Glucosamine
Identification
- Name
- Glucosamine
- Accession Number
- DB01296
- Description
Glucosamine is commonly used as a treatment for osteoarthritis, although its acceptance as a medical therapy varies. It is an amino sugar and precursor of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Glucosamine (DB01296)
- Weight
- Average: 179.1711
Monoisotopic: 179.079372531 - Chemical Formula
- C6H13NO5
- Synonyms
- 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose
- Chitosamine
- D-Glucosamine
- Glucosamina
- Glucosamine
Pharmacology
- Indication
Glucosamine is usually used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, although its efficacy is still in question.
- Associated Conditions
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Learn about our commercial Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings data.
Learn More- Pharmacodynamics
Osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive degeneration of cartilage glycosaminoglycans. The formation of glucosamine is the rate limiting step in glycosaminoglycans synthesis thus the addition is glucosamine, would in theory provide a building block towards the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and thus slow down the progression of osteoarthritis. Thus far however, the results have not been conclusive.
- Mechanism of action
Glucosamine is a precursor of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Oral glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis appears safe, but there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness with more recent studies showing limited to no clinical benefit of use. Glucosamine is not FDA approved for use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a dietary supplement, safety and formulation are solely the responsibility of the manufacturer; evidence of safety and efficacy is not required as long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition.
Target Actions Organism UTumor necrosis factor Not Available Humans AMatrix metalloproteinase-9 antagonistHumans UNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit antagonistHumans UInterferon gamma Not Available Humans UChitosanase Not Available Bacillus circulans - Absorption
- Not Available
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
- Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
- Not Available
- Half-life
- Not Available
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Learn about our commercial Adverse Effects data.
Learn More- Toxicity
Adverse effects are generally mild: itching, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea and vomiting.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
Pathway Category Amino Sugar Metabolism Metabolic G(M2)-Gangliosidosis: Variant B, Tay-Sachs Disease Disease Sialuria or French Type Sialuria Disease Sialuria or French Type Sialuria Disease Salla Disease/Infantile Sialic Acid Storage Disease Disease Tay-Sachs Disease Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Unlock Additional DataAbciximab Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Abciximab. Acenocoumarol Glucosamine may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol. Acetylsalicylic acid Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Acetylsalicylic acid. Anagrelide Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Anagrelide. Cangrelor Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Cangrelor. Caplacizumab Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Caplacizumab. Cilostazol Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Cilostazol. Clopidogrel Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Clopidogrel. Defibrotide Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Defibrotide. Dipyridamole Glucosamine may increase the antiplatelet activities of Dipyridamole. Additional Data Available- Extended DescriptionExtended DescriptionAvailable for Purchase
Extended description of the mechanism of action and particular properties of each drug interaction.
Learn more - SeveritySeverityAvailable for Purchase
A severity rating for each drug interaction, from minor to major.
Learn more - Evidence LevelEvidence LevelAvailable for Purchase
A rating for the strength of the evidence supporting each drug interaction.
Learn more - ActionActionAvailable for Purchase
An effect category for each drug interaction. Know how this interaction affects the subject drug.
Learn more
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Purchasing individual compounds or compound libraries for your research?
