Potassium nitrate

Identification

Summary

Potassium nitrate is a medication used to cauterize small wounds, remove granulation tissue, warts, and verrucae, and treat tooth sensitivity.

Brand Names

Meijer, Prevident 5000 Sensitive, Styptstix

Generic Name

Potassium nitrate

DrugBank Accession Number

DB11090

Background

Potassium nitrate is an inorganic salt with a chemical formula of KNO3. It is a natural source of nitrate and has been used as a constituent for several different purposes, including food preservatives, fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants, and fireworks. Potassium nitrate is a common active ingredient in toothpaste, exerting an anti-sensitivity action. It provides increasing protection against painful sensitivity of the teeth to cold, heat, acids, sweets or contact ^13,14.

In addition, potassium nitrate is used as a diuretic in pigs, cattle, and horses. It is administered orally doses up to 30 g per animal per day ⁷.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

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MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Potassium nitrate (DB11090)

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Weight

Average: 101.1032
Monoisotopic: 100.951524732

Chemical Formula

KNO₃

Synonyms

• Potassium nitrate

External IDs

• E-252
• INS NO.252
• INS-252

Pharmacology

Indication

For the relief of tooth sensitivity, and is also used as a pesticide, insecticide, as a food additive, and a rodenticide ^10,13,16.

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Associated Conditions

• Sensitivity, Tooth

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

The potassium cation is an essential electrolyte that is important for the maintenance of intracellular osmotic pressure and for the maintenance of cell membrane potential, in particular, the potential of electrically excitable tissues ⁷. It is a regular component of the diet and is particularly abundant in fruit and vegetables. The recommended daily intake varies from 350-1275 mg in children to 1875 and 5625 mg in adults. In the United Kingdom, the recommended intake is 3.5 g/day for healthy adults ⁷. Potassium ions are believed to disturb the synapse between nerve cells, thus decreasing nerve excitation and the associated pain ¹⁰.

Potassium nitrates are ignitable fumigants also utilized as rodenticides and insecticides. They are added to other pesticide active ingredients (sulfur and carbon) and placed into fumigant gas cartridges, designed to be ignited and placed in pest-infested areas. The activated cartridge bombs release toxic gases which are lethal to select rodents, skunks, coyotes, and wasps ¹¹.

Potassium ions have demonstrated in animal studies to act directly on the nerves and to reduce sensory activity ¹⁰. Tooth hypersensitivity can be relieved by inactivating the intra-dental nerve and inhibiting neural transmission, using suitable medications ¹⁰.

It has been found that potassium-to-sodium intake ratios are strongly related to cardiovascular disease risk than either nutrient alone. The data describing this relationship warrants further research for various target tissue endpoints ².

Mechanism of action

Potassium (K+) is the principal cation modulating the osmotic balance of the body fluids. In animals, the maintenance of normal cell volume and pressure is dependent on Na+ and K+ pumping ¹⁷. Potassium transport through the hydrophobic interior of a cell membrane may be facilitated by several naturally occurring compounds that form lipid-soluble alkali metal cation complexes. Potassium has the critical role of a calcium counter-ion for numerous carboxylates, phosphates, and sulfates, and also acts to stabilize macromolecular structures ¹⁷.

Potassium is the primary agent for common, over the counter de-sensitizing toothpaste that prevents the transmission of nerve endings to the teeth. Potassium salts, including potassium nitrate, potassium chloride or potassium citrate work by diffusion across the dentinal tubules, causing depolarization of the nerve cells. In turn, these cells become unresponsive to excitatory stimuli. The effect of the potassium nitrate accumulates over time, and it may take several weeks for patients to notice improvement of pain symptoms ¹⁰.

Potassium nitrates control pests using a unique mechanism of action. Rather than directly poisoning rodents, nitrates support the combustion of charcoal in gas cartridges, promoting the production of toxic gases, which, are lethal to the target pest. The environmental protection agency in the USA (EPA) is only minimally concerned about the risk of direct human exposure to sodium or potassium nitrates, rather than pesticide accidents--typically involving skin burns or inhalation of toxic gases ¹⁷.

Target	Actions	Organism
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	agonist	Humans

Absorption

It is established that nitrate is quickly and almost entirely absorbed from the proximal and small intestine subsequent to ingestion in most animals, with little if any absorption from the stomach and lower intestine ¹³.

The vast majority of intestinal K+ absorption occurs in the small intestine; the contribution of the normal colon to net K+ absorption and secretion is trivial ⁵.

Volume of distribution

Nitrates are absorbed into the general blood circulation and are transported across the body. Radioactive tracer experiments have demonstrated that nitrates are distributed evenly among body organs, and their rate of distribution depends on blood flow ¹³.

