Vitamin E

Identification

Summary

Vitamin E is an antioxidant vitamin used in many skin creams and multivitamin preparations.

Brand Names
Mvc-fluoride, Vitafol-one
Generic Name
Vitamin E
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00163
Background

In 1922, vitamin E was demonstrated to be an essential nutrient12. Vitamin E is a term used to describe 8 different fat soluble tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active1. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage1. The antioxidant effects are currently being researched for use in the treatment of diseases causing bone loss, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities, eye diseases, inflammatory diseases (including skin conditions), lipid disorders, neurological diseases, and radiation damage13. Though this research is so far inconclusive, vitamin E remains a popular supplement and is generally considered safe by the FDALabel.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 430.7061
Monoisotopic: 430.381080844
Chemical Formula
C29H50O2
Synonyms
  • (+)-α-tocopherol
  • (2R,4'R,8'R)-α-tocopherol
  • (R,R,R)-α-tocopherol
  • 5,7,8-trimethyltocol
  • alpha-tocopherol
  • d-α-tocopherol
External IDs
  • E-307A
  • INS NO.307A
  • INS-307A
  • J24.260H

Pharmacology

Indication

Vitamin E supplementation is indicated for treatment of vitamin E deficiency which can occur in cystic fibrosis, cholestasis and severe liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia or simply poor diet1,15.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to preventVitamin deficiency•••••••••••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin E is a collective term used to describe 8 separate fat soluble antioxidants, most commonly alpha-tocopherol1. Vitamin E acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitamin E deficiency is seen in persons with abetalipoproteinemia, premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), cystic fibrosis, and cholestasis and severe liver disease1. Preliminary research suggests vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease and protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer2. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen3. Low levels of vitamin E have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer16.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for most of vitamin E's effects are still unknown1,4. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, preventing free radical reactions with cell membranes10. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity10.

One mechanism of vitamin E's antioxidant effect is in the termination of lipid peroxidation11. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a relatively stable vitamin E radical11. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione11.

TargetActionsOrganism
USEC14-like protein 4Not AvailableHumans
USEC14-like protein 3Not AvailableHumans
USEC14-like protein 2Not AvailableHumans
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2Not AvailableHumans
UProtein kinase C beta typeNot AvailableHumans
UArachidonate 5-lipoxygenaseNot AvailableHumans
UProtein kinase C alpha typeNot AvailableHumans
UDiacylglycerol kinase alphaNot AvailableHumans
USerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoformNot AvailableHumans
USerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoformNot AvailableHumans
Absorption

10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine5,15. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved15,1. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate15.

In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%14. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol14.

Volume of distribution

0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6.

Protein binding

Vitamin E is bound to lipoproteins in blood1,11.

Metabolism

Alpha and gamma tocopherol are undergo beta oxidation and a process mediated by cytochrome P450s such as CYP4F2, CYP3A4, and CYP3A57. These processes convert alpha and gamma tocopherol to alpha-CEHC (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) and gamma-CEHC (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) respectively, however the full process is not known7.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Alpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form 8.

Half-life

44 hours in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6. 12 minutes in intravenous injection of intestinal lymph11.

Clearance

6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

There is no data available for effects in pregnancy, breast feeding, hepatic impairment, or renal impairment. However, it appears that the process of vitamin E elimination is strict and self regulating enough that vitamin E toxicity is exceedingly rare8,9. Studies showing adverse effects from excess vitamin E generally involve people consuming more than 1000mg/day for weeks to months15.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Vitamin E can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbciximabVitamin E may increase the antiplatelet activities of Abciximab.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E.
AcenocoumarolVitamin E may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. High-fat foods may increase absorption of Vitamin E.