Learn More- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Glucosamine hydrochloride 750W5330FY 66-84-2 QKPLRMLTKYXDST-NSEZLWDYSA-N Glucosamine sulfate 1FW7WLR731 14999-43-0 WLNBMPZUVDTASE-HXIISURNSA-N Glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride 15VQ11I66N 1296149-08-0 UOUQWMJTBOYJTE-YZJMRIMCSA-M Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride 7RI65CXJ9S Not Available Not applicable - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Glucosamine Sulfate, Chondroitin Sulfate, Ibuprofen Glucosamine sulfate (250 mg/1) + Chondroitin sulfate (bovine) (200 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (100 mg/1) Capsule Oral Contract Pharmacal Corp. 2010-04-19 Not applicable US 
Theraflex Advance Glucosamine sulfate (250 mg/1) + Chondroitin sulfate (bovine) (200 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (100 mg/1) Tablet Oral Bayer Healthcare Llc. 2014-12-11 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Medi-flexx Rx Joint Support Formula Glucosamine sulfate (500 mg/1) + Chondroitin sulfate (chicken) (400 mg/1) + Dimethyl sulfone (200 mg/1) Tablet Oral Two Hip Consulting, Llc 2014-12-05 2016-04-11 US Remaxazon External Patch Glucosamine (5 g/100g) + Capsaicin (.0285 g/100g) + Chondroitin sulfate sodium (bovine) (3 g/100g) + Lidocaine (4 g/100g) Patch Topical Home Aide Diganostics, Inc. 2015-03-09 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- M01AX05 — Glucosamine
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Hexoses
- Alternative Parents
- Aminosaccharides / Oxanes / Secondary alcohols / Hemiacetals / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Polyols / Oxacyclic compounds / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Monoalkylamines show 1 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Amine / Amino saccharide / Hemiacetal / Hexose monosaccharide / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organoheterocyclic compound show 9 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- D-glucosamine (CHEBI:47977) / Amino sugars (C00329)
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- N08U5BOQ1K
- CAS number
- 3416-24-8
- InChI Key
- MSWZFWKMSRAUBD-IVMDWMLBSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C6H13NO5/c7-3-5(10)4(9)2(1-8)12-6(3)11/h2-6,8-11H,1,7H2/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6?/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol
- SMILES
References
- Synthesis Reference
Yuichi Yamamura, Ichiro Azuma, Shigeru Kobayashi, "Glucosamine peptide derivatives, their production and use." U.S. Patent US4369178, issued July, 1978.
US4369178- General References
- Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Robinson V, Hochberg MC, Wells G: Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD002946. [PubMed:15846645]
- Roseman S: Reflections on glycobiology. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41527-42. Epub 2001 Sep 11. [PubMed:11553646]
- GHOSH S, BLUMENTHAL HJ, DAVIDSON E, ROSEMAN S: Glucosamine metabolism. V. Enzymatic synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1960 May;235:1265-73. [PubMed:13827775]
- Buse MG: Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;290(1):E1-E8. [PubMed:16339923]
- Laverty S, Sandy JD, Celeste C, Vachon P, Marier JF, Plaas AH: Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):181-91. [PubMed:15641100]
- TITCK Product Information: Dona (crystalline glucosamine sulfate) for intramuscular injection [Link]
- TITCK Product Information: Dona Plus (chondroitin sulfate/glucosamine sulfate) powder for oral use [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001514
- KEGG Drug
- D04334
- KEGG Compound
- C00329
- PubChem Compound
- 439213
- PubChem Substance
- 46506420
- ChemSpider
- 388352
- 4845
- ChEBI
- 47977
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL493287
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001097
- PharmGKB
- PA164747613
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Glucosamine
- MSDS
- Download (73.2 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Osteoarthritis of the Knee 1 4 Completed Treatment Back Pain Lower Back 1 4 Completed Treatment Back Pain, Unspecified 1 4 Completed Treatment Diacerein / Glucosamine / Osteoarthritis (OA) 1 4 Completed Treatment Oral Lichen Planus 1 4 Completed Treatment Osteoarthritis (OA) 1 4 Completed Treatment Osteoarthritis of the Knee 3 3 Completed Treatment Osteoarthritis (OA) 1 3 Completed Treatment Osteoarthritis of the Knee 4 3 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Osteoarthritis of the Knee 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- 21st Century Healthcare Inc.
- Equaline Vitamins
- Freeda Vitamins
- Janssen-Ortho Inc.
- LeaderPharma
- Mckesson Corp.
- Mericon
- Nexgen Pharma Inc.
- Professional Co.
- Sunmark
- Walgreen Co.
