Central Nervous System Agents
- Name
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Accession Number
- DBCAT000044
- Description
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)
- Drugs
Drug Drug Description Botulinum toxin type B A purified form of botulinum toxin type B used to block acetylcholine release in the treatment of cervical dystonia and sialorrhea. Baclofen A GABA-ergic agonist used to manage severe spasticity of cerebral or spinal origin in adult and pediatric patients. Amphetamine A CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic agent indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Lorazepam A short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizures. Carbidopa A dopa decarboxylase inhibitor used in combination with levodopa for the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic Parkinson disease and other conditions associated with parkinsonian symptoms. Phentermine A sympathomimetic anorectic agent used as a short-term adjunct therapy that is included in a regimen of weight reduction in cases of exogenous obesity. Tramadol A centrally-acting opioid agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) used for the management of moderate to severe pain in adults. Caffeine A stimulant present in tea, coffee, cola beverages, analgesic drugs, and agents used to increase alertness. It is also used in to prevent and treat pulmonary complications of premature birth. Citalopram A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used in the treatment of depression. Enflurane A halogenated inhalational anesthetic agent used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and for analgesia during labor and delivery. Pregabalin An anticonvulsant drug used to treat neuropathic pain conditions and fibromyalgia, and for the treatment of partial onset seizures in combination with other anticonvulsants. Temazepam A short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, and insomnia. Butabarbital A barbiturate drug used as a sedative and hypnotic. Benzatropine An anticholinergic drug used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and extrapyramidal symptoms, except tardive dyskinesia. Ziprasidone An atypical antipsychotic used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in patients with schizophrenia. Cabergoline A dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic conditions due to various causes. Phenytoin An anticonvulsant drug used in the prophylaxis and control of various types of seizures. Ropinirole A non-ergoline dopamine agonist used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and Restless Legs Syndrome. Topiramate An anticonvulsant drug used in the control of epilepsy and in the prophylaxis and treatment of migraines. Lidocaine A local anesthetic used in a wide variety of superficial and invasive procedures. Morphine An opioid agonist used for the relief of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Bupivacaine A local anesthetic used in a wide variety of superficial and invasive procedures. Dapiprazole Used in the treatment of iatrogenically induced mydriasis produced by adrenergic (phenylephrine) or parasympatholytic (tropicamide) agents used in certain eye examinations. Pentobarbital A barbiturate drug used to induce sleep, cause sedation, and control certain types of seizures. Acetaminophen An analgesic drug used alone or in combination with opioids for pain management, and as an antipyretic agent. Codeine An opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain when the use of an opioid is indicated. Dihydroergotamine An ergot alkaloid used in the acute treatment of migraine headache and cluster headache. Amitriptyline A tricyclic antidepressant indicated in the treatment of depressive illness, either endogenous or psychotic, and to relieve depression associated anxiety. Tolcapone A catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor used as adjunct therapy in the symptomatic management of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Hydromorphone An opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain when the use of an opioid is indicated. Indomethacin A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) used for symptomatic management of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions and to induce closure of a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. Methadone An opioid analgesic indicated for management of severe pain that is not responsive to alternative treatments. Also used to aid in detoxification and maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Olanzapine An antipsychotic drug used in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and agitation associated with these disorders. Megestrol acetate A progestin that is administered orally to treat anorexia and cachexia or serious unexplained weight loss and is also used as an antineoplastic agent to treat certain types of malignancy. Doxylamine An antihistamine used to treat insomnia and allergy symptoms and is used with pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Mirtazapine A tetracyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of major depression and is used off-label as a drug for insomnia and to increase appetite. Trihexyphenidyl An antispasmodic drug used as an adjunct drug in the management of parkinsonism and as a treatment for extrapyramidal symptoms caused by drugs affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Procyclidine An antispasmodic drug used to treat parkinsonism of various types and in the treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms. Sulpiride A selective D2 dopamine receptor antagonist indicated to treat chronic and acute schizophrenia. Carisoprodol A centrally acting muscle relaxant used to relieve the discomfort associated with various musculoskeletal conditions. Eszopiclone A sedative-hypnotic used in the treatment of insomnia, improving both the latency phase and the maintenance phase of sleep. Alprazolam A triazolobenzodiazepine with intermediate onset commonly used to treat panic disorders and generalized anxiety in addition to anxiety associated with depression. Remoxipride An discontinued atypical antipsychotic selective for dopamine D2 receptors. Carbamoylcholine A direct acting miotic agent administered ophthalmically to decrease intraocular pressure after cataract surgery, and to induce miosis during surgery. Pramipexole A non-ergot dopamine agonist used to treat the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Secobarbital A barbiturate used for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Methylphenidate A stimulant used in the management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methocarbamol A CNS depressant indicated with rest, physical therapy and other treatments to control the discomfort associated with various acute musculoskeletal conditions. Hyoscyamine An anticholinergic indicated to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders, biliary and renal colic, and acute rhinitis. Zolpidem A sedative hypnotic used for the short-term treatment of insomnia to improve sleep latency. Prochlorperazine A phenothiazine derivative used in the treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety and to relieve severe nausea and vomiting. Droperidol A butyrophenone derivative and dopamine antagonist used to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. Meperidine An opioid agonist with analgesic and sedative properties used to manage severe pain. Imipramine A tricyclic antidepressant indicated for the treatment of depression and to reduce childhood enuresis. Fluoxetine A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder, bulimia, OCD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, panic disorder, and bipolar I. Celecoxib An NSAID used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, menstrual symptoms, and to reduce polyps is familial adenomatous polyposis. Buspirone An anxiolytic agent used for short-term treatment of generalized anxiety and second-line treatment of depression. Entacapone A selective reversible catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Oxycodone An opioid used in the management of moderate to severe pain. Haloperidol An antipsychotic agent used to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses, as well as symptoms of agitation, irritability, and delirium. Dextromethorphan An NMDA receptor antagonist used to treat cases of dry cough. Nortriptyline A tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of depression. Lamotrigine A phenyltriazine antiepileptic used to treat some types of epilepsy and bipolar I disorder. Carbamazepine An anticonvulsant used to treat various types of seizures and pain resulting from trigeminal neuralgia. Clonidine An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat hypertension and severe cancer pain, among other conditions, and to treat withdrawal symptoms from various substances. It is also used to aid in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and to prevent migraines. Mazindol A sympathomimetic used to treat obesity in combination with lifestyle modifications. Diclofenac An NSAID used to treat the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Lisuride For the management of Parkinson's Disease Chloroquine An antimalarial drug used to treat susceptible infections with P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. falciparum. It is also used for second