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Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000018MetabolicLNA enters the cell and is catalyzed to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (delta-6-desaturase/fatty acid desaturase 2). … Both undergo a series of similar conversions to reach their final fatty acid form.
Enzymes: Fatty acid desaturase 1, Fatty acid desaturase 2Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Hippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123209MetabolicA monocarboxylate transporter then exports hippuric acid from the liver to the blood, where it exerts toxic effects. It can reduce blood clotting and, in the kidney, inhibit organic acid secretion. … After ingestion and absorption in the gut, benzoic acid is transported into the hepatic liver cell from blood where it undergoes two metabolic reactions.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123300Metabolicenzyme to ultimately form kynurenic acid. … Kynurenic acid is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, and it also disrupts the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Imidazolepropionic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126521MetabolicImidazolepropionic acid, also known as deaminohistidine or 4-imidazolylpropionate (ImP), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. … These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring.
Drugs: HistidineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123256MetabolicPhenylacetic acid is carboxylic acid ester that has also been found to be a uremic toxin that is synthesized from L-phenylalanine. … Phenylacetic acid is then transported into the blood where it has various effects on the human body. It reduces nitric oxide production and reduces protection against inflammation in vessel walls.
Enzymes: Y+L amino acid transporter 1, Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Orotic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124870MetabolicOrotic acid (orotate) is classified as a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid. … L-glutamine is first converted to carbamoyl phosphate then to N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate and finally to dihydroorotate by the CAD protein (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and
Enzymes: Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Quinolinic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123249Metabolic, and 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase to form quinolinic acid. … Quinolinic acid is shown to have major neurotoxic effects on the brain by acting as an NMDA receptor agonist, causing excessive glutamate release and lipid peroxidation.
Drugs: Tryptophan · Quinolinic Acid · Kynurenine · Mesoheme · Flavin adenine dinucleotide · 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid +1 moreEnzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Uric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124845MetabolicUric acid can enter the blood and produce toxic effects on the cardiovascular, renal and joints, leading to cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and arthritis/ gout. … These undergo metabolism in the liver to form uric acid. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Oxalic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124875MetabolicAscorbic acid forms dehydroascorbic acid, which then forms 2,3-diketo-L-gulonate. 2,3-diketo-L-gulonate can be converted to oxalate. … The oxalate formed in the liver form these 3 sources can enter the blood and have toxic effects in other tissues. Oxalate can promote cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity and inflammation.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ascorbic acid · Succinic acid · Glutamic acid · Glycine · Proline +4 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidase, Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3Metabolsim and Physiological Effects of Argininic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125504MetabolicThis accumulation causes arginine to instead be converted into α-keto-δ-guanidinovaleric acid by transamination. α-Keto-δ-guanidinovaleric acid is then hydrogenated to form argininic acid. … Arginnosuccinate is synthesized from citrulline and aspartic acid by the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase. That is catalyzed by argininosuccinate lyase to produce arginine and fumaric acid.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · L-Glutamine · Adenosine phosphate +10 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidase, Neutral amino acid transporter A