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Identification
- Summary
Trilaciclib is a CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor to reduce the risk of chemotherapy induced myelosuppression.
- Brand Names
- Cosela
- Generic Name
- Trilaciclib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB15442
- Background
Trilaciclib, or G1T28, is a CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor, indicated to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy induced myelosuppression in patients before topotecan-containing or platinum and etoposide-containing chemotherapy for extensive stage small cell lung cancer.6 CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors have been investigated since the mid 1990s for their use in tumorigenesis and chemotherapy.3 Trilaciclib was first described in the literature in 2016.1
Trilaciclib was granted FDA approval on 12 February 2021.5
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Trilaciclib (DB15442)
- Weight
- Average: 446.559
Monoisotopic: 446.254257618 - Chemical Formula
- C24H30N8O
- Synonyms
- Trilaciclib
- External IDs
- G1T28
Pharmacology
- Indication
Trilaciclib is indicated to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy induced myelosuppression in patients prior to receiving platinum and etoposide-containing or topotecan-containing chemotherapy regimens for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.6
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prophylaxis of Bone marrow suppression caused by chemotherapy •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• ••••••••• •••••••• •••••• •••••••••••••• •••••••••••• ••••••••• Prophylaxis of Bone marrow suppression caused by chemotherapy •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• ••••••••• •••••••••••• ••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Trilaciclib is indicated to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy induced myelosuppression in patients prior to receiving platinum and etoposide-containing or topotecan-containing chemotherapy regimens for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.6 It has a short duration of action of approximately 16 hours, and a narrow therapeutic index.1,6 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of injection site reactions, hypersensitivity, and interstitial lung disease.6
- Mechanism of action
Trilaciclib is inhibits cyclin-dependant kinase 4 (CDK4) at a concentration of 1 nmol/L and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) at 4 nmol/L.1,6 Inhibition of CDK2, CDK5, and CDK7 is over 1000-fold less at these concentrations and inhibition of CDK9 is 50-fold less.1
CDK4 and CDK5 are expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells.2 They are capable of phosphorylating and inactivating the retinoblastoma protien; a tumor suppressor.1,3 When trilaciclib is given to patients with retinoblastoma protein-null small cell lung cancer, it does not interfere with the intended chemotherapy induced cytotoxicity of cancer cells.1 Inhibition of CDK4 and CDK5 leads to a reversible pause in the cell cycle in the G1 phase for approximately 16 hours.1 The temporary cell cycle arrest prevents chemotherapy induced DNA damage in healthy cells, reducing the activity of caspases 3 and 7, which reduces apoptosis of healthy cells.1
Other studies have shown inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 enhance T-cell activation, upregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II, and stabilize programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).2 Together these activities increase T-cell activity, increase antigen presentation, and sensitize cells to immune checkpoint inhibitors.2
Target Actions Organism ACyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitorHumans ACyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitorHumans NCyclin-dependent kinase 9 inhibitorHumans NCyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitorHumans NCyclin-dependent kinase 5 inhibitorHumans NCyclin-dependent kinase 7 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Cmax and AUC of trilaciclib increase proportionally with dose.4,6
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of trilaciclib at steady state is 1130 L.6
- Protein binding
Data regarding the protein binding of trilaciclib are not readily available.6
- Metabolism
Data regarding the metabolism of trilaciclib are not readily available, however it is expected to be extensively metabolised.6
- Route of elimination
79.1% of a radiolabelled dose is recovered in the feces, 7% as the unchanged parent compound.6 14% of a radiolabelled dose is recovered in the urine, 2% as the unchanged parent compound.6
