induces conformational transitions to inward-occluded to outward-open and completes the cycle by releasing K(+) possibly together with a proton bound to Asp-98 into the extracellular compartment. Na1(+) and Cl(-) ions remain bound throughout the transport cycle (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Additionally, displays serotonin-induced channel-like conductance for monovalent cations, mainly Na(+) ions. The channel activity is uncoupled from the transport cycle and may contribute to the membrane resting potential or excitability (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A4
- Uniprot ID
- P31645
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 70324.165 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Partial agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
- Specific Function
- Adenylate cyclase binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- AgonistPartial agonist
- General Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:31473062)
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51222.97 Da
References
- Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Plays a role in the inducible expression of cytokine genes in T-cells, especially in the induction of the IL-2 or IL-4 gene transcription. Also controls gene expression in embryonic cardiac cells. Could regulate not only the activation and proliferation but also the differentiation and programmed death of T-lymphocytes as well as lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells (PubMed:10358178). Required for osteoclastogenesis and regulates many genes important for osteoclast differentiation and function (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
- Gene Name
- NFATC1
- Uniprot ID
- O95644
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1
- Molecular Weight
- 101241.73 Da
References
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Impairs regulatory T-cells (Treg) function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis via FOXP3 dephosphorylation. Up-regulates the expression of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which dephosphorylates the key 'Ser-418' residue of FOXP3, thereby inactivating FOXP3 and rendering Treg cells functionally defective (PubMed:23396208). Key mediator of cell death in the anticancer action of BCG-stimulated neutrophils in combination with DIABLO/SMAC mimetic in the RT4v6 bladder cancer cell line (PubMed:16829952, PubMed:22517918, PubMed:23396208). Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance (By similarity). Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6 (PubMed:12794819). Promotes osteoclastogenesis and therefore mediates bone resorption (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Cytokine activity
- Gene Name
- TNF
- Uniprot ID
- P01375
- Uniprot Name
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Molecular Weight
- 25644.15 Da
References
- Wu Z, Kong X, Zhang T, Ye J, Fang Z, Yang X: Pseudoephedrine/ephedrine shows potent anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-alpha-mediated acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Feb 5;724:112-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.032. Epub 2013 Dec 21. [Article]
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post-translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105
- Specific Function
- Actinin binding
- Gene Name
- NFKB1
- Uniprot ID
- P19838
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 105355.175 Da
References
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- This protein binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Binds to the Tax-responsive element (TRE) of HTLV-I. Mediates PKA-induced stimulation of CRE-reporter genes. Represses the expression of FTH1 and other antioxidant detoxification genes. Triggers cell proliferation and transformation
- Specific Function
- Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
Components:
References
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Cytokine produced by activated CD4-positive helper T-cells and to a lesser extend activated CD8-positive T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells that plays pivotal roles in the immune response and tolerance (PubMed:6438535). Binds to a receptor complex composed of either the high-affinity trimeric IL-2R (IL2RA/CD25, IL2RB/CD122 and IL2RG/CD132) or the low-affinity dimeric IL-2R (IL2RB and IL2RG) (PubMed:16293754, PubMed:16477002). Interaction with the receptor leads to oligomerization and conformation changes in the IL-2R subunits resulting in downstream signaling starting with phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3 (PubMed:7973659). In turn, JAK1 and JAK3 phosphorylate the receptor to form a docking site leading to the phosphorylation of several substrates including STAT5 (PubMed:8580378). This process leads to activation of several pathways including STAT, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase/MAPK pathways (PubMed:25142963). Functions as a T-cell growth factor and can increase NK-cell cytolytic activity as well (PubMed:6608729). Promotes strong proliferation of activated B-cells and subsequently immunoglobulin production (PubMed:6438535). Plays a pivotal role in regulating the adaptive immune system by controlling the survival and proliferation of regulatory T-cells, which are required for the maintenance of immune tolerance. Moreover, participates in the differentiation and homeostasis of effector T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17 as well as memory CD8-positive T-cells
- Specific Function
- Carbohydrate binding
- Gene Name
- IL2
- Uniprot ID
- P60568
- Uniprot Name
- Interleukin-2
- Molecular Weight
- 17627.52 Da
References
- Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Munoz E, Bellido LM: Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-kappaB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.582118. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and some secondary amine such as neurotransmitters, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (PubMed:18391214, PubMed:20493079, PubMed:24169519, PubMed:8316221). Preferentially oxidizes serotonin (PubMed:20493079, PubMed:24169519). Also catalyzes the oxidative deamination of kynuramine to 3-(2-aminophenyl)-3-oxopropanal that can spontaneously condense to 4-hydroxyquinoline (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Aliphatic amine oxidase activity
- Gene Name
- MAOA
- Uniprot ID
- P21397
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
- Molecular Weight
- 59681.27 Da
References
- Ulus IH, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ: Characterization of phentermine and related compounds as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1611-21. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- Antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Volpp M, Holzgrabe U: Determination of plasma protein binding for sympathomimetic drugs by means of ultrafiltration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Jan 15;127:175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Oct 31. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (PubMed:2008212, PubMed:8125921). Can also mediate sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:11093780, PubMed:8125921)
- Specific Function
- Actin binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A2
- Uniprot ID
- P23975
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69331.42 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:10375632, PubMed:11093780, PubMed:1406597, PubMed:15505207, PubMed:19478460, PubMed:8302271). Also mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (By similarity). Regulator of light-dependent retinal hyaloid vessel regression, downstream of OPN5 signaling (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Amine binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A3
- Uniprot ID
- Q01959
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 68494.255 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serotonin transporter that cotransports serotonin with one Na(+) ion in exchange for one K(+) ion and possibly one proton in an overall electroneutral transport cycle. Transports serotonin across the plasma membrane from the extracellular compartment to the cytosol thus limiting serotonin intercellular signaling (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Essential for serotonin homeostasis in the central nervous system. In the developing somatosensory cortex, acts in glutamatergic neurons to control serotonin uptake and its trophic functions accounting for proper spatial organization of cortical neurons and elaboration of sensory circuits. In the mature cortex, acts primarily in brainstem raphe neurons to mediate serotonin uptake from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal thus terminating serotonin signaling at the synapse (By similarity). Modulates mucosal serotonin levels in the gastrointestinal tract through uptake and clearance of serotonin in enterocytes. Required for enteric neurogenesis and gastrointestinal reflexes (By similarity). Regulates blood serotonin levels by ensuring rapid high affinity uptake of serotonin from plasma to platelets, where it is further stored in dense granules via vesicular monoamine transporters and then released upon stimulation (PubMed:17506858, PubMed:18317590). Mechanistically, the transport cycle starts with an outward-open conformation having Na1(+) and Cl(-) sites occupied. The binding of a second extracellular Na2(+) ion and serotonin substrate leads to structural changes to outward-occluded to inward-occluded to inward-open, where the Na2(+) ion and serotonin are released into the cytosol. Binding of intracellular K(+) ion induces conformational transitions to inward-occluded to outward-open and completes the cycle by releasing K(+) possibly together with a proton bound to Asp-98 into the extracellular compartment. Na1(+) and Cl(-) ions remain bound throughout the transport cycle (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Additionally, displays serotonin-induced channel-like conductance for monovalent cations, mainly Na(+) ions. The channel activity is uncoupled from the transport cycle and may contribute to the membrane resting potential or excitability (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A4
- Uniprot ID
- P31645
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 70324.165 Da
References
- Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. [Article]
- Foley KF, Van Dort ME, Sievert MK, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV: Stereospecific inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters by meta-hydroxyephedrine isomers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Oct;109(10):1229-40. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 18, 2024 17:45