Search
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of β-Hydroxybutyric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126987Metabolicelectron transport chain and other redox reactions. β-Hydroxybutyrate is the most abundant of the ketone bodies, followed by acetoacetate and finally acetone … Ketone synthesis in the liver produces acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from two acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism.
Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2b and Adenosine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000321SignalingAdenosine is thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Stimulation of A2B can induce production of interleukin-8 mast cells. The adenosine receptor A2b activates G(s) proteins which lead to the activation of adenylyl cycla...
Drugs: ATP · Adenosine · Magnesium cation · Zinc · Cyclic adenosine monophosphate · Pyrophosphoric acidEnzymes: Protein kinase C zeta typeMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 2-Aminobenzoic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126869DiseaseUremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. … Kynureninase catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and L-3-hydroxykynurenine (L-3OHKyn) into anthranilic acid (AA) (which is also known as 2-Aminobenzoic acid) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126879Metabolic, and C. propionicum. l-tyrosine, derived from diet and endogenous proteins and peptides, can be converted to phenol and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. … Higher levels of this metabolite are associated with an overgrowth of small intestinal bacteria from Clostridia species including C. difficile, C. stricklandii, C. lituseburense, C. subterminale, C. putrefaciens
Intracellular Signalling Through PGD2 receptor and Prostaglandin D2
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000343SignalingPGD is the major prostanoid released from human mast cells upon immunological challenge. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) can trigger asthmatic responses by acting as a cell-derived mediator in mice. The PGD receptor activates G(s) proteins which...
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indole Acetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123235MetabolicIndole acetic acid is shown to cause inflammation and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … After being transported into gut microbes, tryptophan undergoes a reaction with the enzymes tryptophan monooxygenase and indole-3-acetamide hydrolase to form indole acetic acid.
Drugs: TryptophanMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Para-cresyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123299MetabolicMost of the p-cresol that is produced from the gut microbes then enters systemic circulation and is converted into P-cresyl sulphate by the liver. … Para-cresyl glucuronide (P-cresyl glucuronide) is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 4-Hydroxyhippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125537Metabolic; nuts such as cashews, almonds, pistachios; and dairy products such as yogurt, milk, and cheese. … Benzoic acid is present in many fruits, such as apricots, prunes, and berries; many vegetables such as mushrooms (fungus), snap peas, cucumbers, and radishes; spices such as cinnamon, cloves, and allspice
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of p-Cresol sulphate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126850MetabolicHigher levels are associated with overgrowth of intestinal bacteria from Clostridia species, including C. difficile. p-Cresol is generated by the partial breakdown of tyrosine and phenylalanine by a wide … It has also been linked to cardiovascular disease and oxidative injury.
Excitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 4 and Serotonin
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000309SignalingThe 5-HT4 receptor is primarily found in the CNS, GI tract, and PNS. … Atrial heart receptors produce positive inotropy and tachycardia that can precipitate arrhythmias.