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Intracellular Signalling Through Histamine H2 Receptor and Histamine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000335SignalingHistamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that is involved in local immune responses and it is a neurotransmitter for brain. … Histamine can mediate various actions by interacting with histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4).
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indoxyl glucoside (indican)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124742MetabolicIt is a uremic toxin as identified by the European Uremic Toxin Working Group and accumulates in the presence of Lactobacillus bacteria in the gut. … It is also shown to cause vascular calcification and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy.
Metabolism and Phsyiological Effects of Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124747MetabolicL-arginine is obtained from protein-rich foods like red meat, poultry, dairy and eggs. It is absorbed in the intestine to the blood. … It enters cells in the body and is metabolized to ADMA via the enzyme protein arginine methyltransferase-1. ADMA inhibits nitric oxide synthase, preventing the formation of nitric oxide.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124764MetabolicL-arginine is obtained from protein-rich foods like red meat, poultry, dairy and eggs. It is absorbed in the intestine to the blood. … It enters cells in the body and is metabolized to SDMA via the enzyme protein arginine methyltransferase-5 or protein arginine methyltransferase-7.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of β-Hydroxybutyric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126987MetabolicGlucose is metabolized into pyruvate through glycolysis in the cytoplasm, and pyruvate is completely oxidized to generate ATP through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. … Upon entering the tissues, beta-hydroxybutyrate is converted by D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase back to acetoacetate along with a proton and a molecule of NADH, the latter of which goes on to power the
Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2b and Adenosine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000321Signalingdown stream effectors that lead to a specific cellular response. … Adenosine is thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Stimulation of A2B can induce production of interleukin-8 mast cells.
Drugs: ATP · Adenosine · Magnesium cation · Zinc · Cyclic adenosine monophosphate · Pyrophosphoric acidMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 2-Aminobenzoic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126869DiseaseChronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. … Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126879Metabolic, and C. propionicum. l-tyrosine, derived from diet and endogenous proteins and peptides, can be converted to phenol and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. … To a small extent, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and ammonia can also be formed by the enzyme phenylalanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.20.) from l-tyrosine.
Intracellular Signalling Through PGD2 receptor and Prostaglandin D2
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000343Signalingeffectors that lead to a specific cellular response. … The PGD receptor activates G(s) proteins which lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase which produces the secondary messenger cAMP. cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A) which phosphorylates downstream
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indole Acetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123235MetabolicIndole acetic acid is shown to cause inflammation and disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … After being transported into gut microbes, tryptophan undergoes a reaction with the enzymes tryptophan monooxygenase and indole-3-acetamide hydrolase to form indole acetic acid.
Drugs: Tryptophan