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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123239MetabolicIndoxyl glucuronide is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … When this compound returns back into systemic circulation it is shown to be a major uremic toxin through high levels of retention.
Metabolsim and Physiological Effects of 4-Ethylphenylsulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125541MetabolicThis is metabolized into phenylpyruvic acid Phenylacetic acid which is then metabolized into 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. … This is metabolized into 3-ethylphenol which is transported back into the intestine. The same metabolism occurs to phenylalanine except the 4-hydroxy group is not present.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Tyrosine · Iron · Oxogluric acid · Propanoic acid +3 moreEnzymes: Aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of N-Acetylphenylalanine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126720MetabolicN-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. … The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G).
Drugs: PhenylalanineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenol sulphate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126844MetabolicIn experimental models of diabetes, phenol sulphate administration has been shown to induce albuminuria and podocyte damage. … Phenol sulphate can be found in most mammals (mice, rats, sheep, dogs, humans) and likely most animals. Phenol sulphate is a uremic toxin.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Androsterone sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0127012MetabolicIt is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androsterone by the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 and can be desulfated back into androsterone by steroid sulfatase. … It is a cognate substrate for human dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfonate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA
Drugs: TestosteroneEnzymes: 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 62-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D and L Form)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000136DiseaseA deficiency in this enzyme results in accumulation of D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid in plasma, spinal fluid, and urine; oxoglutaric acid in urine; and gabba-aminobutyric acid in spinal fluid. … A deficiency in this enzyme results in accumulation of L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid in plasma, spinal fluid, and urine; and L-lysine in plasma and spinal fluid.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Pyruvic acid · Biotin · Aspartic acid · L-Glutamine · Adenosine phosphate +17 moreIntracellular Signalling Through Prostacyclin Receptor and Prostacyclin
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000354SignalingProstacyclin binding to its receptor increases vasodilation and decreases platelet aggregation. … The receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, upon its binding it activates G proteins causing the activation of adenylyl cyclase and production of cAMP messenger molecules. cAMP activates PKA (protein
Enzymes: Myosin light chain 3, cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit betaMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123213MetabolicPhenyl sulphate is shown to cause albuminuria and diabetic kidney disease. … Phenyl sulphate is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a sulfation reaction in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Para-cresol
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123214MetabolicP-cresol is shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease and it can also inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. … P-cresol can then undergo sulfation or glucuronidation reactions in the liver to produce the uremic toxins p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide respectively.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123237MetabolicIt is also shown to cause vascular calcification and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy … Indoxyl sulfate is an indole compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tryptophan and a sulfation reaction in liver hepatic cells.