- Half-life
The mean terminal half life of trilaciblib is approximately 14 h.6
- Clearance
The clearance of trilaciclib is 158 L/h.6
- Adverse Effects
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Data regarding overdoses of trilaciclib are not readily available.6 For grade 3 or worse injection site reactions, acute drug hypersensitivity reactions, and interstitial lung disease; or any other grade 4 toxicities; permanently discontinue trilacilib.6
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbemaciclib The excretion of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Trilaciclib. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Trilaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acenocoumarol The metabolism of Acenocoumarol can be increased when combined with Trilaciclib. Acetaminophen The metabolism of Acetaminophen can be increased when combined with Trilaciclib. Acyclovir The metabolism of Acyclovir can be increased when combined with Trilaciclib. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Trilaciclib dihydrochloride 4BX07W725T 1977495-97-8 BRCYOXKEDFAUSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Cosela (G1 Therapeutics, Inc.)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cosela Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 300 mg/20mL Intravenous G1 Therapeutics, Inc. 2021-02-12 Not applicable US 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- V03AF12 — Trilaciclib
- Drug Categories
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Cyclin-dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitors
- Cyclin-dependent Kinase 6 Inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Detoxifying Agents for Antineoplastic Treatment
- Kinase Inhibitor
- MATE 1 Inhibitors
- MATE 2 Inhibitors
- MATE 2-K Inhibitors
- MATE inhibitors
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- U6072DO9XG
- CAS number
- 1374743-00-6
- InChI Key
- PDGKHKMBHVFCMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C24H30N8O/c1-30-9-11-31(12-10-30)18-5-6-20(25-15-18)28-23-26-14-17-13-19-22(33)27-16-24(7-3-2-4-8-24)32(19)21(17)29-23/h5-6,13-15H,2-4,7-12,16H2,1H3,(H,27,33)(H,25,26,28,29)
- IUPAC Name
- 12'-{[5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2',5',11',13'-tetraazaspiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-tricyclo[7.4.0.0^{2,7}]tridecane]-1'(9'),7',10',12'-tetraen-6'-one
- SMILES
- CN1CCN(CC1)C1=CN=C(NC2=NC3=C(C=C4N3C3(CCCCC3)CNC4=O)C=N2)C=C1
References
- General References
- Bisi JE, Sorrentino JA, Roberts PJ, Tavares FX, Strum JC: Preclinical Characterization of G1T28: A Novel CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Reduction of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 May;15(5):783-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0775. Epub 2016 Jan 29. [Article]
- Lai AY, Sorrentino JA, Dragnev KH, Weiss JM, Owonikoko TK, Rytlewski JA, Hood J, Yang Z, Malik RK, Strum JC, Roberts PJ: CDK4/6 inhibition enhances antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in preclinical models and enhances T-cell activation in patients with SCLC receiving chemotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Oct;8(2). pii: jitc-2020-000847. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000847. [Article]
- Peters G: The D-type cyclins and their role in tumorigenesis. J Cell Sci Suppl. 1994;18:89-96. doi: 10.1242/jcs.1994.supplement_18.13. [Article]
- Tiessen RG, Roberts PJ, Sorrentino JA, White HS, Makhuli KM, Bisi JE, Strum JC, van Hoogdalem E, Malik RK: First-in-human Phase 1 safety, PK, and PD study of the CDK4/6 inhibitor G1T28. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015 May 20;33(15):2527-2527. [Article]
- FDA News Release: FDA Approves Drug to Reduce Bone Marrow Suppression Caused by Chemotherapy [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0304899
- ChemSpider
- 58825997
- BindingDB
- 253928
- 2479690
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL3894860
- Wikipedia
- CDK_inhibitor