line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Butorphanol An opioid agonist-antagonist used to treat moderate to severe pain. Adenosine A medication used in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and to treat supraventricular tachycardia. Pentazocine An analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. Trazodone A serotonin uptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder. Acamprosate A medication used to maintain alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence. Galantamine A cholinesterase inhibitor used to manage mild to moderate dementia associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Midazolam A short-acting benzodiazepine with rapid onset that is commonly used in seizures, anesthesia and anxiety disorders. Tizanidine An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for the short-term treatment of muscle spasticity. Naltrexone A narcotic antagonist used in opioid overdose. Sufentanil An opioid used to induce and maintain anesthesia, to act as an analgesic in labor and delivery, and to treat severe, acute pain. Apomorphine A morphine derivative D2 dopamine agonist used to treat hypomobile "off" episodes of advanced Parkinson's disease. Paroxetine A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder, panic disorder, OCD, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, the vasomotor symptoms of menopause, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Procaine A local anesthetic used for anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal nerve block. Risperidone A second-generation antipsychotic medication used to treat a number of mental health disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar mania, psychosis, or as an adjunct in severe depression. Meclizine A histamine H1 antagonist used to treat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Scopolamine A belladonna alkaloid with anticholinergic effects indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Olopatadine A histamine H1 antagonist used to treat allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Oxcarbazepine An anti-epileptic used in the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Mefenamic acid An NSAID used to treat mild to moderate pain for no more than a week, and primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen An NSAID used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, tendinitis, bursitis, acute gout, primary dysmenorrhea, and mild to moderate pain. Primidone An antiepileptic used to treat grand mal, psychomotor, and focal epileptic seizures. Proparacaine A topical anesthetic used for ophthalmic practice. Biperiden A muscarinic receptor antagonist used to treat parkinsonism and control extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs. Fentanyl An opioid analgesic used in anesthesia, for breakthrough cancer pain, or round the clock pain management. Acetazolamide A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat edema from heart failure or medications, certain types of epilepsy, and glaucoma. Diazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine with rapid onset commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. Oxazepam An intermediate-acting benzodiazepine with slow onset commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, alcohol withdrawals, and insomnia. Donepezil An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat the behavioral and cognitive effects of Alzheimer's Disease and other types of dementia. Methylphenobarbital For the relief of anxiety, tension, and apprehension, also used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of epilepsy. Benzphetamine A sympathomimetic used to manage exogenous obesity short term. Benzonatate A non-narcotic oral antitussive drug used to suppress coughing. Flupentixol A thioxanthene neuroleptic used to treat schizophrenia and depression. Ondansetron A serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy and postoperatively. Cocaine An ester local anesthetic used during diagnostic procedures and surgeries in or through the nasal cavities. Amantadine A medication used to treat dyskinesia in Parkinson's patients receiving levodopa, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of medications. Cyclobenzaprine A skeletal muscle relaxant that works on the brainstem to treat muscle spasms of local origin. Hydrocodone An opioid agonist used as an analgesic and antitussive agent. Methylprednisolone A corticosteroid used to treat inflammation or immune reactions across a variety of organ systems, endocrine conditions, and neoplastic diseases. Mepivacaine A local anesthetic used for local or regional analgesia or anesthesia. Bromfenac An NSAID used to treat postoperative pain and inflammation of the eye. Dimenhydrinate A medication used to prevent and treat nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and motion sickness. Glycopyrronium An anticholinergic agent used to treat hyperhidrosis, severe drooling, COPD, used with other medications to treat ulcers, and used in anesthesia. Gabapentin An anticonvulsant medication used in the management of peripheral neuropathic pains, postherpetic neuralgia, and partial-onset seizures. Memantine An NMDA receptor antagonist used to treat moderate to severe dementia in Alzheimer's. Ibuprofen An NSAID and non-selective COX inhibitor used to treat mild-moderate pain, fever, and inflammation. Melatonin An endogenous hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and when provided exogenously has beneficial effects on sleep-onset latency; available as an over-the-counter supplement. Clonazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine with intermediate onset commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizures. Diphenhydramine A H1 receptor antihistamine used in the treatment of seasonal allergies, and various allergic reactions including sneezing, runny nose, itchy/watery eyes, itching of nose or throat, pruritus, urticaria, insect bites/stings, and allergic rashes. Vigabatrin An irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor used as an adjunct therapy to treat refractory complex partial seizures in patients ≥2 years unresponsive to alternatives. May also be used as monotherapy to treat infantile spasms in infants 1 month to 2 years. Benzocaine A topical local anesthetic used for the temporary relief of pain and itching associated with minor burns, sunburn, scrapes and insect bites or minor skin irritations. Pimozide An antipsychotic used to manage debilitating motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder. Sertraline A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) indicated to treat major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder and many other psychiatric conditions. Doxepin A psychotropic agent used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, manic-depressive disorder, and insomnia. Bupropion A norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and as an aid to smoking cessation. Phenobarbital A long-lasting barbiturate and anticonvulsant used in the treatment of all types of seizures, except for absent seizures. Escitalopram A selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and other select psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cyclizine An antihistamine and antiemetic drug used for the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness, and vertigo. Naloxone An opioid receptor antagonist used to rapidly reverse an opioid overdose. Also included in some drug formulations as an abuse deterrent to prevent injection. Desflurane A general inhalation anesthetic for inpatient and outpatient surgery in adults. Levetiracetam A novel anticonvulsant agent used as an adjunct medication to manage partial onset, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients with epilepsy. Quetiapine A psychotropic agent used for the management of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. Metoclopramide An antiemetic agent and dopamine D2 antagonist used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, prevention of nausea and vomiting, and to stimulate gastric emptying. Dexamethasone A glucocorticoid available in various modes of administration that is used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including bronchial asthma, as well as endocrine and rheumatic disorders. Levodopa A dopamine precursor used in the management of Parkinson's disease, often in combination with carbidopa, as well as other conditions associated with parkinsonism. Aripiprazole An atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of a wide variety of mood and psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar I, major depressive disorder, irritability associated with autism, and Tourette's syndrome. Lisdexamfetamine A central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and moderate to severe eating disorders. Ephedrine An alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist indicated to treat hypotension under anesthesia, allergic conditions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion. Dextroamphetamine A sympathomimetic agent used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Zuclopenthixol An antipsychotic indicated for the management of schizophrenia. The acuphase formulation is indicated for initial treatment of acute psychosis or exacerbation of psychosis, while the depot formulation is best for maintenance. 