Amylocaine

Identification

Summary

Amylocaine is a local and topical anaesthetic agent.

Generic Name
Amylocaine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09088
Background

Despite the introduction of using cocaine injections for regional anesthesia in 1884, non-addictive substitutes were sought after immediately 4. Finally, in 1903 the world's first synthetic and non-addictive local anesthetic, amylocaine, was synthesized and patented under the name Forneaucaine by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute 4. Elsewhere in English speaking countries it was referred to as Stovaine, given the meaning of the French word 'fourneau' as 'stove' in English 4.

Although amylocaine could be administered topically or injected, it was most widely used for spinal anesthesia 4. Even though it certainly possessed less severe side effects than cocaine 4, the eventual development and clinical use of newer, more effective, and even safer local anesthetics like lidocaine, bupivicaine, and prilocaine in the 1940s and 1950s superseded and made the use of amylocaine obsolete.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 235.327
Monoisotopic: 235.15722892
Chemical Formula
C14H21NO2
Synonyms
  • 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methyl-2-butanol benzoate
  • Amyléine
  • Amylocaine
  • Stovaine

Pharmacology

Indication

The most common indication for the usage of amylocaine was spinal anesthesia 1.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatPharyngitisCombination Product in combination with: Bacitracin (DB00626), Neomycin (DB00994)•••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatSore throatCombination Product in combination with: Neomycin (DB00994), Bacitracin (DB00626)•••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatStomatitisCombination Product in combination with: Bacitracin (DB00626), Neomycin (DB00994)•••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatTonsillitisCombination Product in combination with: Neomycin (DB00994), Bacitracin (DB00626)•••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Like all other local anesthetics, amylocaine acts as a membrane stabilizing drug that reversibly decreases the rate of depolarization and depolarization of excitable membranes 2. In this way, the conduction of neuronal signals for certain bodily movements can be blocked 2. In particular, when administered for spinal anesthesia, the resultant anesthesia can typically extend from the chest to the legs 2.

Mechanism of action

In particular, amylocaine, much like other local anesthetics, bind and blockade voltage gated sodium channels located in the excitable membranes of various sensory receptors 2. Once blocked, the influx of sodium across the channels and membrane is inhibited 2. Because the influx of sodium is necessary to facilitate neuronal action potentials and signal conduction across sensory receptor membranes, the influx inhibition subsequently prevents the body reactions that would normally result from the neuronal signals 2.

TargetActionsOrganism
AVoltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit
blocker
Humans
Absorption

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Volume of distribution

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Protein binding

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Metabolism

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Route of elimination

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Half-life

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Clearance

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

A lack of detailed information regarding the specificities of amylocaine relate to a lack of information on its pharmacokinetics at the time of its primary use in the early 1900s 3.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Amylocaine hydrochloride224EF0K14Q532-59-2YCAXNWFCHTZUMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Dentition Sirop DeSyrup180 mg / 30 mLDentalLab Nadeau LtÉe, Division Of Technilab Inc.1945-12-311999-09-28Canada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
BASINA LOZENGEAmylocaine (0.5 MG) + Bacitracin (100 UNITS) + Neomycin (2.5 MG)LozengeOralบริษัท ที. แมน ฟาร์มา จำกัด2004-08-152020-07-14Thailand flag
BASINA LOZENGEAmylocaine (0.5 MG) + Bacitracin (100 UNITS) + Neomycin (2.5 MG)LozengeOralบริษัท ที. แมน ฟาร์มา จำกัด2003-12-172020-07-14Thailand flag
Rhino MexAmylocaine hydrochloride (.2 %) + Naphazoline hydrochloride (.1 %)LiquidNasalLaboratoires Charton Laboratories1978-12-311999-09-17Canada flag
คอนนิค 99Amylocaine (0.5 MG) + Bacitracin (100 UNITS) + Neomycin (2.5 MG)LozengeOralบริษัท ไบร์วู๊ดฟาร์มาซูติคอล จำกัด1993-04-23Not applicableThailand flag
บาคาลAmylocaine (0.5 MG) + Bacitracin (100 UNITS) + Neomycin (2.5 MG)LozengeOralบริษัท แอดวานซ์ ฟาร์มาซูติคอล แมนูเฟคเจอริ่ง จำกัด2014-02-19Not applicableThailand flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Benzoic acid esters
Alternative Parents
Benzoyl derivatives / Trialkylamines / Carboxylic acid esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzoate ester / Benzoyl / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic nitrogen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzoate ester (CHEBI:34981)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
QRW683O56T
CAS number
644-26-8
InChI Key
FDMBBCOBEAVDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H21NO2/c1-5-14(2,11-15(3)4)17-13(16)12-9-7-6-8-10-12/h6-10H,5,11H2,1-4H3
IUPAC Name
1-(dimethylamino)-2-methylbutan-2-yl benzoate
SMILES
CCC(C)(CN(C)C)OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

General References
  1. Coleman RB: SPINAL ANAESTHESIA BY STOVAINE. Br Med J. 1925 Mar 21;1(3351):548-9. [Article]
  2. Butterworth JF 4th, Strichartz GR: Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review. Anesthesiology. 1990 Apr;72(4):711-34. [Article]
  3. Gary R. Strichartz (1987). Local Anesthetics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. [ISBN:978-3-642-71112-1]
  4. The Wood Library-Museum: Stovaine Profile [Link]
KEGG Drug
D07454
KEGG Compound
C14169
PubChem Compound
10767
PubChem Substance
310265015
ChemSpider
10312
RxNav
40660
ChEBI
34981
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1740065
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Amylocaine
MSDS
Download (52.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Paste, dentifriceDental
SyrupDental180 mg / 30 mL
LiquidNasal
LozengeOral
Tablet
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.06 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.73ALOGPS
logP3.22Chemaxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.91Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area29.54 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity69.68 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability26.96 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0a4i-9300000000-a206b658b7925ffba733
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9510000000-e3a5c8fa7ff0c8729804
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03e9-5920000000-069579006758e8ab8959
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9600000000-78b4e7a29917c1aabd09
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00dl-9100000000-be8eb0595576560b492c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9100000000-e9387b51360ef97291e7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9300000000-e8db8a19ef0bd058f55f
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-156.37935
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+158.73735
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+164.8305
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Blocker
General Function
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a...

Components:
References
  1. Butterworth JF 4th, Strichartz GR: Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review. Anesthesiology. 1990 Apr;72(4):711-34. [Article]
  2. Fozzard HA, Sheets MF, Hanck DA: The sodium channel as a target for local anesthetic drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 1;2:68. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00068. eCollection 2011. [Article]

Drug created at September 15, 2015 20:30 / Updated at December 02, 2023 07:01