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Nitrates are reduced to nitrites by the bacteria in saliva and the gastrointestinal system ¹³. The in vivo reduction of nitrates to nitrites depends on conditions that are subject to much variations such the volume and species of microflora present in the saliva/gastrointestinal tract, and stomach pH. Gastric pH is higher in infants younger than 6 months of age and during certain gastrointestinal tract infections, thereby favoring the reduction of nitrates ¹³.

Nitrate is metabolized to a small extent. The biotransformation of potassium nitrate consists of nitrate reduction, nitrite formation, nitrite reoxidation to nitrate, and formation of methemoglobin or NO, in a dynamic equilibrium ¹¹, ¹², ¹³.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

• Potassium nitrate
  • Cyanmethemoglobin + Nitric Oxide

Route of elimination

Nitrates are excreted in the urine primarily as inorganic nitrates ¹³.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1901 mg/kg in rabbits ^MSDS and 3750 mg/kg in rats ⁷.

The primary acute toxic effect of nitrates is the development of methemoglobinemia, a condition in which greater than 10% of the hemoglobin in the body is transformed into methemoglobin. When this conversion exceeds 70% the condition may result in death ⁹.

The potassium ion by itself possesses very little toxicity; the toxicity of the salts is associated with the anion. Potassium nitrate is rapidly absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mostly as the unchanged drug ⁷. This excludes a small percentage of the ingested dose that is reduced by the microbial action of the gut to nitrite. Nitrites convert the hemoglobin in red blood cells into methemoglobin ⁷. In male rats given potassium nitrate, intestinal absorption was affected ¹.

Adverse increased potassium intake included changes in blood lipids, triglyceride, decreased high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), changes in renal function, and increases in catecholamine levels. The decrease in blood volume caused by increased potassium activates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Decreases in blood volume may also contribute to the observed changes in blood lipid concentrations ¹⁴.

Death and severe effects of nitrate ingestion are generally associated with doses of the drugs above 10g NO3-. Doses ranging from 2-9 g NO3- have been reported to cause methemoglobinemia. These values correspond to 33 - 150 mg NO3-/kg ⁹ Potassium nitrate was shown to cause low to moderate acute toxicity. Repeated dose toxicity was investigated in rats given oral doses in the range 10-100 mg/kg per day for 4 months; bronchopneumonia, local hemorrhages, and other circulatory disorders were observed in treated animals. Cattle were given oral doses of 345-450 mg/kg daily (expressed as nitrate) for several months; blood phosphate and magnesium were decreased and blood calcium, urinary magnesium, urea and milk urea were increased ⁷.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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Abacavir	Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acebutolol	Potassium nitrate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acebutolol.
Aceclofenac	Potassium nitrate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Aceclofenac.
Acemetacin	Potassium nitrate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acemetacin.
Acetaminophen	Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetazolamide	Acetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Acetylsalicylic acid	Potassium nitrate may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Acetylsalicylic acid.
Aclidinium	Aclidinium may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acrivastine	Acrivastine may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acyclovir	Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Potassium nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Potassium cation	ionic	295O53K152	24203-36-9	NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Nitrate	ionic	T93E9Y2844	14797-55-8	NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
SheerDesenZ Desensitizing Treatment	Film	12 mg/1	Dental	Cao Group, Inc.	2010-09-01	2018-10-11