3,5-Dinitrocatechol Not Available 7-Nitroindazole Not Available Flunarizine A selective calcium-entry blocker used as migraine prophylaxis in patients with severe and frequent episodes who have not responded adequately to more common treatments. Milnacipran A selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used for the treatment of fibromyalgia and a short-term treatment of major depressive disorder. Pimavanserin A second generation atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions caused by Parkinson's Disease. Mianserin A tetracyclic antidepressant with therapeutic activity similar to amitriptyline used to treat depression and anxiety. Ziconotide An N-type calcium channel antagonist used to manage patients with severe chronic pain who cannot tolerate, or who have not responded adequately to other treatments such as intrathecal morphine and systemic analgesics. Amisulpride A dopamine D2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia, and in the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults. Vilazodone An antidepressant agent used for the treatment of major depressive disorder that targets the 5-HT transporter and 5-HT1A receptors. Desvenlafaxine An antidepressant agent and SNRI used for the treatment of major depressive disorders in adults. Dexmethylphenidate A norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of ADHD in conjunction with other therapies. Ginsenoside Rg1 Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as... Drotaverine A phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used to alleviate gastrointestinal and genitourinary smooth muscle spasms. Nepafenac An ophthalmic NSAID used for the symptomatic treatment of pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery. Isoaminile Isoaminile, an antitussive drug with a structure similar to methadone, is also an anticholinergic with both antimuscarinic and antinicotinic properties. Sodium oxybate A central nervous system depressant used to treat cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy. Pholcodine An opioid antitussive used to suppress unproductive coughing. Melperone An atypical butyrophenone antipsychotic used to treat sleep disorders, confusion, and psychomotor dysfunction associated with geriatric, psychiatric, and alcohol-dependent patients. Oxaprotiline Investigated for the treatment of depression. Pentoxyverine A medication used to suppress a cough in the common cold, flu, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Doramectin Doramectin is a veterinary drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of parasites such as gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, eyeworms, grubs, sucking lice and mange mites in... Flunixin Flunixin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for use in pigs, cattle and horses. It exerts analgesic and antipyretic effects. This drug is often prepared for use in meglumine salt form.... Opicapone A catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor used as an adjunct treatment for Parkinson's Disease in adults currently receiving levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Brexanolone Brexanolone is a synthetic neuroactive steroid gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(a)) receptor positive modulator indicated for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD) in adult women [FDA Label][A176080, A176083, F4063, F4066, F4072]. Bromperidol A first-generation butyrophenone antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic manifestations. Samidorphan A novel opioid-system modulator, similar to naltrexone, that functions primarily as a μ-opioid receptor antagonist in vivo and is used primarily in combination with antipsychotics to reduce their metabolic dysfunction-associated adverse effects. Lithium carbonate A medication used to treat manic episodes of bipolar disorder. Clorgiline An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE. Solriamfetol Solriamfetol is indicated for treatment of daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy, but is not a treatment for the underlying airway obstruction in apnea patients[FDA Label][A176534,A176744]. Duloxetine A serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat generalized anxiety disorder, neuropathic pain, osteoarthritis, and stress incontinence. Mepyramine An antihistamine agent used for the symptomatic treatment of allergy, hypersensitivity reactions, and pruritic skin disorders. Suvorexant A orexin receptor antagonist used to treat insomnia that is characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance. Dexketoprofen An NSAID that is the R(-)-enantiomer of racemic ketoprofen with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain. Galcanezumab A calcitonin-gene related peptide antagonist used to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches. Oliceridine A biased opioid agonist indicated for the management of severe acute pain in adult patients. Through preferential activation of G-protein-coupled signalling pathways, oliceridine provides analgesic effect with a comparable or improved safety profile over conventional opioid agonists. Metadoxine A medication used to increase the clearance of alcohol in patients with chronic alcohol dependancy. Serdexmethylphenidate A prodrug of the CNS stimulant dexmethylphenidate used as a first-line treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid Used as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance. Atropine A muscarinic antagonist used to treat poisoning by muscarinic agents, including organophosphates and other drugs. Ethanol For therapeutic neurolysis of nerves or ganglia for the relief of intractable chronic pain in such conditions as inoperable cancer and trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), in patients for whom neurosurgical... Trimethaphan For the controlled reduction of blood pressure during surgery and in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Mitoxantrone A chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of secondary progressive, progressive relapsing, or worsening relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Bezitramide A narcotic analgesic once used for the treatment of severe chronic pain. Ohmefentanyl Ohmefentanyl is an extremely potent opioid analgesic drug which selectively binds to the µ-opioid receptor. The Chinese have recorded ohmefentanyl as having a potency that is 6,300 times morphine. Ohmefentanyl... 3-Methylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic and is an analog of the potent opioid, fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most powerful opioid drugs sold illegally and is estimated to be... Licofelone For the management of osteoarthritis. Vapreotide For the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhotic liver disease and has also shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with AIDS-related diarrhea. RI 624 Investigated for use/treatment in pain (acute or chronic). Flupirtine Investigated for use/treatment in fibromyalgia. Kelatorphan Not Available Tanezumab Tanezumab has been investigated for the treatment of Osteoarthritis, Knee and Neuralgia, Postherpetic. Spiradoline Spiradoline has been investigated for the basic science of Bipolar Depression. Bamifylline A methylxanthine derivative indicated in the treatment of bronchial asthma and other conditions with bronchospasm. Alcuronium A non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant similar to tubocurarine. It is used as an anesthesia adjuvant. Nabiximols In Canada, Sativex has received a Notice of Compliance (NOC) for use as an as adjunctive treatment for symptomatic relief of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who have... Ethchlorvynol A sedative hypnotic agent used for the short-term management of insomnia. Etomidate A short-acting intravenous anesthetic indicated for the induction of anesthesia and supplementation of subpotent anesthesia during short operative procedures. Ropivacaine An amide-type local anesthetic used for local or regional anesthesia during surgery and for short-term management of acute pain. Meprobamate An anxiolytic drug used for the short-term management of anxiety symptoms. Picrotoxin Used internally for relieving respiratory distress. Also for use as an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially barbiturates. Methohexital An anesthetic used to induce deep sedation. Chlordiazepoxide A benzodiazepine used to treat the withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, to treat preoperative anxiety, and to treat anxiety over a short term period. Cinchocaine An anesthetic used for local or regional anesthesia. Doxapram A short acting respiratory stimulant used to treat acute respiratory insufficiency in COPD patients. Thiopental A barbiturate used to induce general anesthesia, treat convulsions, and reduce intracranial pressure. Dexmedetomidine An alpha-2 agonist used for sedation during various procedures. Dyclonine An topical anesthetic used prior to examination to suppress the gag reflex or for pain relief from canker sores and fever blisters. Dextropropoxyphene An opioid analgesic used to treat mild to moderate pain. Magnesium sulfate A drug used to treat convulsions during pregnancy, nephritis in children, magnesium deficiency, and tetany. Flurazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine with a rapid onset of action that is commonly used to treat insomnia. Flurbiprofen An NSAID used to treat the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Modafinil