Products

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Product Images
International/Other Brands
Amino-Opti-E / Aquasol E
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Acne C-PatchPatch0.06 g/2gTopicalNeoBiotech Global Corporation2018-02-10Not applicableUS flag
Acti-copherols 200 CapCapsule200 unit / capOralActi Form Ltd.1991-12-312005-03-21Canada flag
Acti-D Alphacopherol Cap 400unitCapsule400 unit / capOralActi Form Ltd.1991-12-312005-03-21Canada flag
Acti-D Alphacopherol Cap 800unitCapsule800 unit / capOralActi Form Ltd.1991-12-312005-03-21Canada flag
BLACKMORES BIO E 500 CAPSULECapsule500 IUOralBLACKMORES (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD.2020-09-08Not applicableMalaysia flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
24 Multivitamins + MineralsVitamin E (50 unit) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)TabletOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1997-04-302002-07-31Canada flag
50 PlusVitamin E (20 unit) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit)TabletOralQuest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products1998-08-042001-07-06Canada flag
A.C.E.S. CapsulesVitamin E (400 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Beta carotene (10000 unit / cap) + Selenium (.025 mg / cap)CapsuleOralBioforce Canada Inc.1994-12-311997-04-04Canada flag
ACE PLUS SELENYUM YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADETVitamin E (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (200 mg) + Selenium (50 mg)CapsuleOralKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2009-09-30Not applicableTurkey flag
ACECAP 20/200/200 MG YUMUŞAK KAPSÜL, 30 ADETVitamin E (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (20 mg)CapsuleOralKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2008-08-08Not applicableTurkey flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Acne C-PatchVitamin E (0.06 g/2g)PatchTopicalNeoBiotech Global Corporation2018-02-10Not applicableUS flag
C-Nate DHAVitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (30 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (200 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)Capsule, gelatin coatedOralCenturion Labs, LLC2013-01-01Not applicableUS flag
Cavan PrenatalVitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (200 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (420 [iU]/1) + Choline bitartrate (55 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (8 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Niacin (20 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (150 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 ug/1)TabletOralSeton Pharmaceuticals2009-07-092009-07-22US flag
Cavan-EC SOD DHAVitamin E (30 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1)KitOralSeton Pharmaceuticals2010-01-102014-07-15US flag
CitraNatal AssureVitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (125 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Doconexent (300 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (0.75 mg/1) + Iodine (150 ug/1) + Iron (35 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine chloride (3 mg/1) + Zinc (25 mg/1)KitOralMission Pharmacal2008-11-19Not applicableUS flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. The differ from tocotrienols that contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
Class
Prenol lipids
Sub Class
Quinone and hydroquinone lipids
Direct Parent
Tocopherols
Alternative Parents
Diterpenoids / 1-benzopyrans / Alkyl aryl ethers / Benzenoids / Oxacyclic compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1-benzopyran / Alkyl aryl ether / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Chromane / Diterpenoid / Ether / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic oxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
alpha-tocopherol (CHEBI:18145) / vitamin E, Fat-soluble vitamins (C02477) / Vitamin E (LMPR02020000)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
N9PR3490H9
CAS number
59-02-9
InChI Key
GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C29H50O2/c1-20(2)12-9-13-21(3)14-10-15-22(4)16-11-18-29(8)19-17-26-25(7)27(30)23(5)24(6)28(26)31-29/h20-22,30H,9-19H2,1-8H3/t21-,22-,29-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
SMILES
CC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(O1)C(C)=C(C)C(O)=C2C

References

Synthesis Reference

Ralph E. Close, William Oroshnik, "Synthesis of dehydrophytol and Vitamin E." U.S. Patent US4039591, issued February, 1945.