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Approved for Marketing Not Available Chemotherapeutic Agent Toxicity / Myelosuppression Adult / Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Treatment Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Treatment Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Breast Cancer / Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 300 mg/20mL - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US9487530 No 2016-11-08 2034-03-14 US US10085992 No 2018-10-02 2034-03-14 US US8598197 No 2013-12-03 2031-10-25 US US8598186 No 2013-12-03 2031-10-25 US US10927120 No 2021-02-23 2031-10-25 US US9957276 No 2018-05-01 2031-10-25 US US10189849 No 2019-01-29 2031-10-25 US US10189850 No 2019-01-29 2031-10-25 US US10966984 No 2021-04-06 2034-03-14 US US11040042 No 2021-06-22 2034-03-14 US US11529352 No 2019-07-23 2039-07-23 US US11717523 No 2014-03-14 2034-03-14 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.26 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.85 ALOGPS logP 2.74 Chemaxon logS -3.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.59 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 7.65 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 91.21 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 128.51 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 50.52 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 6 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0000900000-e063117a77803de07a58 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0001900000-63b0a558f87d6bf0176c Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0f6t-0001900000-2f73e82a49249460ac92 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kb-0000900000-2504410fa4601f4a1e97 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-01oy-0009500000-8584c1c5c05a068189e2 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00vm-0297700000-325a20f38c3700fa7530 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complexes and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G(1) phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G(1) phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals. Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- CDK4
- Uniprot ID
- P11802
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- Molecular Weight
- 33729.55 Da
References
- Weiss JM, Csoszi T, Maglakelidze M, Hoyer RJ, Beck JT, Domine Gomez M, Lowczak A, Aljumaily R, Rocha Lima CM, Boccia RV, Hanna W, Nikolinakos P, Chiu VK, Owonikoko TK, Schuster SR, Hussein MA, Richards DA, Sawrycki P, Bulat I, Hamm JT, Hart LL, Adler S, Antal JM, Lai AY, Sorrentino JA, Yang Z, Malik RK, Morris SR, Roberts PJ, Dragnev KH: Myelopreservation with the CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib in patients with small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: a phase Ib/randomized phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 Oct 1;30(10):1613-1621. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz278. [Article]
- Daniel D, Kuchava V, Bondarenko I, Ivashchuk O, Reddy S, Jaal J, Kudaba I, Hart L, Matitashvili A, Pritchett Y, Morris SR, Sorrentino JA, Antal JM, Goldschmidt J: Trilaciclib prior to chemotherapy and atezolizumab in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial. Int J Cancer. 2020 Dec 21. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33453. [Article]
- Lai AY, Sorrentino JA, Dragnev KH, Weiss JM, Owonikoko TK, Rytlewski JA, Hood J, Yang Z, Malik RK, Strum JC, Roberts PJ: CDK4/6 inhibition enhances antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in preclinical models and enhances T-cell activation in patients with SCLC receiving chemotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Oct;8(2). pii: jitc-2020-000847. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000847. [Article]
- Li C, Hart L, Owonikoko TK, Aljumaily R, Rocha Lima CM, Conkling PR, Webb RT, Jotte RM, Schuster S, Edenfield WJ, Smith DA, Sale M, Roberts PJ, Malik RK, Sorrentino JA: Trilaciclib dose selection: an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of preclinical data and Phase Ib/IIa studies in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 17. pii: 10.1007/s00280-021-04239-9. doi: 10.1007/s00280-021-04239-9. [Article]
- Hart LL, Ferrarotto R, Andric ZG, Beck JT, Subramanian J, Radosavljevic DZ, Zaric B, Hanna WT, Aljumaily R, Owonikoko TK, Verhoeven D, Xiao J, Morris SR, Antal JM, Hussein MA: Myelopreservation with Trilaciclib in Patients Receiving Topotecan for Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study. Adv Ther. 2021 Jan;38(1):350-365. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01538-0. Epub 2020 Oct 29. