Calanolide A

Identification

Generic Name
Calanolide A
DrugBank Accession Number
DB04886
Background

Calanolide A is a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) derived from a plant found in the Malaysian rain forest. A related compound, calanolide B, also has anti-HIV activity. Both drugs are being developed by Sarawak Pharmaceuticals. A preliminary dosing study among HIV-infected individuals showed a significant antiviral effect compared with placebo.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 370.4388
Monoisotopic: 370.178023942
Chemical Formula
C22H26O5
Synonyms
  • (+)-calanolide A

Pharmacology

Indication

For use in combination treatment of HIV infection (AIDS).

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Calanolide A is a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) derived from a plant found in the Malaysian rain forest. A related compound, calanolide B, also has anti-HIV activity. Both drugs are being developed by Sarawak Pharmaceuticals. The drug is metabolised by cytochrome P450 CYP3A, and its developers have suggested that drug levels may be enhanced if co-administered with ritonavir (Norvir). The drug is active in the test tube against HIV with the two most common NNRTI-related mutations, K103N and Y181C, and selects for a mutation which does not cause cross-resistance with any other NNRTIs currently under investigation. A substitution at codon Y188H of reverse transcriptase has been associated with 30-fold resistance to calanolide A in vitro (Quan 1999). The compound is essentially inactive against strains of the less common HIV type 2.

Mechanism of action

Viral life-cycle studies indicate that calanolide A acts early in the infection process, similar to the known HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor 2', 3'-dideoxycytidine. In enzyme inhibition assays, calanolide A potently and selectively inhibits recombinant HIV type 1 RT but not cellular DNA polymerases or HIV type 2 RT within the concentration range tested.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGag-Pol polyprotein
inhibitor
UGag-Pol polyproteinNot AvailableHIV-1
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

20 hours for 800mg

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcetohexamideThe therapeutic efficacy of Acetohexamide can be increased when used in combination with Calanolide A.
Adenovirus type 7 vaccine liveThe therapeutic efficacy of Adenovirus type 7 vaccine live can be decreased when used in combination with Calanolide A.
Anthrax vaccineThe therapeutic efficacy of Anthrax vaccine can be decreased when used in combination with Calanolide A.
Bacillus calmette-guerin substrain connaught live antigenThe therapeutic efficacy of Bacillus calmette-guerin substrain connaught live antigen can be decreased when used in combination with Calanolide A.
Bacillus calmette-guerin substrain russian BCG-I live antigenThe therapeutic efficacy of Bacillus calmette-guerin substrain russian BCG-I live antigen can be decreased when used in combination with Calanolide A.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as angular pyranocoumarins. These are organic compounds containing a pyran (or a hydrogenated derivative) angularly fused to a coumarin moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Coumarins and derivatives
Sub Class
Pyranocoumarins
Direct Parent
Angular pyranocoumarins
Alternative Parents
Pyranochromenes / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Alkyl aryl ethers / Benzenoids / Heteroaromatic compounds / Secondary alcohols / Lactones / Oxacyclic compounds / Organic oxides
show 1 more
Substituents
1-benzopyran / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyran / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Angular pyranocoumarin / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Chromane / Ether
show 12 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
organic heterotetracyclic compound, secondary alcohol, delta-lactone, cyclic ether (CHEBI:65552) / coumarins (C09147)
Affected organisms
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
S5A9TQN46W
CAS number
142632-32-4
InChI Key
NIDRYBLTWYFCFV-FMTVUPSXSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H26O5/c1-6-7-13-10-15(23)26-21-16(13)20-14(8-9-22(4,5)27-20)19-17(21)18(24)11(2)12(3)25-19/h8-12,18,24H,6-7H2,1-5H3/t11-,12-,18+/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(10R,11S,12S)-12-hydroxy-6,6,10,11-tetramethyl-4-propyl-6,10,11,12-tetrahydro-2H-1,5,9-trioxatriphenylen-2-one
SMILES
CCCC1=CC(=O)OC2=C1C1=C(C=CC(C)(C)O1)C1=C2[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](C)O1