A stimulant used to improve wakefulness in patients with sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or shift work disorder. Prilocaine A local anesthetic used in dental procedures. Alfentanil An opioid agonist used to induce and maintain anesthesia, as well as an analgesic. Propofol A medication used in general anesthesia and for sedation. Disulfiram A carbamate derivative used to treat alcohol addiction. Phenmetrazine Used as an anorectic in the treatment of obesity. Nalbuphine An opioid agonist-antagonist used to treat pain, for pre and postoperative analgesia, and for analgesia in labor and delivery. Levorphanol An opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. Oxybuprocaine A local anesthetic used in ophthalmology. Triazolam A benzodiazepine used for short term treatment of insomnia. Remifentanil An opioid analgesic used in anesthesia. Buprenorphine A partial opioid agonist used for management of severe pain that is not responsive to alternative treatments. Also used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Zaleplon A sedative used for short term treatment of insomnia in adults. Levobupivacaine A drug used for nerve block and anesthesia. Diphenoxylate An antidiarrheal medication used with atropine to manage diarrhea. Thiamylal Used for the production of complete anaesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anaesthesia, and for inducing a hypnotic state. Chloroprocaine A local anesthetic agent indicated for intrathecal injection in adults for the production of subarachnoid block, spinal anesthesia, or ocular surface anesthesia. Oxymorphone An opioid analgesic used in the management of moderate-to-severe pain and for analgesic therapies. Zopiclone A nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used for the short-term management of insomnia. Dezocine Indicated in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Ketamine A rapid-acting general anesthetic and NMDA receptor antagonist used for induction of anesthesia diagnostic and surgical procedures typically in combination with a muscle relaxant. Levacetylmethadol For the treatment and management of opiate dependence. It is sometimes used to treat severe pain in terminal patients. Pemoline A central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that was previously used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Amobarbital A barbiturate derivative used for the induction of sedation during procedures, short-term management of insomnia, and acute management of refractory tonic-clonic seizures. Butobarbital For the treatment of insomnia. Hexobarbital For the induction of anesthesia prior to the use of other general anesthetic agents and for induction of anesthesia for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures associated with minimal painful... Choline magnesium trisalicylate Choline magnesium trisalicylate is used to reduce pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis. This medication is also used to treat fever in adults. Methadyl acetate Used mainly in the treatment of narcotic dependence. Glutethimide For the treatment of insomnia. 4-Methylaminorex Not Available Dihydroetorphine Not Available Diamorphine An opioid analgesic agent used in the relief of severe pain associated with surgical procedures, myocardial infarction or pain in the terminally ill and for the relief of dyspnea in acute pulmonary edema. Fencamfamin For the the treatment of depressive fatigue in convalescence and other debilitated states as well as in the treatment of depressive day-time fatigue, lack of concentration and lethargy. Ethylmorphine An opioid analgesic and antitussive agent used to reduce coughs caused by colds and lung infections in combination with codeine. Fenethylline Not Available Barbital A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice... Etorphine Etorphine is only available for its use in veterinary. This main usage is related to the immobilization of large mammals. Ecgonine Not Available Dextromoramide An opioid analgesic structurally related to methadone and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070) Desomorphine Not Available Carfentanil Carfentanil is similar (but more potent) to the opioid analgesic fentanyl. It is used as a tranquilizer for large animals. Drotebanol Not Available Dihydrocodeine An opioid analgesic agent used for the management of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Alphacetylmethadol A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action. It is used mainly in the treatment of narcotic dependence. [PubChem] Cathinone Cathinone is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (Khat). Closely related to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines, it is probably the main contributor to the stimulant effect... Chloral hydrate A mild hypnotic used for experimental purposes that was previously used for the treatment of insomnia. Dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine is an opioid analgesic used for moderate to severe pain relief. Metamfetamine A sympathomimetic agent used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and exogenous obesity. Phendimetrazine A sympathomimetic amine used as adjunct therapy for the short term management of exogenous obesity. Quazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine used to manage insomnia. Nitrazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine with intermediate onset commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. Daidzin Not Available S-Ethylisothiourea S-Ethylisothiourea is a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Methylecgonine Not Available Methapyrilene Methapyrilene, formerly marketed in many drug products, was shown to be a potent carcinogen. Manufacturers voluntarily withdrew methapyriline drug products from the market in May and June 1979. Urethane Urethane, formerly marketed as an inactive ingredient in Profenil injection, was determined to be carcinogenic and was removed from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1963. Methaqualone For the treatment of insomnia, and as a sedative and muscle relaxant. Tetrodotoxin For the treatment of chronic and breakthrough pain in advanced cancer patients as well as for the treatment of opioid dependence. Tarenflurbil Investigated for use/treatment in alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer. Ecallantide A kallikrein inhibitor used to prevent and treat acute attacks caused by Hereditary Angioedema (HAE). Canertinib Investigated for use/treatment in breast cancer and lung cancer. Tapentadol An opioid used to manage severe pain that has not responded to non-opioid medications, and for which opioid analgesic therapy is appropriate. Armodafinil A stimulant used to improve wakefulness in adult patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or shift work disorder. Clomethiazole Investigated for use/treatment in strokes. Gaboxadol Investigated for use/treatment in sleep disorders and insomnia. Agomelatine Agomelatine is indicated to treat major depressive episodes in adults. Fospropofol A sedative-hypnotic agent indicated for monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation in adult patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Ketobemidone For the treatment of all types of severe pain, such as postoperative, cancer, kidney stones and fractures. Benzyl alcohol An antiparasitic agent used for the topical treatment of head lice infestation in patients 6 months of age and older. DPDPE A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond. Etidocaine Etidocaine is marketed under the name Duranest. It is an injectable local anesthetic during surgery, labor, and delivery. Etidocaine has a long duration of activity, but has the main disadvantage... Articaine A local anesthetic used for inducing local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures. Brotizolam A benzodiazepine analogue with sedative-hypnotic properties used for short-term treatment of severe or debilitating insomnia. Tetracaine A local anaesthetic agent used to induce local analgesia in the eyes and skin during medical procedures. Paraldehyde A central nervous system depressant previously used to control convulsions due to various clinical causes, including tetanus, status epilepticus, and convulsive drugs. Lofentanil Lofentanil is an analog of fentanyl and is one of the most potent opioids available today. It displays most similarity to carfentanil (4-carbomethoxyfentanyl) and is considered to be slightly more... Tolfenamic acid In the information for tolfenamic acid, it is stated that this drug, being an NSAID, is effective in treating the pain associated with the acute attack of migraines in adults. Propacetamol Propacetamol is a paracetamol prodrug of intravenous administration used to control fever and pain of perioperative period in multimodal analgesia therapy. Propoxycaine Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic medication. It was used beginning in the 1950s during dental procedures . It has been combined with procaine to accelerate its onset of action and... Pramocaine A local anesthetic and antipruritic agent found in various topical preparations. Opium A medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Butamben Anesthesia of mucus membranes other than the eyes. Phenoxyethanol An antiseptic used as a hand disinfectant or preservative in medications. Alfaxalone Alfaxalone, also known as