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the control of the cell cycle and differentiation; promotes G1/S transition. Phosphorylates pRB/RB1 and NPM1. Interacts with D-type G1 cyclins during interphase at G1 to form a pRB/RB1 kinase and controls the entrance into the cell cycle. Involved in initiation and maintenance of cell cycle exit during cell differentiation; prevents cell proliferation and negatively regulates cell differentiation, but is required for the proliferation of specific cell types (e.g. erythroid and hematopoietic cells). Essential for cell proliferation within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Required during thymocyte development. Promotes the production of newborn neurons, probably by modulating G1 length. Promotes, at least in astrocytes, changes in patterns of gene expression, changes in the actin cytoskeleton including loss of stress fibers, and enhanced motility during cell differentiation. Prevents myeloid differentiation by interfering with RUNX1 and reducing its transcription transactivation activity, but promotes proliferation of normal myeloid progenitors. Delays senescence. Promotes the proliferation of beta-cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. May play a role in the centrosome organization during the cell cycle phases (PubMed:23918663)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- CDK6
- Uniprot ID
- Q00534
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
- Molecular Weight
- 36938.025 Da
References
- Weiss JM, Csoszi T, Maglakelidze M, Hoyer RJ, Beck JT, Domine Gomez M, Lowczak A, Aljumaily R, Rocha Lima CM, Boccia RV, Hanna W, Nikolinakos P, Chiu VK, Owonikoko TK, Schuster SR, Hussein MA, Richards DA, Sawrycki P, Bulat I, Hamm JT, Hart LL, Adler S, Antal JM, Lai AY, Sorrentino JA, Yang Z, Malik RK, Morris SR, Roberts PJ, Dragnev KH: Myelopreservation with the CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib in patients with small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: a phase Ib/randomized phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 Oct 1;30(10):1613-1621. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz278. [Article]
- Daniel D, Kuchava V, Bondarenko I, Ivashchuk O, Reddy S, Jaal J, Kudaba I, Hart L, Matitashvili A, Pritchett Y, Morris SR, Sorrentino JA, Antal JM, Goldschmidt J: Trilaciclib prior to chemotherapy and atezolizumab in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial. Int J Cancer. 2020 Dec 21. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33453. [Article]
- Lai AY, Sorrentino JA, Dragnev KH, Weiss JM, Owonikoko TK, Rytlewski JA, Hood J, Yang Z, Malik RK, Strum JC, Roberts PJ: CDK4/6 inhibition enhances antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in preclinical models and enhances T-cell activation in patients with SCLC receiving chemotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Oct;8(2). pii: jitc-2020-000847. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000847. [Article]
- Li C, Hart L, Owonikoko TK, Aljumaily R, Rocha Lima CM, Conkling PR, Webb RT, Jotte RM, Schuster S, Edenfield WJ, Smith DA, Sale M, Roberts PJ, Malik RK, Sorrentino JA: Trilaciclib dose selection: an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of preclinical data and Phase Ib/IIa studies in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 17. pii: 10.1007/s00280-021-04239-9. doi: 10.1007/s00280-021-04239-9. [Article]
- Hart LL, Ferrarotto R, Andric ZG, Beck JT, Subramanian J, Radosavljevic DZ, Zaric B, Hanna WT, Aljumaily R, Owonikoko TK, Verhoeven D, Xiao J, Morris SR, Antal JM, Hussein MA: Myelopreservation with Trilaciclib in Patients Receiving Topotecan for Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study. Adv Ther. 2021 Jan;38(1):350-365. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01538-0. Epub 2020 Oct 29. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Inhibition is 50-fold less than inhibition of CDK4
- General Function
- Protein kinase involved in the regulation of transcription (PubMed:10574912, PubMed:10757782, PubMed:11145967, PubMed:11575923, PubMed:11809800, PubMed:11884399, PubMed:14701750, PubMed:16109376, PubMed:16109377, PubMed:20930849, PubMed:28426094, PubMed:29335245). Member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) POLR2A, SUPT5H and RDBP (PubMed:10574912, PubMed:10757782, PubMed:11145967, PubMed:11575923, PubMed:11809800, PubMed:11884399, PubMed:14701750, PubMed:16109376, PubMed:16109377, PubMed:20930849, PubMed:28426094, PubMed:30134174). This complex is inactive when in the 7SK snRNP complex form (PubMed:10574912, PubMed:10757782, PubMed:11145967, PubMed:11575923, PubMed:11809800, PubMed:11884399, PubMed:14701750, PubMed:16109376, PubMed:16109377, PubMed:20930849, PubMed:28426094). Phosphorylates EP300, MYOD1, RPB1/POLR2A and AR and the negative elongation factors DSIF and NELFE (PubMed:10912001, PubMed:11112772, PubMed:12037670, PubMed:20081228, PubMed:20980437, PubMed:21127351, PubMed:9857195). Regulates cytokine inducible transcription networks by facilitating promoter recognition of target transcription factors (e.g. TNF-inducible RELA/p65 activation and IL-6-inducible STAT3 signaling) (PubMed:17956865, PubMed:18362169). Promotes