US4039591
General References
  1. Okebukola PO, Kansra S, Barrett J: Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 6;3:CD009422. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009422.pub3. [Article]
  2. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):37-46. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [Article]
  3. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS: Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 27;354(17):1796-806. [Article]
  4. Brigelius-Flohe R: Vitamin E: the shrew waiting to be tamed. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Mar 1;46(5):543-54. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.007. Epub 2008 Dec 24. [Article]
  5. Reboul E: Vitamin E Bioavailability: Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption in the Spotlight. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017 Nov 22;6(4). pii: antiox6040095. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040095. [Article]
  6. Colburn WA, Ehrenkranz RA: Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of vitamin E to premature neonates. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1983;3(1):7-14. [Article]
  7. Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Traber MG, Arai H: Vitamin E and transfer proteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Jun;14(3):249-54. doi: 10.1097/01.mol.0000073505.41685.09. [Article]
  8. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
  9. Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J, Bray T, Dickinson A, Frei B, Jialal I, Johnston CS, Kelly FJ, Kraemer K, Packer L, Parthasarathy S, Sies H, Traber MG: Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):736-45. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.736. [Article]
  10. Herrera E, Barbas C: Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives. J Physiol Biochem. 2001 Mar;57(2):43-56. [Article]
  11. Bjorneboe A, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA: Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E. J Nutr. 1990 Mar;120(3):233-42. doi: 10.1093/jn/120.3.233. [Article]
  12. Brigelius-Flohe R, Traber MG: Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J. 1999 Jul;13(10):1145-55. [Article]
  13. Peh HY, Tan WS, Liao W, Wong WS: Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;162:152-69. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003. Epub 2015 Dec 17. [Article]
  14. Qureshi AA, Khan DA, Silswal N, Saleem S, Qureshi N: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, and Bioavailability of Higher Doses of Tocotrienols in Healthy Fed Humans. J Clin Exp Cardiolog. 2016 Apr;7(4). doi: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000434. Epub 2016 Apr 28. [Article]
  15. NIH ODS Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
  16. Vitamin E | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0001893
KEGG Compound
C02477
PubChem Compound
14985
PubChem Substance
46506524
ChemSpider
14265
BindingDB
50458513
RxNav
11256
ChEBI
18145
ChEMBL
CHEMBL47
ZINC
ZINC000004095858
PharmGKB
PA451900
PDBe Ligand
VIV
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Vitamin_E
PDB Entries
1oip / 1r5l / 3w67 / 3w68 / 5mue / 5mug / 6zpd / 7n4u / 8c29
MSDS
Download (74.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedPreventionNeonatal Asphyxia1
4CompletedSupportive CareCirrhosis of the Liver / Muscle Cramps1
4CompletedSupportive CareSickle Cell Disease (SCD)1
4CompletedSupportive CareSymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (SIP)1
4CompletedTreatmentDiabetic Macular Edema (DME)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • AAIPharma Inc.
  • Accucaps Industries Ltd.
  • Actavis Group
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • AstraZeneca Inc.
  • Basic Drugs Inc.
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
  • Catalent Pharma Solutions
  • Contract Pharm
  • CVS Pharmacy
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Domel Laboratories Inc.
  • DSM Corp.
  • E.R. Squibb and Sons LLC
  • Equaline Vitamins
  • Everett Laboratories Inc.
  • Freeda Vitamins
  • H and H Laboratories
  • Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals
  • Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • IVC Industries Inc.
  • KV Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Lannett Co. Inc.
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Medicine Shop
  • Medvantx Inc.
  • Mission Pharmacal
  • National Vitamin Company
  • Nature's Bounty
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Olive Healthcare
  • Pharmaceutical Generic Developers Inc.
  • Pharmelle LLC
  • Pharmics Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pronova Corp.
  • Puretek Corp.
  • Qualitest
  • Rasi Laboratories Inc.
  • River's Edge Pharmaceuticals
  • Rugby Laboratories
  • Sandoz
  • Sciele Pharma Inc.
  • Seton Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Seyer Pharmatec Inc.
  • Silarx Pharmaceuticals
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
  • Tri Med Laboratories Inc.
  • V Sab Medical Labs Inc.
  • Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Vitaline Corp.
  • Walgreen Co.
  • Warner Chilcott Co. Inc.
  • Wockhardt Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
PatchTopical0.06 g/2g
CapsuleOral400 unit / cap
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral800 mg
CapsuleOral409 mg
CapsuleOral500 IU
LotionTopical
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Capsule; kit; tablet, coatedOral
Tablet
Capsule
PowderTopical
CapsuleOral200 unit / cap
CapsuleOral15 mg
Tablet, chewableOral100 mg
Capsule, liquid filledOral307.68 mg
PowderOral
Powder, for solutionIntravenous
Capsule, gelatin coated300 mg
CapsuleOral250 IU
SolutionIntramuscular100 mg/2ml
CapsuleOral600 I.E.
Tablet, sugar coatedOral75 mcg
Capsule, delayed releaseOral
OintmentTopical34 unit / g
Tablet, coatedOral150 mcg
Tablet, chewableOral
LiquidOral27 unit / mL
LiquidOral200 unit / mL
LiquidIntravenous
SolutionIntravenous
Solution / dropsOral
TabletOral
LiquidOral150 unit / mL
CapsuleOral1000 unit
CapsuleOral
Capsule, gelatin coated
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
Tablet, film coatedOral1000 mcg
LiquidOral
Capsule, coatedOral400 IU
CapsuleOral7 unit / cap
EmulsionParenteral
CapsuleOral400 unit
Tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
Tablet, effervescentOral
SyrupOral
Tablet, coatedOral
Syrup
LozengeOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Powder, for solutionOral
Capsule, coatedOral
Injection, solution
Injection, solution300 mg/2mL
CapsuleOral134 unit / cap
CapsuleOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kitOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
InjectionIntravenous330 iu/ml
InjectionIntravenous230 iu/ml
Injection, emulsionIntravenous
EmulsionIntravenous
TabletOral200 unit / tab
CapsuleOral1000 unit / cap
CapsuleOral100 unit
CapsuleOral200 unit
TabletOral50 unit / tab
CapsuleOral800 unit
CreamTopical
OintmentTopical50 unit / g
OintmentTopical1000 unit / 60 g
OintmentTopical30 unit / g
Capsule, liquid filledOral1000 IU
Capsule, liquid filledOral1000 mg
Capsule, liquid filledOral200 IU
Capsule, liquid filledOral20000000 IU
Capsule, liquid filledOral400 U
Capsule, liquid filledOral400 mg
Capsule, liquid filledOral400 IU
Capsule, liquid filledOral100 mg
CapsuleOral100 unit / cap
CapsuleOral800 unit / cap
CreamTopical250 unit / mL
CapsuleOral25 unit / cap
KitOral
LiquidOral100 unit / mL
Tablet, film coated
CapsuleOral200 iu
CapsuleOral400 iu
Tablet, film coated500 iu
Tablet, film coated250 iu
Tablet, sugar coatedOral
Tablet, sugar coatedOral100 IU
CapsuleOral168 mg
CapsuleOral335 mg
CapsuleOral100 iu
CapsuleOral500 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Vitamin e acetate liquid1.07USD ml
Ester-e 400 unit softgel0.26USD softgel capsule
Vit e nat'l blnd 1000 unit capsule0.2USD capsule
Vitamin e 400 unit tablet0.19USD tablet
E pherol 400 unit tablet0.13USD tablet
Vitamin e 1000 unit capsule0.13USD capsule
Vitamin e beauty oil0.1USD ml
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 800 unit softgel0.09USD softgel capsule
Vitamin e 600 unit capsule0.07USD capsule
Vitamin e 400 unit capsule0.06USD capsule
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 400 unit capsule0.05USD capsule
Vitamin e 200 unit capsule0.05USD each
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 200 unit softgel0.04USD softgel capsule
Natural vitamin e 400 unit cap0.04USD capsule
Natural vitamin e 400 unit capsule0.04USD capsule
Vitamin e 100 unit capsule0.04USD capsule
Vitamin e 400 unit softgel0.04USD softgel capsule
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e plus cream0.03USD g
Natural vit e 200 unit capsule0.03USD capsule
Vitamin e cream0.02USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)3 °CMSDS
water solubilityInsoluble in water, but water-dispersible.MSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility7.04e-06 mg/mLALOGPS
logP8.84ALOGPS
logP10.51Chemaxon
logS-7.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.8Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.9Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area29.46 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count12Chemaxon
Refractivity135.37 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability55.29 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9795
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9767
Caco-2 permeable+0.8484
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7189
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7598
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.7802
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.7882
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.6949
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7813
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7533
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8122
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7762
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9132
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8813
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9965
Rat acute toxicity2.1598 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7192
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.6449
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a6
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0aor-9886300000-b3225facac6ebdd8ddbd
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a6
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-0159-2900500000-03e8a824731610752eb3
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-9600100000-aaf885290800a10d3fb2
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01wr-9300000000-f0c814976a58a9d837ca
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f79-1494700000-6b5f8f817c5a5429ed70
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00lr-4910600000-1eda05dacf9642d7cea0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-8293800000-a57e127653bbb81ba41a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0000900000-bd7ecb9ebd699f4b6394
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01t9-0902400000-ada5eecb1a4dff613657
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0595-9213000000-cbf40775378f662c2900
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0292-0795300000-0cf018c231918c65a1ca
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-053r-9230000000-cb63548d7ebd18fd48a8
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-236.8917217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-209.2246919
predicted
DarkChem Standard v0.1.0
[M-H]-234.5114217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-236.3862217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-210.88283
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+235.3865217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+214.6447079
predicted
DarkChem Standard v0.1.0
[M+H]+235.1494217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+233.7971217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+213.2784
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+237.1184217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+235.4504217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+234.0374217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+236.1496217
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+219.1909
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Also identified as TAP3, this protein binds to Vitamin E , though the exact bond conformation has not been studied.
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Probable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.
Gene Name
SEC14L4
Uniprot ID
Q9UDX3
Uniprot Name
SEC14-like protein 4
Molecular Weight
46643.385 Da
References
