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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglutamine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123208MetabolicTechnically, it is the amino acid acetylation product of phenylacetate (or phenylbutyrate after beta-oxidation). … Phenylacetyl-CoA and L-glutamine react to form phenylacetylglutamine and coenzyme A.
Drugs: Phenylalanine · L-Glutamine · Adenosine phosphate · ATP · Magnesium cation · Phenylpyruvic acid +1 moreEnzymes: Excitatory amino acid transporter 3, Y+L amino acid transporter 1Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123255MetabolicPhenol is shown to cause cardiovascular disease and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative stress. … Phenol can get further metabolized in a liver hepatocyte to Phenyl sulphate and Phenyl glucuronide. However phenol itself is shown to be a major uremic toxin through high levels of retention.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Choline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124739Metabolic[N-oxide-forming] 3 converts TMA to TMAO. … Choline is obtained from foods like poultry, meat, fish, dairy and eggs.
Enzymes: Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Dimethylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124873MetabolicDimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. … Dimethylglycine enters the bloodstream and can cause toxic effects on the cardiovascular system.
Drugs: Choline · Methionine · NADH · Zinc · N,N-dimethylglycine · Flavin adenine dinucleotide +1 moreMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126858MetabolicPhenylacetylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. … In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation.
Drugs: GlycineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Beta-Alanine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126732MetabolicMalonate is then converted into malonyl-CoA and enter fatty acid biosynthesis. … beta-Alanine is the only naturally occurring beta-amino acid - an amino acid in which the amino group is at the beta-position from the carboxylate group.
Enzymes: Beta-Ala-His dipeptidaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of β-Hydroxybutyric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126987MetabolicKetone synthesis in the liver produces acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from two acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism. … 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 300-85-6), also known as beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic
Enzymes: D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrialMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 2-Aminobenzoic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126869DiseaseKynureninase catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and L-3-hydroxykynurenine (L-3OHKyn) into anthranilic acid (AA) (which is also known as 2-Aminobenzoic acid) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3 … Has a preference for the L-3-hydroxy form. Also has cysteine-conjugate-beta-lyase activity.
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT, Neutral amino acid transporter AMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126879Metabolicp-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in numerous foods such as olives, cocoa beans, oats, and mushrooms. p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found throughout all human tissues and in all biofluids. … at the 2-position. p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123227MetabolicPhenyl glucuronide is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … When this compound returns back into systemic circulation it is shown to be a major uremic toxin through high levels of retention. Phenyl glucuronide is shown to