RNA synthesis in genetic programs for cell growth, differentiation and viral pathogenesis (PubMed:10393184, PubMed:11112772). P-TEFb is also involved in cotranscriptional histone modification, mRNA processing and mRNA export (PubMed:15564463, PubMed:19575011, PubMed:19844166). Modulates a complex network of chromatin modifications including histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1), H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K36me3; integrates phosphorylation during transcription with chromatin modifications to control co-transcriptional histone mRNA processing (PubMed:15564463, PubMed:19575011, PubMed:19844166). The CDK9/cyclin-K complex has also a kinase activity towards CTD of RNAP II and can substitute for CDK9/cyclin-T P-TEFb in vitro (PubMed:21127351). Replication stress response protein; the CDK9/cyclin-K complex is required for genome integrity maintenance, by promoting cell cycle recovery from replication arrest and limiting single-stranded DNA amount in response to replication stress, thus reducing the breakdown of stalled replication forks and avoiding DNA damage (PubMed:20493174). In addition, probable function in DNA repair of isoform 2 via interaction with KU70/XRCC6 (PubMed:20493174). Promotes cardiac myocyte enlargement (PubMed:20081228). RPB1/POLR2A phosphorylation on 'Ser-2' in CTD activates transcription (PubMed:21127351). AR phosphorylation modulates AR transcription factor promoter selectivity and cell growth. DSIF and NELF phosphorylation promotes transcription by inhibiting their negative effect (PubMed:10912001, PubMed:11112772, PubMed:9857195). The phosphorylation of MYOD1 enhances its transcriptional activity and thus promotes muscle differentiation (PubMed:12037670). Catalyzes phosphorylation of KAT5, promoting KAT5 recruitment to chromatin and histone acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:29335245)
- Specific Function
- 7SK snRNA binding
- Gene Name
- CDK9
- Uniprot ID
- P50750
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 9
- Molecular Weight
- 42777.155 Da
References
- Bisi JE, Sorrentino JA, Roberts PJ, Tavares FX, Strum JC: Preclinical Characterization of G1T28: A Novel CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Reduction of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 May;15(5):783-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0775. Epub 2016 Jan 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Inhibition is 1000-fold less than inhibition of CDK4
- General Function
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the control of the cell cycle; essential for meiosis, but dispensable for mitosis (PubMed:10499802, PubMed:10884347, PubMed:10995386, PubMed:10995387, PubMed:11051553, PubMed:11113184, PubMed:12944431, PubMed:15800615, PubMed:17495531, PubMed:19966300, PubMed:20935635, PubMed:21262353, PubMed:21596315, PubMed:28216226, PubMed:28666995). Phosphorylates CABLES1, CTNNB1, CDK2AP2, ERCC6, NBN, USP37, p53/TP53, NPM1, CDK7, RB1, BRCA2, MYC, NPAT, EZH2 (PubMed:10499802, PubMed:10995386, PubMed:10995387, PubMed:11051553, PubMed:11113184, PubMed:12944431, PubMed:15800615, PubMed:19966300, PubMed:20935635, PubMed:21262353, PubMed:21596315, PubMed:28216226). Triggers duplication of centrosomes and DNA (PubMed:11051553). Acts at the G1-S transition to promote the E2F transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA synthesis, and modulates G2 progression; controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus (PubMed:18372919, PubMed:19238148, PubMed:19561645). Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (PubMed:18372919, PubMed:19238148, PubMed:19561645). Activity of CDK2 is maximal during S phase and G2; activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase (PubMed:18372919, PubMed:19238148, PubMed:19561645). EZH2 phosphorylation promotes H3K27me3 maintenance and epigenetic gene silencing (PubMed:20935635). Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC (PubMed:19966300). Involved in G1-S phase DNA damage checkpoint that prevents cells with damaged DNA from initiating mitosis; regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis (PubMed:15800615, PubMed:20195506, PubMed:21319273). In response to DNA damage, double-strand break repair by homologous recombination a reduction of CDK2-mediated BRCA2 phosphorylation (PubMed:15800615). Involved in regulation of telomere repair by mediating phosphorylation of NBN (PubMed:28216226). Phosphorylation of RB1 disturbs its interaction with E2F1 (PubMed:10499802). NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication (PubMed:11051553). Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase (PubMed:10995386, PubMed:10995387). Required for vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition by being itself inactivated (PubMed:20147522). Involved in the nitric oxide- (NO) mediated signaling in a nitrosylation/activation-dependent manner (PubMed:20079829). USP37 is activated by phosphorylation and thus triggers G1-S transition (PubMed:21596315). CTNNB1 phosphorylation regulates insulin internalization (PubMed:21262353). Phosphorylates FOXP3 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity and protein stability (By similarity). Phosphorylates ERCC6 which is essential for its chromatin remodeling activity at DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:29203878)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- CDK2
- Uniprot ID
- P24941
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 33929.215 Da
References
- Bisi JE, Sorrentino JA, Roberts PJ, Tavares FX, Strum JC: Preclinical Characterization of G1T28: A Novel CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Reduction of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 May;15(5):783-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0775. Epub 2016 Jan 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Inhibition is 1000-fold less than inhibition of CDK4
- General Function
- Proline-directed serine/threonine-protein kinase essential for neuronal cell cycle arrest and differentiation and may be involved in apoptotic cell death in neuronal diseases by triggering abortive cell cycle re-entry. Interacts with D1 and D3-type G1 cyclins. Phosphorylates SRC, NOS3, VIM/vimentin, p35/CDK5R1, MEF2A, SIPA1L1, SH3GLB1, PXN, PAK1, MCAM/MUC18, SEPT5, SYN1, DNM1, AMPH, SYNJ1, CDK16, RAC1, RHOA, CDC42, TONEBP/NFAT5, MAPT/TAU, MAP1B, histone H1, p53/TP53, HDAC1, APEX1, PTK2/FAK1, huntingtin/HTT, ATM, MAP2, NEFH and NEFM. Regulates several neuronal development and physiological processes including neuronal survival, migration and differentiation, axonal and neurite growth, synaptogenesis, oligodendrocyte differentiation, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission, by phosphorylating key proteins. Negatively regulates the CACNA1B/CAV2.2 -mediated Ca(2+) release probability at hippocampal neuronal soma and synaptic terminals (By similarity). Activated by interaction with CDK5R1 (p35) and CDK5R2 (p39), especially in postmitotic neurons, and promotes CDK5R1 (p35) expression in an autostimulation loop. Phosphorylates many downstream substrates such as Rho and Ras family small GTPases (e.g. PAK1, RAC1, RHOA, CDC42) or microtubule-binding proteins (e.g. MAPT/TAU, MAP2, MAP1B), and modulates actin dynamics to regulate neurite growth and/or spine morphogenesis. Phosphorylates also exocytosis associated proteins such as MCAM/MUC18, SEPT5, SYN1, and CDK16/PCTAIRE1 as well as endocytosis associated proteins such as DNM1, AMPH and SYNJ1 at synaptic terminals. In the mature central nervous system (CNS), regulates neurotransmitter movements by phosphorylating substrates associated with neurotransmitter release and synapse plasticity; synaptic vesicle exocytosis, vesicles fusion with the presynaptic membrane, and endocytosis. Promotes cell survival by activating anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2 and STAT3, and negatively regulating of JNK3/MAPK10 activity. Phosphorylation of p53/TP53 in response to genotoxic and oxidative stresses enhances its stabilization by preventing ubiquitin ligase-mediated proteasomal degradation, and induces transactivation of p53/TP53 target genes, thus regulating apoptosis. Phosphorylation of p35/CDK5R1 enhances its stabilization by preventing calpain-mediated proteolysis producing p25/CDK5R1 and avoiding ubiquitin ligase-mediated proteasomal degradation. During aberrant cell-cycle activity and DNA damage, p25/CDK5 activity elicits cell-cycle activity and double-strand DNA breaks that precedes neuronal death by deregulating HDAC1. DNA damage triggered phosphorylation of huntingtin/HTT in nuclei of neurons protects neurons against polyglutamine expansion as well as DNA damage mediated toxicity. Phosphorylation of PXN reduces its interaction with PTK2/FAK1 in matrix-cell focal adhesions (MCFA) during oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiation. Negative regulator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Activator of the GAIT (IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation) pathway, which suppresses expression of a post-transcriptional regulon of proinflammatory genes in myeloid cells; phosphorylates the linker domain of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS) in a