- Zylera Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 500 mg Capsule Oral Capsule Oral 400 mg Tablet, coated Oral 500 mg Powder, for solution Oral 1.5 g/3.95g Granule Oral 24 g Powder, for solution Oral 1884 mg Powder Oral 1500 mg Tablet, coated Oral 1.5 g Capsule Oral 250 MG Granule, for solution Oral 1.5 g/3.95g Tablet, coated Oral 250 MG Tablet, coated Oral 750 MG Powder Oral 1884 mg Powder Oral 750 mg Powder, for suspension Oral 1200 mg Powder, for solution Oral 600 mg Solution Intramuscular 400 mg Powder, for solution Oral 1500.14 mg Capsule, coated Oral 500 mg Powder, for solution Oral 10 g Tablet, coated Oral 400 mg Powder, for solution Oral 2400 mg Capsule, liquid filled Oral 400 mg Powder, for solution Oral 1200 mg Capsule Oral 105 mg Powder, for solution Oral 30 g Powder, for solution Oral 1.2 g Powder, for solution Oral 49.69 g Granule Oral 1200 mg Capsule, liquid filled Oral 250 mg Powder, for solution Oral 1500 mg Capsule 75 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg Capsule, coated Oral 400 mg Tablet, coated Oral 1 g Capsule Oral 550 mg Powder Oral 1417 mg Capsule Oral 200 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral 600 mg Capsule Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg Patch Topical Tablet 250 mg Tablet 500 mg Tablet Injection, solution 400 mg/2mL Injection, solution 400 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Glucosamine hcl (d) powder 1.05USD g Cidatrine 500 mg tablet 0.81USD tablet Glucosamine 500 mg tablet 0.23USD tablet Glucosamine hcl 500 mg tablet 0.21USD tablet Sm glucosamine hcl 1500 mg tablet 0.2USD tablet Eql glucosamine 1000 mg tablet 0.17USD tablet Glucosamine sulf 750 mg cplt 0.16USD caplet Glucosamine 500 mg caplet 0.12USD tablet Glucosamine relief 1000 mg tablet 0.09USD tablet Glucosamine 750 mg caplet 0.08USD caplet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 88 °C PhysProp - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 551.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.7 ALOGPS logP -3 ChemAxon logS 0.49 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.73 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.23 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 5 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 116.17 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 ChemAxon Refractivity 37.58 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 16.87 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 1 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.8589 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9143 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8221 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.7833 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9452 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.976 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9261 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8377 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8469 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7168 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9503 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9347 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9494 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9115 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9777 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9769 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7558 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9716 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.8286 Rat acute toxicity 1.2287 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9659 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.969
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Tumor necrosis factor receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct ac...
- Gene Name
- TNF
- Uniprot ID
- P01375
- Uniprot Name
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Molecular Weight
- 25644.15 Da
References
- Delcommenne M, Kannagi R, Johnson P: TNF-alpha increases the carbohydrate sulfation of CD44: induction of 6-sulfo N-acetyl lactosamine on N- and O-linked glycans. Glycobiology. 2002 Oct;12(10):613-22. [PubMed:12244074]
- Bitler CM, Viale TM, Damaj B, Crea R: Hydrolyzed olive vegetation water in mice has anti-inflammatory activity. J Nutr. 2005 Jun;135(6):1475-9. [PubMed:15930455]
- Chen JT, Liang JB, Chou CL, Chien MW, Shyu RC, Chou PI, Lu DW: Glucosamine sulfate inhibits TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma-induced production of ICAM-1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Feb;47(2):664-72. [PubMed:16431966]
- Yi HA, Yi SD, Jang BC, Song DK, Shin DH, Mun KC, Kim SP, Suh SI, Bae JH: Inhibitory effects of glucosamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation in microglial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Dec;32(12):1097-103. [PubMed:16445576]
- Lapaque N, Takeuchi O, Corrales F, Akira S, Moriyon I, Howard JC, Gorvel JP: Differential inductions of TNF-alpha and IGTP, IIGP by structurally diverse classic and non-classic lipopolysaccharides. Cell Microbiol. 2006 Mar;8(3):401-13. [PubMed:16469053]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves...