  1. Schmolz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M: Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem. 2016 Feb 26;7(1):14-43. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14. [Article]
  2. Peter Weber, Marc Birringer, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Manfred Eggersdorfer, Jan Frank (2019). Vitamin E in Human Health. Springer. [ISBN:978-3-030-05314-7]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Probable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.
Gene Name
SEC14L3
Uniprot ID
Q9UDX4
Uniprot Name
SEC14-like protein 3
Molecular Weight
46047.835 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Ye X, Ji C, Yin G, Tang R, Zeng L, Gu S, Ying K, Xie Y, Zhao RC, Mao Y: Characterization of a human Sec14-like protein cDNA SEC14L3 highly homologous to human SPF/TAP. Mol Biol Rep. 2004 Mar;31(1):59-63. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Vitamin e binding
Specific Function
Carrier protein. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds with high affinity to alpha-tocopherol. Also binds with a weaker affinit...
Gene Name
SEC14L2
Uniprot ID
O76054
Uniprot Name
SEC14-like protein 2
Molecular Weight
46144.9 Da
References
  1. Neuzil J, Dong LF, Wang XF, Zingg JM: Tocopherol-associated protein-1 accelerates apoptosis induced by alpha-tocopheryl succinate in mesothelioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1113-7. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [Article]
  2. Ni J, Pang ST, Yeh S: Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):463-71. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...
Gene Name
NR1I2
Uniprot ID
O75469
Uniprot Name
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
Molecular Weight
49761.245 Da
References
  1. Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N: Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Sep;371(1-2):55-60. Epub 2006 Mar 6. [Article]
  2. Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006 Jul-Aug;11(7):742-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosom...
Gene Name
PRKCB
Uniprot ID
P05771
Uniprot Name
Protein kinase C beta type
Molecular Weight
76868.45 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Wigg SJ, Tare M, Forbes J, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Coleman HA, Parkington HC, O'Brien RC: Early vitamin E supplementation attenuates diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction and the rise in protein kinase C-beta in mesenteric artery and ameliorates wall stiffness in femoral artery of Wistar rats. Diabetologia. 2004 Jun;47(6):1038-46. Epub 2004 Jun 8. [Article]
  4. Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
  5. Ganz MB, Seftel A: Glucose-induced changes in protein kinase C and nitric oxide are prevented by vitamin E. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;278(1):E146-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Iron ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
Gene Name
ALOX5
Uniprot ID
P09917
Uniprot Name
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Molecular Weight
77982.595 Da
References
  1. Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differenti...
Gene Name
PRKCA
Uniprot ID
P17252
Uniprot Name
Protein kinase C alpha type
Molecular Weight
76749.445 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Clement S, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A: Alpha-tocopherol as a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):507-14. [Article]
  4. Sylvester PW, McIntyre BS, Gapor A, Briski KP: Vitamin E inhibition of normal mammary epithelial cell growth is associated with a reduction in protein kinase C(alpha) activation. Cell Prolif. 2001 Dec;34(6):347-57. [Article]
  5. Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
The studies referenced have shown that vitamin E (VtE) activates the DGKα isoform in vitro and in vivo in the mouse knockout model.
General Function
Phospholipid binding
Specific Function
Upon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity.
Gene Name
DGKA
Uniprot ID
P23743
Uniprot Name
Diacylglycerol kinase alpha
Molecular Weight
82629.55 Da
References
  1. Hayashi D, Yagi K, Song C, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Topham M, Suzaki T, Saito N, Emoto N, Shirai Y: Diacylglycerol Kinase alpha is Involved in the Vitamin E-Induced Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 1;7(1):2597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02354-3. [Article]
  2. Fukunaga-Takenaka R, Shirai Y, Yagi K, Adachi N, Sakai N, Merino E, Merida I, Saito N: Importance of chroman ring and tyrosine phosphorylation in the subtype-specific translocation and activation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha by D-alpha-tocopherol. Genes Cells. 2005 Apr;10(4):311-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00842.x. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Vitamin E's effects and inhibition of PKC is linked to its activation of protein phosphatases and their subsequent downstream effects.
General Function
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function
PP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase.
Gene Name
PPP2CB
Uniprot ID
P62714
Uniprot Name
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform
Molecular Weight
35574.85 Da
References
  1. Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A, Clement S, Ozer NK, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A: alpha-Tocopherol specifically inactivates cellular protein kinase C alpha by changing its phosphorylation state. Biochem J. 1998 Aug 15;334 ( Pt 1):243-9. doi: 10.1042/bj3340243. [Article]
  2. Zingg JM: Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):481-506. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009. Epub 2007 Jan 12. [Article]
  3. Millward TA, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings BA: Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 May;24(5):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01375-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Vitamin E's effects and inhibition of PKC is linked to its activation of protein phosphatases and their subsequent downstream effects.
General Function
PP2A is the major phosphatase for microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). PP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase. Cooperates with SGO2 to protect centromeric cohesin from separase-mediated cleavage in oocytes specifically during meiosis I (By similarity). Can dephosphorylate SV40 large T antigen and p53/TP53. Activates RAF1 by dephosphorylating it at 'Ser-259'.