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Attitude Adult Fluoride-free - Sensitive - Spearmint	Gel, dentifrice	5 g/100g	Oral	Attitude DBA 9055-7588 Québec Inc.	2022-06-01	Not applicable
Dr. Sheffield Sensitive Care	Paste, dentifrice	50 mg/1g	Oral	Sheffield Pharmaceuticals LLC	2017-05-15	Not applicable
EcoDent Res-Q-Dent	Paste	50 mg/1g	Oral	Lotus Brands, Inc.	2013-06-01	2019-07-29
Jason Oral Comfort Sensitive Teeth Very Berry Mint	Gel	5 g/100g	Oral	The Hain Celestial Group, Inc.	2017-10-16	2019-10-10
Jason Total Protection Sensitive	Paste, dentifrice	5 g/100g	Topical	The Hain Celestial Group, Inc	2019-07-01	Not applicable
Kiss My Face Sensitive	Gel, dentifrice	5 g/100g	Dental	Kiss My Face, LLC	2014-03-01	Not applicable
Kiss My Face Sensitive Fluoride-Free Whitening - Citrus Mint	Paste, dentifrice	0.05 g/1g	Dental	Windmill Health Products, LLC	2022-02-18	Not applicable
Salpetre Pwr	Powder	100 %	Oral	Lab Valmo EnregistrÉ, Division Of Technilab Inc.	1979-12-31	1999-09-17
Saltpetre Pwr 100%	Powder	100 %	Oral	Regal Pharms, Division Of Bradcan Corporation	1978-12-31	1998-07-29
Schmidts WONDERMINT TOOTH AND MOUTH	Paste, dentifrice	6.662 g/133g	Dental	Schmidt's Naturals	2019-06-20	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
4 Pack	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g)	Kit; Paste	Dental	Smiletwice, Inc.	2018-09-14	Not applicable
4 Pack	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g)	Kit; Paste	Dental	Smiletwice, Inc.	2018-09-14	Not applicable
Advancew White Sensitive Maximum Strength Sensitivity Relief with Whitening	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Church & Dwight Company, Inc.	2001-03-01	2012-06-01
Aim Sensitive Cavity Protection	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.4 mg/1g)	Gel, dentifrice	Dental	Church & Dwight Co., Inc.	2015-03-25	Not applicable
Alora Sensitivity	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.5 mg/1g)	Gel, dentifrice	Dental	Amazon, Inc	2019-10-01	Not applicable
Alora Sensitivity Whitening	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.5 mg/1g)	Gel, dentifrice	Dental	Ultradent Products, Inc	2019-10-01	Not applicable
Alora Whitening	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (2.5 mg/1g)	Gel, dentifrice	Dental	Amazon, Inc	2019-10-01	2019-10-02
Aquafresh Sensitive Maximum Strength	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (1.1 mg/1g)	Paste	Dental	GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Holdings (US) LLC	2017-02-17	Not applicable
Aquafresh Sensitive Maximum Strength	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (1.5 mg/1g)	Paste	Dental	Glaxo Smith Kline Consumer Heathcare Lp	1990-09-30	2011-10-31
Aquafresh Sensitive Maximum Strength	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (1.5 mg/1g)	Paste	Dental	GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Holdings (US) LLC	2011-03-29	2018-09-30

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
DOCTRUST ONE S Tooth	Potassium nitrate (5.00 g/100g) + Silicon dioxide (17.50 g/100g) + Sodium fluoride (0.02 g/100g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Dr.s Medi Co.,Ltd.	2021-12-01	Not applicable
Fluoridex	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (5 mg/1g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	DENT-MAT HOLDINGS, LLC.	2016-12-21	Not applicable
Fluoridex	Potassium nitrate (50 mg/1g) + Sodium fluoride (5 mg/1g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	DENT-MAT HOLDINGS, LLC.	2017-01-06	Not applicable
Fluoridex Daily Defense Sensitivity Relief	Potassium nitrate (0.050 g/1g) + Sodium fluoride (0.011 g/1g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Discus Dental, Llc	2013-09-27	2016-12-31
Fluoridex Daily Defense Sensitivity Relief SLS Free	Potassium nitrate (0.050 g/1g) + Sodium fluoride (0.011 g/1g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Discus Dental, Llc	2013-09-27	2016-12-31
FluoriMax 5000 Sensitive	Potassium nitrate (5 g/100g) + Sodium fluoride (1.1 g/100g)	Paste, dentifrice	Topical	Elevate Oral Care	2022-06-15	Not applicable
FluoriMax 5000 Sensitive	Potassium nitrate (5 g/100g) + Sodium fluoride (1.1 g/100g)	Paste, dentifrice	Topical	Elevate Oral Care	2017-08-01	2024-10-31
Grafco Applicator 15 Cm	Potassium nitrate (12.74 mg/1) + Silver nitrate (38.21 mg/1)	Stick	Topical	Gf Health Products, Inc.	1949-04-19	Not applicable
Grafco Applicator 30 Cm	Potassium nitrate (17.486 mg/1) + Silver nitrate (52.451 mg/1)	Stick	Topical	Gf Health Products, Inc.	1949-04-19	Not applicable
Grafco Applicator 45 Cm	Potassium nitrate (24.4804 mg/1) + Silver nitrate (73.4314 mg/1)	Stick	Topical	Gf Health Products, Inc.	1949-04-19	Not applicable

Categories

Drug Categories

• Anions
• Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
• Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
• Electrolytes
• Explosive Agents
• Ions
• Nitrogen Compounds
• Potassium Salt

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal nitrates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is nitrate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkali metal.