References

General References
  1. Eiznhamer DA, Creagh T, Ruckle JL, Tolbert DT, Giltner J, Dutta B, Flavin MT, Jenta T, Xu ZQ: Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. HIV Clin Trials. 2002 Nov-Dec;3(6):435-50. [Article]
  2. Xu ZQ, Barrow WW, Suling WJ, Westbrook L, Barrow E, Lin YM, Flavin MT: Anti-HIV natural product (+)-calanolide A is active against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Mar 1;12(5):1199-207. [Article]
  3. Sekino E, Kumamoto T, Tanaka T, Ikeda T, Ishikawa T: Concise synthesis of anti-HIV-1 active (+)-inophyllum B and (+)-calanolide A by application of (-)-quinine-catalyzed intramolecular oxo-Michael addition. J Org Chem. 2004 Apr 16;69(8):2760-7. [Article]
KEGG Compound
C09147
PubChem Compound
64972
PubChem Substance
175426889
ChemSpider
58497
BindingDB
50002662
ChEBI
65552
ChEMBL
CHEMBL267447
ZINC
ZINC000001645454
Wikipedia
Calanolide_A

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
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PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
1CompletedTreatmentHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
1Unknown StatusTreatmentHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0178 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.18ALOGPS
logP3.79Chemaxon
logS-4.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.63Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area64.99 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity104.11 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability41 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9901
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8789
Caco-2 permeable+0.7886
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6977
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5696
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.521
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9172
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7451
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.847
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5905
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.7102
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.5
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8947
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7118
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7872
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7001
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6246
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9035
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9889
Rat acute toxicity2.7417 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9428
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9579
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0009000000-752ed0e113942e91aa8c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0009000000-a67d1ed90ddad2c3b6c2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-016r-0009000000-9569316b8ddae1be718e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0009000000-6c0ec9baa0cb9f105986
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fb9-0029000000-08d7835259bdf95747ce
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ufs-0039000000-acabfb48a83f244af657
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-202.5620567
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-191.53519
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+202.5810567
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+193.93074
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+202.8410567
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+199.99294
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Not Available
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Gag-Pol polyprotein Mediates, with Gag polyprotein, the essential events in virion assembly, including binding the plasma membrane, making the protein-protein interactions necessary to create spherical particles, recruiting the viral Env proteins, and packaging the genomic RNA via direct interactions with the RNA packaging sequence (Psi). Gag-Pol polyprotein may regulate its own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, the polyprotein would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyprotein would encapsidate genomic RNA and then shut off translation.
Specific Function
aspartic-type endopeptidase activity
Gene Name
gag-pol
Uniprot ID
P03366
Uniprot Name
Gag-Pol polyprotein
Molecular Weight
163287.51 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
HIV-1
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Gag-Pol polyprotein Mediates, with Gag polyprotein, the essential events in virion assembly, including binding the plasma membrane, making the protein-protein interactions necessary to create spherical particles, recruiting the viral Env proteins, and packaging the genomic RNA via direct interactions with the RNA packaging sequence (Psi). Gag-Pol polyprotein may regulate its own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, the polyprotein would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyprotein would encapsidate genomic RNA and then shut off translation.
Specific Function
aspartic-type endopeptidase activity
Gene Name
gag-pol
Uniprot ID
P03369
Uniprot Name
Gag-Pol polyprotein
Molecular Weight
162014.15 Da
References
  1. Hanna L: Calanolide A: a natural non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. BETA. 1999 Apr;12(2):8-9. [Article]
  2. Eiznhamer DA, Creagh T, Ruckle JL, Tolbert DT, Giltner J, Dutta B, Flavin MT, Jenta T, Xu ZQ: Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. HIV Clin Trials. 2002 Nov-Dec;3(6):435-50. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Wu X, Zhang Q, Guo J, Jia Y, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Yang Y, Wang B, Hu J, Sheng L, Li Y: Metabolism of F18, a Derivative of Calanolide A, in Human Liver Microsomes and Cytosol. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Jul 19;8:479. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00479. eCollection 2017. [Article]

Drug created at October 21, 2007 12:30 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22