Specific Function
Gaba receptor binding
Gene Name
PPP2CA
Uniprot ID
P67775
Uniprot Name
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform
Molecular Weight
35593.93 Da
References
  1. Millward TA, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings BA: Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 May;24(5):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01375-4. [Article]
  2. Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A, Clement S, Ozer NK, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A: alpha-Tocopherol specifically inactivates cellular protein kinase C alpha by changing its phosphorylation state. Biochem J. 1998 Aug 15;334 ( Pt 1):243-9. doi: 10.1042/bj3340243. [Article]
  3. Zingg JM: Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):481-506. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009. Epub 2007 Jan 12. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
S-nitrosoglutathione binding
Specific Function
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.
Gene Name
GSTP1
Uniprot ID
P09211
Uniprot Name
Glutathione S-transferase P
Molecular Weight
23355.625 Da
References
  1. Ralat LA, Colman RF: Identification of tyrosine 79 in the tocopherol binding site of glutathione S-transferase pi. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 17;45(41):12491-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity
Specific Function
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity. Has also glutathione S-transferase activity. Participates...
Gene Name
GSTO1
Uniprot ID
P78417
Uniprot Name
Glutathione S-transferase omega-1
Molecular Weight
27565.6 Da
References
  1. Sampayo-Reyes A, Zakharyan RA: Tocopherol esters inhibit human glutathione S-transferase omega. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(3):547-52. Epub 2006 Oct 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the t...
Gene Name
GSTM3
Uniprot ID
P21266
Uniprot Name
Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3
Molecular Weight
26559.32 Da
References
  1. Mustacich DJ, Gohil K, Bruno RS, Yan M, Leonard SW, Ho E, Cross CE, Traber MG: Alpha-tocopherol modulates genes involved in hepatic xenobiotic pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jun;20(6):469-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Magnesium ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
GCLC
Uniprot ID
P48506
Uniprot Name
Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
Molecular Weight
72765.14 Da
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Superoxide dismutase activity
Specific Function
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vit...
Gene Name
NQO1
Uniprot ID
P15559
Uniprot Name
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1
Molecular Weight
30867.405 Da
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Signal transducer activity
Specific Function
Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the a...
Gene Name
HMOX1
Uniprot ID
P09601
Uniprot Name
Heme oxygenase 1
Molecular Weight
32818.345 Da
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Gene Name
SOD1
Uniprot ID
P00441
Uniprot Name
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
Molecular Weight
15935.685 Da
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
Curator comments
Cytochrome P450 3A4 performs omega-hydroxylation on vitamin E in the first step of vitamin E's metabolism.
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Brigelius-Flohe R: Adverse effects of vitamin E by induction of drug metabolism. Genes Nutr. 2007 Dec;2(3):249-56. doi: 10.1007/s12263-007-0055-0. Epub 2007 Oct 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Glutathione transferase activity
Specific Function
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Gene Name
GSTA2
Uniprot ID
P09210
Uniprot Name
Glutathione S-transferase A2
Molecular Weight
25663.675 Da
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
Curator comments
SEC14-like protein 2 may be involved in intracellular transport of alpha tocopherol to the mitochondria.
General Function
Vitamin e binding
Specific Function
Carrier protein. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds with high affinity to alpha-tocopherol. Also binds with a weaker affinit...
Gene Name
SEC14L2
Uniprot ID
O76054
Uniprot Name
SEC14-like protein 2
Molecular Weight
46144.9 Da
References
  1. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
Curator comments
SEC14-like protein 3 may be involved in intracellular transport of alpha tocopherol to the mitochondria.
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Probable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.
Gene Name
SEC14L3
Uniprot ID
Q9UDX4
Uniprot Name
SEC14-like protein 3
Molecular Weight
46047.835 Da
References
  1. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Facilitates the transfer of a spectrum of different lipid molecules, including diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cerebroside and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Essential for the transfer of excess surface lipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL, thereby facilitating the formation of smaller lipoprotein remnants, contributing to the formation of LDL, and assisting in the maturation of HDL particles. PLTP also plays a key role in the uptake of cholesterol from peripheral cells and tissues that is subsequently transported to the liver for degradation and excretion. Two distinct forms of PLTP exist in plasma: an active form that can transfer PC from phospholipid vesicles to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and an inactive form that lacks this capability.
Specific Function
Ceramide binding
Gene Name
PLTP
Uniprot ID
P55058
Uniprot Name
Phospholipid transfer protein
Molecular Weight
54738.85 Da
References
  1. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Vitamin e binding
Specific Function
Binds alpha-tocopherol, enhances its transfer between separate membranes, and stimulates its release from liver cells (PubMed:7887897). Binds both phosphatidylinol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidyl...
Gene Name
TTPA
Uniprot ID
P49638
Uniprot Name
Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein
Molecular Weight
31749.305 Da