Kingdom

Inorganic compounds

Super Class

Mixed metal/non-metal compounds

Class

Alkali metal oxoanionic compounds

Sub Class

Alkali metal nitrates

Direct Parent

Alkali metal nitrates

Alternative Parents

Inorganic salts / Inorganic oxides

Substituents

Alkali metal nitrate / Inorganic oxide / Inorganic salt

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

potassium salt, inorganic nitrate salt (CHEBI:63043)

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

RU45X2JN0Z

CAS number

7757-79-1

InChI Key

FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/K.NO3/c;2-1(3)4/q+1;-1

IUPAC Name

potassium nitrate

SMILES

[K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O

References

Synthesis Reference

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/potassium-nitrate

General References

1. Grudzinski I, Szymanski A: The effect of acute poisoning with potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite on the processes of intestinal absorption of D-xylose in rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1991 Sep;21(3):453-61. [Article]
2. Weaver CM: Potassium and health. Adv Nutr. 2013 May 1;4(3):368S-77S. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003533. [Article]
3. Schultz DS, Deen WM, Karel SF, Wagner DA, Tannenbaum SR: Pharmacokinetics of nitrate in humans: role of gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism. Carcinogenesis. 1985 Jun;6(6):847-52. [Article]
4. Bychkov R, Gollasch M, Steinke T, Ried C, Luft FC, Haller H: Calcium-activated potassium channels and nitrate-induced vasodilation in human coronary arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Apr;285(1):293-8. [Article]
5. Agarwal R, Afzalpurkar R, Fordtran JS: Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine. Gastroenterology. 1994 Aug;107(2):548-71. [Article]
6. Potassium Nitrate [Link]
7. COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS [Link]
8. CHEBI:63043 - potassium nitrate [Link]
9. POTASSIUM NITRATE [Link]
10. Mechanism of Action of a Desensitizing Fluoride Toothpaste Delivering Calcium and Phosphate Ingredients in the Treatment of Dental Hypersensitivity [Link]
11. EPA NITRATES DOCUMENT [Link]
12. Nitrates [Link]
13. Potassium Nitrate [Link]
14. NITRATE [Link]
15. Guideline-Potassium Intake [Link]
16. Nitrates in the meat industry [Link]
17. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE [Link]
18. Reduction in Dental Hypersensitivity with Nano-Hydroxyapatite, Potassium Nitrate, Sodium Monoflurophosphate and Antioxidants [Link]
19. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits [Link]
20. DailyMed: Dr. Sheffield Sensitive Care (potassium nitrate 5%) [Link]

External Links

PubChem Compound

24434

PubChem Substance

347827891

ChemSpider

22843

RxNav

34316

ChEBI

63043

ChEMBL

CHEMBL1644029

Wikipedia

Potassium_nitrate

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
3	Completed	Other	Caries	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Hypersensitivity Dentin	1
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Dentin Sensitivity	1
2	Completed	Prevention	Sensitivity, Tooth	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) / Prophylaxis of Contrast-induced nephropathy	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Dentin Sensitivity	2
2	Completed	Treatment	Dentine Hypersensitivity	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Heart Failure	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Heart Failure / Heart Failure, Diastolic	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Valve Stenoses, Aortic	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Kit; paste	Dental
Gel, dentifrice	Oral	5 g/100g
Suspension	Oral
Solution	Dental; Oral	5 g
Gel	Dental; Oral
Solution	Buccal; Oral
Paste, dentifrice	Oral	50 mg/1g
Paste	Oral	50 mg/1g
Paste, dentifrice	Dental
Paste	Oral
Paste, dentifrice	Oral
Gel, dentifrice	Dental
Gel	Oral	5 g/100g
Paste, dentifrice	Topical	5 g/100g
Gel, dentifrice	Dental	5 g/100g
Mouthwash	Oral
Paste	Buccal
Cream; paste, dentifrice	Topical
Stick	Topical
Powder	Oral	100 %
Paste, dentifrice	Dental	6.662 g/133g
Paste, dentifrice	Dental	0.05 g/1g
Paste	Oral	5 g/100mL
Gel	Dental
Paste, dentifrice	Topical
Solution	Oral
Film	Dental	12 mg/1
Swab	Topical
Gel; kit; liquid; paste	Dental; Oral
Paste, dentifrice	Dental	50 mg/1g
Paste	Dental
Kit; paste, dentifrice	Dental

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	334	MSDS
boiling point (°C)	400	MSDS
water solubility	35g/100ml	https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0184.html

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-2.6	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-9.9	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	-1	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	66.2 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	Chemaxon
Refractivity	8.35 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	3.28 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	0	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available

Targets

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Details1. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Agonist

General Function

Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Specific Function

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...

Gene Name

KCNH2

Uniprot ID

Q12809

Uniprot Name

Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Molecular Weight

126653.52 Da

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Drug created at December 03, 2015 16:51 / Updated at February 03, 2022 06:26