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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Citrulline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126861MetabolicCitrulline has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including argininosuccinic aciduria and fumarase deficiency. … Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein (MBP), filaggrin, and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Putrescine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123276MetabolicAfter being transported into gut microbes, arginine undergoes 2 reactions with the enzymes Arginase and Ornithine Decarboxylase to form putrescine. … While putrescine is important for interactions and processes involving, DNA, RNA and proteins, at high levels it is also a protein bound uremic toxin found in the body that can inhibit erythropoietin production
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthosine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124866MetabolicAdenosine then reacts with water to form inosine and ammonia using the enzyme adenosine deaminase. Inosine goes on to form hypoxanthine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … The purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthosine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Uridine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124871MetabolicL-glutamine is first converted to carbamoyl phosphate then to N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate and finally to dihydroorotate by the CAD protein (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and … L-glutamine is obtained form protein sources in the diet and is metabolized to uridine in the liver.
D-Arginine and D-Ornithine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000036MetabolicD-Amino acids have been show to be present in high concentrations in humans and play a role in biological functions. … DAAO is highly specific towards D-amino acids and favours free neutral D-amino acids or those with hydrophobic, polar or aromatic groups. Acidic amino acids are not catalyze by DAOO.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglutamine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123208MetabolicPhenylacetyl-CoA and L-glutamine react to form phenylacetylglutamine and coenzyme A. … The enzyme (glutamine N-acetyl transferase) that catalyzes this reaction has been purified from human liver mitochondria and shown to be a polypeptide species distinct from glycine-N-acyltransferase.
Drugs: Phenylalanine · L-Glutamine · Adenosine phosphate · ATP · Magnesium cation · Phenylpyruvic acid +1 moreMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123255MetabolicPhenol is shown to cause cardiovascular disease and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative stress. … Phenol can get further metabolized in a liver hepatocyte to Phenyl sulphate and Phenyl glucuronide. However phenol itself is shown to be a major uremic toxin through high levels of retention.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Choline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124739MetabolicThe toxicity of choline is due to the formation of TMA and its metabolism to Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. … TMAO has negative effects on organs such as the heart, kidney and vascular system by contributing to cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and kidney disease.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Dimethylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124873MetabolicDimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. … Choline is obtained from dietary sources like meat, fish, eggs and poultry. Choline is metabolized in the liver to betaine aldehyde in the mitochondria via the enzyme choline dehydrogenase.
Drugs: Choline · Methionine · NADH · Zinc · N,N-dimethylglycine · Flavin adenine dinucleotide +1 moreMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126858MetabolicPhenylacetic acid may arise from exposure to styrene (plastic) or through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. … The presence of phenylacetylglycine in urine has been confirmed for dogs, rats and mice. However, the presence of this compound in human urine is controversial.
Drugs: Glycine