Propoxycaine

Overview

DrugBank ID
DB09342
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
NO
Other Approved
NO
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
0
Phase 1
0
Phase 2
0
Phase 3
0
Phase 4
0

Identification

Generic Name
Propoxycaine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09342
Background

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride 3. This drug was removed from the US market in 1996. Although no longer available in the United States, this medication was used in combination with procaine to aid in anesthesia during dental procedures 5. Used in combination with procaine, it was the only dental local anesthetic available in cartridge form 5.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 294.395
Monoisotopic: 294.194342705
Chemical Formula
C16H26N2O3
Synonyms
  • Propoxycaine

Pharmacology

Indication

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic medication. It was used beginning in the 1950s during dental procedures 4. It has been combined with procaine to accelerate its onset of action and provide longer-lasting anesthetic effect 5.

It was produced for use when amide local anesthetics were contraindicated due to allergy or when several amide anesthetics were unsuccessful 5.

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Pharmacodynamics

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic which acts to decrease nerve impulses and therefore pain sensation during dental procedures 4,5,6.

Mechanism of action

Propoxycaine is a para-aminobenzoic acid ester with local anesthetic activity. Propoxycaine binds to and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux essential for the conduction of nerve impulses. This results in a loss of sensation 3.

In one study, propoxycaine hydrochloride increased annular lipid fluidity in cell lipid bilayers and had a greater fluidizing effect on the inner monolayer than that of the outer monolayer 2. This may further confirm its role in modulating neural impulses.

TargetActionsOrganism
AVoltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit
blocker
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

This drug his hydrolyzed in both the plasma and the liver by plasma esterases 6.

Route of elimination

Renal 5

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Via the kidneys, primarily hydrolyzed 5.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The toxicity of this medication (7-8 times higher than that of procaine), has prevented this medication from being used on its own 5.

Ester-type local anesthetics are much more likely to cause an allergic reaction compared to the amide-group local anesthetics because of the formation of PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid) during the metabolic process. PABA may cause allergic reactions that range from urticaria to anaphylaxis. PABA is also formed during the metabolism of methylparaben (a common preservative) that is normally found in multi-dose vials including lidocaine (MDV) (amide-type local anesthetic) 5,6.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbemaciclibThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Abemaciclib is combined with Propoxycaine.
AbirateroneThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Abiraterone is combined with Propoxycaine.
AcetaminophenThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetaminophen is combined with Propoxycaine.
AcetazolamideThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Propoxycaine.
Acetic acidThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetic acid is combined with Propoxycaine.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Propoxycaine hydrochlorideK490D39G46550-83-4GITPCGSPKUQZTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Benzoic acid esters
Alternative Parents
Aminobenzoic acids and derivatives / Aminophenyl ethers / Phenoxy compounds / Benzoyl derivatives / Aniline and substituted anilines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Trialkylamines / Carboxylic acid esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
show 4 more
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives / Aminophenyl ether / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzoate ester / Benzoyl / Carboxylic acid derivative
show 15 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzoate ester (CHEBI:8496)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
EPD1EH7F53
CAS number
86-43-1
InChI Key
CAJIGINSTLKQMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H26N2O3/c1-4-10-20-15-12-13(17)7-8-14(15)16(19)21-11-9-18(5-2)6-3/h7-8,12H,4-6,9-11,17H2,1-3H3
IUPAC Name
2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-amino-2-propoxybenzoate
SMILES
CCCOC1=CC(N)=CC=C1C(=O)OCCN(CC)CC

References

General References
  1. Hung CH, Liu KS, Shao DZ, Cheng KI, Chen YC, Chen YW: The systemic toxicity of equipotent proxymetacaine, oxybuprocaine, and bupivacaine during continuous intravenous infusion in rats. Anesth Analg. 2010 Jan 1;110(1):238-42. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bf6acf. Epub 2009 Nov 6. [Article]
  2. Lee JH, Kim DI, Mun H, Lee SK, Park JS, Kim JH, Lee JH, Park YH, Jeon YC, Yoon UC, Bae MK, Jang HO, Wood WG, Yun I: The effect of propoxycaine.HCl on the physical properties of neuronal membranes. Chem Phys Lipids. 2008 Jul;154(1):19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.03.009. Epub 2008 Mar 22. [Article]
  3. PROPOXYCAINE [Link]
  4. New local anesthetic solutions containing propoxycaine [Link]
  5. Handbook of Dental Anesthesia- Ebook [Link]
  6. Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology [Link]
  7. Propoxycaine Hydrochloride [Link]
KEGG Compound
C07895
PubChem Compound
6843
PubChem Substance
310265217
ChemSpider
6582
BindingDB
50225492
ChEBI
8496
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1195
ZINC
ZINC000001530942
Wikipedia
Propoxycaine

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
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PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)146-151http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m70480.html
water solubility10 µg/mL in waterhttp://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m70480.html
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.79 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.89ALOGPS
logP2.6Chemaxon
logS-2.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.96Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area64.79 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity86.04 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability34.2 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-002r-9310000000-0db616714a5bddfba6ae
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6w-5590000000-8a51d601fbbf817027dc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-1930000000-68af02e55f72263c4c49
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udr-2920000000-c2c9103611c97713fa7f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0zg0-1900000000-3e7a109a353e5dee1fec
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0019-4900000000-bea34e9227a11289094c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0910000000-8980d2419710c99ba3a5
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-170.02556
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+172.38354
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+178.4767
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Blocker
General Function
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:14672992). Plays a key role in brain, probably by regulating the moment when neurotransmitters are released in neurons. Involved in sensory perception of mechanical pain: activation in somatosensory neurons induces pain without neurogenic inflammation and produces hypersensitivity to mechanical, but not thermal stimuli
Specific Function
voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Components:
References
  1. Fozzard HA, Sheets MF, Hanck DA: The sodium channel as a target for local anesthetic drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 1;2:68. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00068. eCollection 2011. [Article]
  2. PROPOXYCAINE [Link]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs (PubMed:18762277, PubMed:7980644, PubMed:9169443, PubMed:9490062). Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester (PubMed:18762277, PubMed:7980644, PubMed:9169443, PubMed:9490062). Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine (PubMed:7980644). Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene (PubMed:7980644). Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate (PubMed:7980644). Converts monoacylglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolyzes of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and prostaglandins (PubMed:21049984). Hydrolyzes cellular cholesteryl esters to free cholesterols and promotes reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by facilitating both the initial and final steps in the process (PubMed:11015575, PubMed:16024911, PubMed:16971496, PubMed:18762277). First of all, allows free cholesterol efflux from macrophages to extracellular cholesterol acceptors and secondly, releases free cholesterol from lipoprotein-delivered cholesteryl esters in the liver for bile acid synthesis or direct secretion into the bile (PubMed:16971496, PubMed:18599737, PubMed:18762277)
Specific Function
carboxylesterase activity
Gene Name
CES1
Uniprot ID
P23141
Uniprot Name
Liver carboxylesterase 1
Molecular Weight
62520.62 Da
References
  1. Handbook of Dental Anesthesia- Ebook [Link]

Drug created at November 27, 2015 20:23 / Updated at June 02, 2024 21:56