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
SR-BI transporters mediate tocopherol uptake across the brush border membrane in intestinal Caco-2 cells and mouse models
General Function
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for different ligands such as phospholipids, cholesterol ester, lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Probable receptor for HDL, located in particular region of the plasma ...
Gene Name
SCARB1
Uniprot ID
Q8WTV0
Uniprot Name
Scavenger receptor class B member 1
Molecular Weight
60877.385 Da
References
  1. Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
  2. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
This transporter is involved in the intestinal absorption of alpha and gamma tocopherol
General Function
Syntaxin binding
Specific Function
cAMP-dependent and sulfonylurea-sensitive anion transporter. Key gatekeeper influencing intracellular cholesterol transport.
Gene Name
ABCA1
Uniprot ID
O95477
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1
Molecular Weight
254299.89 Da
References
  1. Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
  2. Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
This transporter is involved in intestinal alpha tocopherol absorption
General Function
Rab gtpase binding
Specific Function
Plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. Is critical for the uptake of cholesterol across the plasma membrane of the intestinal enterocyte. Is the direct molecular target of ezetimibe, a drug...
Gene Name
NPC1L1
Uniprot ID
Q9UHC9
Uniprot Name
Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1
Molecular Weight
148726.52 Da
References
  1. Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxin transporter activity
Specific Function
Transporter involved in macrophage lipid homeostasis. Is an active component of the macrophage lipid export complex. Could also be involved in intracellular lipid transport processes. The role in c...
Gene Name
ABCG1
Uniprot ID
P45844
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1
Molecular Weight
75591.275 Da
References
  1. Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48