alphaxalone or alphaxolone, is a neuroactive steroid and general anaesthetic. It is used in veterinary practice under the trade name Alfaxan, and is licensed for use... Azaperone Azaperone is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone agent that is capable of eliciting neuroleptic sedative and antiemetic effects. It is subsequently employed predominantly as a veterinary tranquilizer and mainly for pigs... Medetomidine Medetomidine is a synthetic compound used as a surgical anesthetic and analgesic. It is normally found as its hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride. Medetomidine is an intravenously available alpha-2 adrenergic agonist.... Xylazine A non-opioid and clonidine analog with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties used as a tranquilizer used in veterinary medicine. Butacaine Not Annotated Romifidine Romifidine is a veterinary drug utilized as a sedative primarily in large animals, most frequently horses. It is also used less commonly in a wide variety of other animal species.... Tiletamine This drug is a dissociative anesthetic agent that falls under the drug category of NMDA receptor antagonists. Tiletamine is chemically similar to another dissociative anesthetic, ketamine. Tiletamine hydrochloride, the salt... Tricaine Tricaine (as tricaine methanesulfonate) is white powder used for anesthesia, sedation, or euthanasia of fish. It is also the only anesthetic licensed in the United States for use in fin... Detomidine Used as a large animal sedative, primarily in horses. Normethadone An opioid antitussive used to treat a cough associated with inflamed mucosa. Lemborexant A dual orexin antagonist indicated for the treatment of sleep-onset and/or sleep maintenance insomnia. Eltanolone Eltanolone is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02603926 (Treatment of Fragile-X Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) With Allopregnanolone). Piritramide A synthetic opioid used in the treatment of severe pain. Indiplon Indiplon has been used in trials studying the treatment of Insomnia and Depression. Nefiracetam Nefiracetam has been used in trials studying the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Norflurane Norflurane is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01673061 (Vapocoolant Spray for Numbing Small Boils Before Incision and Drainage). Alphaprodine Not Annotated Propanidid An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918) Proxibarbal Proxibarbal is a derivative of barbiturates, which has been used to treat migraines. Proxibarbal was approved in France but was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of inducing... Ethyl chloride A local anesthetic. Bromisoval Not Annotated Medazepam A long-acting benzodiazepine used for its sedative and anxiolytic properties. Prolintane Not Annotated Nicomorphine Not Annotated Phenibut Not Annotated Meptazinol Not Annotated Mebicar Not Annotated Phenoperidine Not Annotated Phenazocine Not Annotated Proquazone Not Annotated Nikethamide A nicotinic acid derivative indicated as a respiratory stimulant. Fluanisone Not Annotated Quinisocaine Not Annotated Vinyl ether Not Annotated Bemegride Bemegride is a CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose. Tilidine A synthetic opioid indicated in the treatment of severe pain. Lormetazepam A benzodiazepine indicated in the treatment of anxiety and the induction of anesthesia. Harmaline Not Annotated WIN 55212-2 WIN 55,212-2 is a chemical described as an aminoalkylindole derivative, which produces effects similar to those of cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but has an entirely different chemical structure. It... Cyclopropane Cyclopropane was initially investigated because it was thought to be the toxic element in ethylene. Instead, it turned out to be an excellent anesthetic with very rapid onset and recovery... Palmidrol A cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. Palmidrol is available for human use as a supplement (400 mg capsules) and as food... Pyrazolam Not Annotated Bentazepam Not Annotated Carfentanil, C-11 Carfentanil, C-11 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01899170 (Towards Individualized Deep Brain Stimulation Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain). CP-96345 Not Annotated Choline A nutrient found in a wide variety of vitamins including pre-natal formulations. Tryptophan An amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition. Fluvoxamine A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. Reserpine For the treatment of hypertension Reboxetine A drug used for the acute treatment of major depression and for maintenance therapy of depression. Venlafaxine A selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used for the treatment of major depression, generalized or social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Valproic acid An anticonvulsant used to control complex partial seizures and both simple and complex absence seizures. Protriptyline A tricyclic antidepressant that is indicated in the treatment of depression only under close clinical supervision. Trimethadione An anticonvulsant agent indicated for the control of treatment-refractory petit mal seizures. Clobazam A benzodiazepine used as adjunct treatment in seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Chlorzoxazone A drug with muscle relaxant properties that is used as an adjunct to physical therapy and analgesics to treat stiffness and pain caused by a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. Clozapine An atypical or second-generation antipsychotic drug used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and to decrease suicide risk in schizophrenic patients. Thiethylperazine A drug used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Palonosetron A serotonin antagonist used in the prophylaxis or management of vomiting that results from emetogenic chemotherapy, and for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Tacrine An anticholinesterase drug used for the management of Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Loxapine A antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia. Promazine A phenothiazine used to manage schizophrenia. Quinine An alkaloid used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Dronabinol A synthetic delta-9-THC used in the treatment of anorexia and weight loss in HIV patients as well as nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy. Chlorpromazine A phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat nausea, vomiting, preoperative anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children. Nabilone A synthetic delta-9-THC used in the treatment of anorexia and weight loss in HIV patients as well as nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy. Levallorphan For the complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression, including respiratory depression, induced by opioids. Triflupromazine Used mainly in the management of psychoses. Also used to control nausea and vomiting. Mephenytoin A phenylhydantoin used to treat refractory partial epilepsy. Amoxapine A tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of neurotic or reactive depressive disorders and endogenous or psychotic depression. Adinazolam For the treatment of anxiety and status epilepticus. Ethosuximide An anticonvulsant used to treat petit mal seizures. Fluphenazine A phenothiazine used to treat patients requiring long-term neuroleptic therapy. Clorazepic acid A benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, partial seizures, and alcohol withdrawal. Trimethobenzamide An antiemetic used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting and nausea associated with gastroenteritis. Aprepitant A substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and surgery. Thioridazine A phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and generalized anxiety disorder. Ergotamine An alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist vasoconstrictor used to treat migraines with or without aura and cluster headaches. Nicergoline An ergot derivative use for the treatment of symptoms associated with cerebrovascular abnormalities. Trimipramine A tricyclic antidepressant used to treat depression. Riluzole A glutamate antagonist used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Tranylcypromine A monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder. Isoflurane An inhaled general anesthetic used in surgery. Ethotoin A hydantoin antiepileptic used to control tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures. Dolasetron An antinauseant and antiemetic used in chemotherapy and postoperatively. Phenelzine A monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat atypical, nonendogenous, or neurotic depression. Halazepam Used to relieve anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. Minaprine For the treatment of depression Trifluoperazine A phenothiazine used to treat depression, anxiety, and agitation. Progabide Indicated for the treatment of epilepsy. Perphenazine A phenothiazine used to treat schizophrenia as well as nausea and vomiting. Chlorphenesin A phenol ether used to treat painful muscular conditions. Granisetron A 5HT3 antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting in cancer therapy and postoperatively. Tiagabine An antiepileptic used to treat partial seizures. Zonisamide A sulfonamide anticonvulsant used to treat partial