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Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000018MetabolicLNA enters the cell and is catalyzed to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (delta-6-desaturase/fatty acid desaturase 2). … Both LNA and ALA are essential dietary requirements for all mammals since they cannot be synthesized natively in the body.
Enzymes: Fatty acid desaturase 1, Fatty acid desaturase 2Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Hippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123209MetabolicAfter ingestion and absorption in the gut, benzoic acid is transported into the hepatic liver cell from blood where it undergoes two metabolic reactions. … A monocarboxylate transporter then exports hippuric acid from the liver to the blood, where it exerts toxic effects. It can reduce blood clotting and, in the kidney, inhibit organic acid secretion.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123300MetabolicKynurenic acid is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, and it also disrupts the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … Kynurenic acid is an indole uremic toxin compound that is formed through metabolism from dietary tryptophan in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Imidazolepropionic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126521MetabolicImidazolepropionic acid, also known as deaminohistidine or 4-imidazolylpropionate (ImP), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. … These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring.
Drugs: HistidineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123256MetabolicPhenylacetic acid is then transported into the blood where it has various effects on the human body. It reduces nitric oxide production and reduces protection against inflammation in vessel walls. … Phenylacetic acid is transported out of the bacteria, back into the intestine by an unknown transporter.
Enzymes: Y+L amino acid transporter 1, Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Orotic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124870MetabolicOrotic acid (orotate) is classified as a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid. … Most urinary orotic acid is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.
Enzymes: Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Quinolinic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123249Metabolic, and 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase to form quinolinic acid. … Quinolinic acid is shown to have major neurotoxic effects on the brain by acting as an NMDA receptor agonist, causing excessive glutamate release and lipid peroxidation.
Drugs: Tryptophan · Quinolinic Acid · Kynurenine · Mesoheme · Flavin adenine dinucleotide · 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid +1 moreEnzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Uric acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124845MetabolicUric acid can enter the blood and produce toxic effects on the cardiovascular, renal and joints, leading to cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and arthritis/ gout. … Uric acid is formed from purine catabolism. Purines can be made endogenously in the body or can be obtained exogenously from foods such as red meat. The purines are guanine and adenine.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Oxalic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124875MetabolicGlycine and hydroxyproline comes from protein sources in the diet such as red meat and eggs. Glycine Is converted into glyoxylate in the peroxisome by the enzyme d-amino acid oxidase. … Although the specific reactions and enzymes involved are still unknown, there is a general sense of what metabolites are formed during oxalate synthesis from ascorbic acid.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ascorbic acid · Succinic acid · Glutamic acid · Glycine · Proline +4 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidase, Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3Metabolsim and Physiological Effects of Argininic acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125504MetabolicGlutamic acid is carboxylated into 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid by the enzyme Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid with glutaric acid synthesize Oxoglutaric acid and … Arginnosuccinate is synthesized from citrulline and aspartic acid by the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase. That is catalyzed by argininosuccinate lyase to produce arginine and fumaric acid.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · L-Glutamine · Adenosine phosphate +10 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidase, Neutral amino acid transporter A