- Gene Name
- MMP9
- Uniprot ID
- P14780
- Uniprot Name
- Matrix metalloproteinase-9
- Molecular Weight
- 78457.51 Da
References
- Fenton JI, Chlebek-Brown KA, Caron JP, Orth MW: Effect of glucosamine on interleukin-1-conditioned articular cartilage. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002 Sep;(34):219-23. [PubMed:12405690]
- Mendis E, Kim MM, Rajapakse N, Kim SK: Carboxy derivatized glucosamine is a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in HT1080 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jun 15;16(12):3105-10. Epub 2006 Apr 17. [PubMed:16616490]
- Chu SC, Yang SF, Lue KH, Hsieh YS, Lee CY, Chou MC, Lu KH: Glucosamine sulfate suppresses the expressions of urokinase plasminogen activator and inhibitor and gelatinases during the early stage of osteoarthritis. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Oct;372(1-2):167-72. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [PubMed:16756968]
- Rajapakse N, Mendis E, Kim MM, Kim SK: Sulfated glucosamine inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in human fibrosarcoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Jul 15;15(14):4891-6. Epub 2007 Apr 29. [PubMed:17498959]
- Dodge GR, Jimenez SA: Glucosamine sulfate modulates the levels of aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase-3 synthesized by cultured human osteoarthritis articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 Jun;11(6):424-32. [PubMed:12801482]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related...
- Gene Name
- NFKB2
- Uniprot ID
- Q00653
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 96748.355 Da
References
- Largo R, Alvarez-Soria MA, Diez-Ortego I, Calvo E, Sanchez-Pernaute O, Egido J, Herrero-Beaumont G: Glucosamine inhibits IL-1beta-induced NFkappaB activation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 Apr;11(4):290-8. [PubMed:12681956]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Interferon-gamma receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrop...
- Gene Name
- IFNG
- Uniprot ID
- P01579
- Uniprot Name
- Interferon gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 19348.165 Da
References
- Sarrazin S, Bonnaffe D, Lubineau A, Lortat-Jacob H: Heparan sulfate mimicry: a synthetic glycoconjugate that recognizes the heparin binding domain of interferon-gamma inhibits the cytokine activity. J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 11;280(45):37558-64. Epub 2005 Sep 9. [PubMed:16155294]
- Chen JT, Liang JB, Chou CL, Chien MW, Shyu RC, Chou PI, Lu DW: Glucosamine sulfate inhibits TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma-induced production of ICAM-1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Feb;47(2):664-72. [PubMed:16431966]
- Lortat-Jacob H: Interferon and heparan sulphate. Biochem Soc Trans. 2006 Jun;34(Pt 3):461-4. [PubMed:16709188]
- Chen JT, Chen CH, Horng CT, Chien MW, Lu DW, Liang JB, Tai MC, Chang YH, Chen PL, Chen YH: Glucosamine sulfate inhibits proinflammatory cytokine-induced icam-1 production in human conjunctival cells in vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Dec;22(6):402-16. [PubMed:17238806]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus circulans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Chitosanase activity
- Specific Function
- Aids in the defense against invading fungal pathogens by degrading their cell wall chitosan.
- Gene Name
- csn
- Uniprot ID
- P33673
- Uniprot Name
- Chitosanase
- Molecular Weight
- 33425.53 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Kurakake M, Yo-u S, Nakagawa K, Sugihara M, Komaki T: Properties of chitosanase from Bacillus cereus S1. Curr Microbiol. 2000 Jan;40(1):6-9. [PubMed:10568796]
- Kimoto H, Kusaoke H, Yamamoto I, Fujii Y, Onodera T, Taketo A: Biochemical and genetic properties of Paenibacillus glycosyl hydrolase having chitosanase activity and discoidin domain. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 26;277(17):14695-702. Epub 2002 Feb 19. [PubMed:11854270]
- Shimono K, Shigeru K, Tsuchiya A, Itou N, Ohta Y, Tanaka K, Nakagawa T, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M: Two glutamic acids in chitosanase A from Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus 3001 are the catalytically important residues. J Biochem. 2002 Jan;131(1):87-96. [PubMed:11754739]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on November 23, 2020 10:34
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