IFN-gamma-dependent manner, the initial event in assembly of the GAIT complex. Phosphorylation of SH3GLB1 is required for autophagy induction in starved neurons. Phosphorylation of TONEBP/NFAT5 in response to osmotic stress mediates its rapid nuclear localization. MEF2 is inactivated by phosphorylation in nucleus in response to neurotoxin, thus leading to neuronal apoptosis. APEX1 AP-endodeoxyribonuclease is repressed by phosphorylation, resulting in accumulation of DNA damage and contributing to neuronal death. NOS3 phosphorylation down regulates NOS3-derived nitrite (NO) levels. SRC phosphorylation mediates its ubiquitin-dependent degradation and thus leads to cytoskeletal reorganization. May regulate endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis via the modulation of lamellipodia formation. Involved in dendritic spine morphogenesis by mediating the EFNA1-EPHA4 signaling. The complex p35/CDK5 participates in the regulation of the circadian clock by modulating the function of CLOCK protein: phosphorylates CLOCK at 'Thr-451' and 'Thr-461' and regulates the transcriptional activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer in association with altered stability and subcellular distribution
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine receptor activator activity
- Gene Name
- CDK5
- Uniprot ID
- Q00535
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Molecular Weight
- 33304.125 Da
References
- Bisi JE, Sorrentino JA, Roberts PJ, Tavares FX, Strum JC: Preclinical Characterization of G1T28: A Novel CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Reduction of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 May;15(5):783-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0775. Epub 2016 Jan 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Inhibition is 1000-fold less than inhibition of CDK4
- General Function
- Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by the binding to a cyclin and mediate the progression through the cell cycle. Each different complex controls a specific transition between 2 subsequent phases in the cell cycle. Required for both activation and complex formation of CDK1/cyclin-B during G2-M transition, and for activation of CDK2/cyclins during G1-S transition (but not complex formation). CDK7 is the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. Phosphorylates SPT5/SUPT5H, SF1/NR5A1, POLR2A, p53/TP53, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 and CDK11B/CDK11. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts (PubMed:9852112). Phosphorylation of POLR2A in complex with DNA promotes transcription initiation by triggering dissociation from DNA. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle. Upon DNA damage, triggers p53/TP53 activation by phosphorylation, but is inactivated in turn by p53/TP53; this feedback loop may lead to an arrest of the cell cycle and of the transcription, helping in cell recovery, or to apoptosis. Required for DNA-bound peptides-mediated transcription and cellular growth inhibition
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- CDK7
- Uniprot ID
- P50613
- Uniprot Name
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 7
- Molecular Weight
- 39038.005 Da
References
- Bisi JE, Sorrentino JA, Roberts PJ, Tavares FX, Strum JC: Preclinical Characterization of G1T28: A Novel CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Reduction of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 May;15(5):783-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0775. Epub 2016 Jan 29. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17509534). Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96FL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61921.585 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter. Mediates the efflux of cationic compounds, such as the model cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the platinum-based drug oxaliplatin or weak bases that are positively charged at physiological pH, cimetidine, the platinum-based drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin or the antidiabetic drug metformin. Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as, creatinine, thiamine and estrone-3-sulfate. Plays a physiological role in the excretion of drugs, toxins and endogenous metabolites through the kidney
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q86VL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 65083.915 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cosela (Trilaciclib) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Drug created at May 20, 2019 15:32 / Updated at October 21, 2024 12:41