seizures. Mesoridazine A phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, organic brain disorders, alcoholism, and psychoneuroses. Maprotiline A tetracyclic antidepressant used to treat depressive illness, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety associated with depression. Felbamate An anticonvulsant used to treat severe epilepsy. Rivastigmine A cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate dementia in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Methoxyflurane For use in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia Selegiline A monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder and Parkinson's. Ergoloid mesylate A nootropic with an unknown mechanism of action indicated in individuals over sixty who manifest signs and symptoms of an idiopathic decline in mental capacity. Sibutramine A norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor indicated to assist with weight loss in obesity. Nefazodone An antidepressant used in the treatment of depression. Desipramine A tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of depression. Halothane A general inhalation anesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Cilostazol An antiplatelet agent and vasodilator used for the symptomatic relief of intermittent claudication. Moclobemide A monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Orphenadrine A muscarinic antagonist used as an adjunct for the symptomatic relief of musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. Chlormezanone Used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasm. Domperidone A dopamine receptor antagonist used as a peristaltic stimulant and anti-emetic agent for dyspepsia, indigestion, epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Bromocriptine A dopamine D2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinemia and other prolactin-related conditions, as well as in early Parkinsonian Syndrome. Estazolam A benzodiazepine used for the short-term management of insomnia. Dantrolene A direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for the treatment of management of the fulminant hypermetabolism of skeletal muscle leading to malignant hyperthermia crisis. Diphenidol An antiemetic agent used for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with various conditions as Meniere's disease and surgery of the middle and inner ear. Sevoflurane A inhalation anaesthetic agent used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during surgical procedures. Chlorprothixene A thioxanthene antipsychotic. Clomipramine A tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component, such as depression, schizophrenia, and Tourette’s disorder. Isocarboxazid A monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat enduring and debilitating symptoms of depression following inadequate clinical response to other antidepressant drugs. Paliperidone An atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other schizoaffective or delusional disorders. Fosphenytoin An antiepileptic agent used for the management of generalized convulsive status epilepticus and prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during neurosurgery. Rasagiline An irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase used for the symptomatic management of idiopathic Parkinson's disease as initial monotherapy and as adjunct therapy to levodopa. Methotrimeprazine A phenothiazine used in the management of psychosis, particular those of schizophrenia, and manic phases of bipolar disorder. Alizapride A dopamine antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with medical procedures, surgeries, and cancer therapies. Almitrine For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bufotenine A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a... Midomafetamine Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal cancer. MDMA is one of the four most widely used... 4-Methoxyamphetamine Not Available 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine Not Available Dimethyltryptamine Some people use this compound as a psychedelic inducing agent. Tenamfetamine An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons... Delorazepam A benzodiazepine used to manage severe anxiety disorders and insomnia. Tenocyclidine Because of its high affinity for the phencyclidine binding site on the NMDA receptor, the 3H radiolabelled form of tenocyclidine is widely used in research into NMDA receptors. Flunitrazepam A benzodiazepine used to manage anxiety disorders and insomnia. Ethyl loflazepate Not Available Diprenorphine Diprenorphine is indicated to reverse the effects of powerful opioids including etorphine and carfentanil, often used for tranquilizing large animals. This drug is not approved for use in humans. Bromazepam A short-acting benzodiazepine with intermediate onset commonly used to treat panic disorders and severe anxiety. Fludiazepam Used for the short-term treatment of anxiety disorders. Oxprenolol A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. Ketazolam A long-acting benzodiazepine used to manage anxiety and insomnia. Prazepam A benzodiazepine used to manage more severe forms of anxiety disorders. Acepromazine Acepromazine was first used in humans in the 1950s as an antipsychotic agent. It is now rarely used in humans. Acepromazine is frequently used in animals as a sedative and... Aceprometazine Aceprometazine is often used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. Molindone An antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia. Thiothixene An antipsychotic indicated for the management of schizophrenia. Rolipram A phosphodiesterase inhibitor with antidepressant properties. N-(3-Propylcarbamoyloxirane-2-Carbonyl)-Isoleucyl-Proline Not Available Oxitriptan A naturally occurring amino acid that is used to manage post-hypoxic myoclonus. Phencyclidine A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like... Phenacetin Used principally as an analgesic. Eucalyptol A common ingredient in mouthwash and cosmetics derived naturally from the eucalyptus plant that is frequently used to to improve symptoms of airway mucus hypersecretion. Valpromide A valproic acid derivative used to treat epilepsy and as adjunct therapy for psychomotor agitation, depression, and manic episodes of bipolar disorder. Anthranilic acid Not Available Phenethylamine Not Available Aniracetam A nootropic drug used to ameliorate memory and attention disturbances accompanying cerebrovascular diseases and degenerative brain disorders. Iproniazid For the treatment of depression (originally intended to treat tuberculosis). Nialamide Withdrawn from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1963 due to interactions with food products containing tyrosine. Oxeladin Withdrawn from the Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1976 due to carcinogenicity. Lysergic acid diethylamide Debate continues over the nature and causes of chronic flashbacks. Explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by... Amineptine For the treatment of depression. Fluspirilene An antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Huperzine A Investigated for use/treatment in alzheimer's disease. Olcegepant For the treatment of migraine headaches. Osanetant Potential therapy for schizophrenia, depression and visceral pain. Iloperidone An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Lofexidine A centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist used for the symptomatic treatment of acute opioid withdrawal syndrome to facilitate abrupt opioid discontinuation in adults. Ezogabine An antiepileptic agent used as an adjuvant treatment of partial-onset seizures. SGS-742 Investigated for use/treatment in alzheimer's disease, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), memory loss, and schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Methsuximide A succinimide anticonvulsant that increases the seizure threshold. Primarily used for childhood absence seizures. Functions by suppressing paroxysmal spike-and-wave patterns associated with lapses of consciousness in absence seizures. Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam A chelated complex of samarium isotope and EDTMP that concentrates in areas with high bone turnover such as sites of metastases to relieve pain associated with osteoblastic metastatic bone lesions. Brivaracetam An anticonvulsant used for the treatment of partial-onset seizures that functions by binding to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) in the brain. Cariprazine An atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and acute manic or mixed episodes due to bipolar I disorder. Cenobamate A small molecule drug indicated to treat partial onset seizures in adults. Sertindole An atypical antipsychotic indicated in the treatment of schizophrenia. Pizotifen A serotonin and tryptamine antagonist indicated for migraine prophylaxis. Noscapine A non-sedating isoquinoline alkaloid used primarily for its antitussive properties. Rufinamide An antiepileptic drug used as adjunctive therapy to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). Asenapine An atypical antipsychotic used to treat patients with bipolar I disorder and patients with schizophrenia. Lacosamide An antiepileptic drug used to treat partial onset seizures in adults. Nalmefene An opioid antagonist used to reduce alcohol consumption in adults with alcohol dependence and treat and prevent opioid overdose. Droxidopa A medication used to treat symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) caused by dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy and primary autonomic failure caused by conditions such as Parkinson's disease. Tolperisone A muscle relaxant used to relieve spasticity after stroke in adults. Dexanabinol Investigated for use/treatment in traumatic brain injuries and neurologic disorders. Remacemide Investigated for use/treatment in epilepsy, huntington's disease, and parkinson's disease. Propentofylline Investigated for use/treatment in alzheimer's disease. Deramciclane Investigated for use/treatment in anxiety disorders. Tramiprosate Investigated for use/treatment in strokes and alzheimer's disease. Adipiplon Investigated for use/treatment in insomnia and sleep disorders. Dextofisopam Investigated for use/treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Cutamesine Investigated for use/treatment in strokes and depression. Casopitant Investigated for use/treatment in urinary incontinence and adverse effects (chemotherapy). Esmirtazapine Investigated for use/treatment in insomnia and sleep disorders. Nitrous oxide An inhalatory gas used as an adjunct to improve oxygenation and reduce the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in certain neonates with hypoxic respiratory failure. Fosaprepitant An antiemetic drug used in combination with other antiemetic agents for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Cupric sulfate A compound used as an intravenous copper supplement for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Levopropoxyphene Levopropoxyphene was used as an antitussive. An antitussive is a medication often recommended for the treatment of cough and associated respiratory tract disorders. Its enantiomer, dextropropoxyphene, presents an analgesic effect. Methylnaltrexone A μ-opioid antagonist used for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in palliative patients that are inadequately responding to laxative therapy. Epibatidine Not Available Z-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone Non-methylated, competitive, and irreversible inhibitor of caspase 1, as well as other caspases,1 which can be used directly with purified enzymes. It does not require an esterase to hydrolyze the... Harmine Not Available Sulthiame A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used primarily in benign focal epilepsies of childhood that may be useful as an adjunct therapy in a variety of other refractory epilepsies. Y-27632 Y-27632 is an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase. It inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation. Pipazethate For the treatment of cough. Tofisopam For the treatment of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. Lurasidone An atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Acetylcarnitine An acetylated form of the amino acid derivative L-carnitine that assists in mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. It is under investigation as a treatment for numerous conditions, including neuropathy, depression, and dementia. Arbaclofen Placarbil Investigated for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis, acute back spasms, and GERD. Levomilnacipran A selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD). Perospirone For the treatment of schizophrenia and acute cases of bipolar mania. Amperozide Amperozide is a diphenylbutylpiperazine atypical antipsychotic which antagonizes 5-HT2A receptors. It inhibits dopamine release and alters the firing of dopaminergic neurons. Investigations regarding the use of the agent revolved primarily... Indalpine Indalpine was one of the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to reach the American market. It was initially marketed by Pharmuka. However, after the emergence of widespread concern regarding adverse... Glafenine An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain. Glafenine is withdrawn from the American market. Fominoben Fominoben is an antitussive agent. Flurothyl Flurothyl is a convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy. Etifoxine A benzoxazine class drug primarily used as an anxiolytic, but that also possesses neuroprotective, neuroplastic, and anti-inflammatory properties; these effects are thought to arise due to modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission and neurosteroid synthesis. Eperisone An antispasmodic that functions through voltage-gated channel blockade, notably with little to no sedation, effective in relaxing skeletal muscles and vascular smooth muscles. Dexetimide A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide. Clobutinol Clobutinol is a cough suppressant that is withdrawn from the US and EU markets. Clobutinol may prolong the QT interval. In 2007, Clobutinol was determined to cause cardiac arrhythmia in... Butriptyline Butriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant which has been used in Europe since 1974. It is the isobutyl side chain homologue of amitriptyline. Bromopride A substituted benzamide, closely related to metoclopramide, used as an antiemetic. Benactyzine Benactyzine is an anticholinergic drug used as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression and associated anxiety. Benactyzine is no longer widely used in medicine, although it is still a... Naloxegol A peripherally-selective opioid antagonist used to treat opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Cannabidiol An active cannabinoid used as an adjunctive treatment for the management of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome and symptomatic relief of moderate to severe neuropathic pain or other painful conditions, like cancer. Vortioxetine A serotonin modulating antidepressant indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Stiripentol An antiepileptic agent used in combination with other anticonvulsants to treat seizures associated with Dravet syndrome. Eslicarbazepine acetate An anticonvulsant agent used as an adjunct to treat partial-onset seizures in patients with inadequate clinical response to conventional antiepileptic therapy. Etizolam A thienodiazepine derivative used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Dosulepin A tricyclic antidepressant commonly used only in patients for whom alternative therapies are ineffective due to its toxicity potential. Viloxazine A selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults in children. Piracetam A nootropic cyclic GABA derivative used in myoclonus, sickle cell disease, alcohol dependence, and as a general cognitive enhancer. Zotepine Zotepine, like other atypical antipsychotics, is considered as the first-line treatment in newly diagnosed schizophrenia. It is usually thought to be an option of choice for managing acute schizophrenic episodes... Brilaroxazine Investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Pirlindole For the treatment of major depression. It is being studied in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain syndrome. One study determined that the effect of pirlindole on sensorimotor performance while driving... Toloxatone For the treatment of major depressive disorder. Doxofylline A methylxanthine derivative used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and bronchospasms. Pipamperone Treatment of chronic psychoses and states of aggressiveness of various origins . Tianeptine An atypical tricyclic antidepressant with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects primarily used to treat major depressive disorder. Ramosetron A selective 5-HT3 antagonist used as an antiemetic for chemotherapy- and postoperative-associated nausea and vomiting. It may also possess efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome. Peppermint oil An ingredient used in a variety of natural health products and is not an approved medication. Maropitant Maropitant, used as maropitant citrate, is a neurokinin receptor antagonist, which was developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by... Nalorphine Used to reverse opioid overdose. Zolazepam Zolazepam is a pyrazolodiazepinone derivative used as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Zolazepam is typically used in combination with the NMDA antagonist tiletamine or the α2 adrenoceptor agonist xylazine. It... Bicuculline Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and... Psilocybin Psilocybin has been investigated for the treatment of Anxiety and Stage IV Melanoma. In November, 2019, it was granted Breakthrough Therapy status by the FDA. Tropisetron A 5HT-3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Esketamine A NMDA receptor antagonist used for treatment-resistant depression. Etiracetam Etiracetam is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01137110 (Comparison of Short Duration Levetiracetam to Extended Course for Seizure Prophylaxis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)). Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrahydropalmatine is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02118610 (Treatment of Schizophrenia With L-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP): a Novel Dopamine Antagonist With Anti-inflammatory and Antiprotozoal Activity). Epigallocatechin gallate Epigallocatechin gallate has been investigated for the treatment of Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy. Vinpocetine A synthetic derivative of a vinca alkaloid used to treat neurological symptoms of cerebrovascular disease. Citicoline An endogenous intermediate in the formation of phosphatidylcholine from choline which is thought to have neuroprotective effects. Fasinumab A monoclonal antibody targeting nerve growth factor which is under investigation for the treatment of chronic cancer and non-cancer pain. Gepirone Gepirone has been used in trials studying the treatment of Cocaine-Related Disorders. Edaravone A free radical scavenger used to delay the progression of ALS. Ecopipam Ecopipam has been used in trials studying the treatment of Tourette's Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Disease, Pathological Gambling, and Self-injurious Behavior. Nefopam A non-opioid analgesic used for moderate to severe pain, especially post-surgical pain. Salvinorin A Salvinorin A has been investigated for the basic science of Pharmaceutical Preparations. LY-2456302 Ly2456302 has been used in trials studying the health services research and basic science of Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol Dependence. Vofopitant Vofopitant has been used in trials studying the treatment of PTSD, Primary Insomnia, and Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders. Tempol Tempol has been used in trials studying the treatment of Anal Cancer. Levodropropizine A peripherally-acting antitussive agent. Piribedil A dopamine agonist used with or without levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Raclopride Raclopride has been used in trials studying Parkinson Disease. Mebeverine An antispasmodic used for the symptomatic treatment of stomach pain and spasms associated with irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal illnesses. Ebselen Ebselen has been investigated for the treatment and basic science of Meniere's Disease, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Ritanserin Ritanserin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Cocaine-Related Disorders. Perazine A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the acute and chronic treatment of psychotic disorders. Butylphthalide Butylphthalide has been used in trials studying the prevention of Restenosis. Benserazide A medication used to treat Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, and restless leg syndrome. Tandospirone Tandospirone has been used in trials studying the treatment of Schizophrenia. Benperidol A neuroleptic butyrophenone derivative indicated in the treatment of psychoses, manic episodes, and psychomotor agitation. Eliprodil Eliprodil has been used in trials studying the treatment of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders. Opipramol A medication to treat general anxiety and somatoform disorders. Doxifluridine Doxifluridine has been investigated for the treatment of Stomach Cancer. Hypericin Hypericin is under investigation for the treatment of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Tiapride A dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist indicated in the treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease, as well as agitation and anxiety in the elderly or with acute or chronic alcoholism. Tirilazad Tirilazad has been used in trials studying the treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Gacyclidine Gacyclidine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Tinnitus. Oxolamine A medication indicated in the treatment of a cough or upper respiratory tract inflammation. Dibenzepin Dibenzepin is approved for use in Europe. Alaproclate Alaproclate was developed as one of the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants by Astra AB (now AstraZeneca) in the 1970s. Development was discontinued due to concerns over hepatotoxicity... Clothiapine An atypical antipsychotic indicated in the treatment of acute psychosis, exacerbations of chronic psychosis, chronic psychosis, paranoid psychosis, and anxiety. Sultopride Sultopride is used in Japan, Hong Kong, and Europe to treat schizophrenia. It is of the drug class atypical antipsychotics . Ipecac An emetic agent used to induce vomiting in poisoning. Melevodopa A methyl ester of levodopa indicated in combination with carbidopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent, not to be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, also known as chlorothene. It has been sold under a variety of... Tetrazepam Not Annotated Pinazepam A benzodiazepine indicated in the treatment of anxiety and severe insomnia. Deanol Deanol is commonly referred to as 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) or dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). It holds tertiary amine and primary alcohol groups as functional groups. Deanol has been used in the treatment... Pheneturide Not Annotated Chlorproethazine Not Annotated Melitracen A thioxanthene neuroleptic indicated in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and asthenia. Emetine Not Annotated Lofepramine Not Annotated Pentetrazol A cough suppressant. Xenon Not Annotated Iprindole Not Annotated Budipine Not Annotated Clebopride A dopamine antagonist used to treat symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Clebopride may also be used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. Veralipride Not Annotated Guacetisal Not Annotated Nizofenone Not Annotated Bifemelane Not Annotated Trifluperidol Not Annotated Zipeprol Not Annotated Mephenesin A cresol glyceryl ether used to treat muscle spasticity in Parkinson's and Multiple Sclerosis. Metopimazine Not Annotated Diethyl ether Not Annotated Oxiracetam Not Annotated Tiracizine Not Annotated Loprazolam Loprazolam is an imidazobenzodiazepine with anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia including difficulty in falling asleep and/or frequent... Ethacizine Not Annotated Meclofenoxate Not Annotated Dixyrazine Not Annotated Dropropizine A peripherally acting cough suppressant. Penfluridol Not Annotated Linopirdine Not Annotated Dimemorfan Not Annotated Clopenthixol Clopenthixol is a thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Fosfructose A phosphorylated form of fructose indicated in the treatment of hypophosphatemia. Pipequaline Pipequaline is an anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative. It is an anxiolytic drug that was never marketed. It presents a unique chemical structure that does not follow the structural properties... Thiosalicylic acid Not Annotated Nordazepam A benzodiazepine indicated in the treatment of insomnia. Erenumab A calcitonin-gene related peptide antagonist used to prevent migraines. Hopantenic acid Hopantenic acid (Pantogam) is a central nervous system depressant. Hopantenic acid has a unique spectrum of pharmacological effects (nootropic, anticonvulsant, mild activating) in the absence of addiction, hyperstimulation or withdrawal... Aripiprazole lauroxil An antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia in adults. Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate A water soluble corticosteroid used to treat severe allergic reactions, dermatologic diseases, endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, hematological disorders, neoplastic diseases, nervous system conditions, ophthalmic diseases, renal diseases, respiratory diseases, and rheumatic disorders. Dextrorphan Not Annotated Human interleukin-2 Human interleukin-2 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03475134 (TIL-ACT After NMA Chemo With IL-2 and Nivo Rescue in mMEL). Padsevonil Padsevonil is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03695094 (A Study in Participants With Epilepsy, to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oxcarbazepine on Padsevonil). Dexpramipexole Dexpramipexole is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01511029 (Study to Evaluate the QTC Interval in Healthy Volunteers Dosed With Dexpramipexole (QTC = Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interval Measured From the Onset of... Dextromethadone Dextromethadone is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00588640 (Study of D-Methadone in Patients With Chronic Pain). Xanomeline Xanomeline is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02831231 (Pilot Study Comparing Effects of Xanomeline Alone to Xanomeline Plus Trospium). Teceleukin Teceleukin is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03610490 (Autologous Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes MDA-TIL in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Ovarian Cancer, Osteosarcoma, or Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma). Strychnine Not Annotated Cerebrolysin A proteolytic protein indicated in the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. Lithium chloride An injection indicated for cardiac output measurement. Norclozapine Investigated for use/treatment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Azasetron Not Annotated Enadoline Not Annotated Tilavonemab Not Annotated Spiperone Spiperone is a dopamine antagonist that binds dopamine and serotonin receptors. ZK-93423 ZK-93423 is a beta-carboline with muscle relaxant activity with agonistic properties at the benzodiazepine receptor. Norclobazam Not Annotated SP-8203 SP-8203 has been used in trials studying the treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Sepranolone Sepranolone has been investigated for the treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. S-Nitrosoglutathione Not Annotated - Drugs & Drug Targets