Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Acyclovir is a guanosine analog used to treat herpes simplex, varicella zoster, herpes zoster.
- Brand Names
- Sitavig, Xerese, Zovirax
- Generic Name
- Acyclovir
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00787
- Background
Acyclovir is a deoxynucleoside analog antiviral used to treat herpes simplex, Varicella zoster, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, and acute herpetic keratitis.10,11,12,13,14,15 Acyclovir is generally used first line in the treatment of these viruses and some products are indicated for patients as young as 6 years old.13
Acyclovir was granted FDA approval on 29 March 1982.12
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Acyclovir (DB00787)
- Weight
- Average: 225.2046
Monoisotopic: 225.086189243 - Chemical Formula
- C8H11N5O3
- Synonyms
- Aciclovir
- Aciclovirum
- Acycloguanosine
- Acyclovir
- External IDs
- NSC-645011
Pharmacology
- Indication
An acyclovir topical cream is indicated to treat recurrent herpes labialis in immunocompetent patients 12 years and older.10 Acyclovir oral tablets, capsules, and suspensions are indicated to treat herpes zoster, genital herpes, and chickenpox.11 An acyclovir topical ointment is indicated to treat initial genital herpes and limited non-life-threatening mucocutaneous herpes simplex in immunocompromised patients.12 An acyclovir cream with hydrocortisone is indicated to treat recurrent herpes labialis, and shortening lesion healing time in patients 6 years and older.13 An acyclovir buccal tablet is indicated for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.14 An acyclovir ophthalmic ointment is indicated to treat acute herpetic keratitis.15
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Bell palsy ••• ••••• Treatment of Chickenpox •••••••••••• Prophylaxis of Cytomegalovirus infection ••• ••••• Treatment of Hsv infection •••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••• ••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Prophylaxis of Hsv re-activation ••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Acyclovir is a deoxynucleoside analog that inhibits the action of viral DNA polymerase and DNA replication of different herpesvirus.10,11,12,13,14,15 Acyclovir has a wide therapeutic window as overdose is rare in otherwise healthy patients.11
- Mechanism of action
Acyclovir is becomes acyclovir monophosphate due to the action of viral thymidine kinase.5 Acyclovir monophosphate is converted to the diphosphate form by guanylate kinase.1 Acyclovir diphosphate is converted to acyclovir triphosphate by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and adenylosuccinate synthetase.1,7 Acyclovir triphosphate has higher affinity for viral DNA polymerase than cellular DNA polymerase and incorporates into the DNA where the missing 2' and 3' carbons causes DNA chain termination.5 In other cases acyclovir triphosphate competes so strongly for viral DNA polymerase that other bases cannot associate with the enzyme, inactivating it.5
Target Actions Organism ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit inhibitorHHV-1 ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit inhibitorHHV-3 - Absorption
The oral bioavailability of acyclovir is 10-20% but decreases with increasing doses.11 Acyclovir ointment is <0.02-9.4% absorbed.12 Acyclovir buccal tablets and ophthalmic ointment are minimally absorbed.14,15 The bioavailability of acyclovir is not affected by food.11
Acyclovir has a mean Tmax of 1.1±0.4 hours, mean Cmax of 593.7-656.5ng/mL, and mean AUC of 2956.6-3102.5h/*ng/mL.9
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of acyclovir is 0.6L/kg.6
- Protein binding
- Metabolism
Acyclovir is <15% oxidized to 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and 1% 8-hydroxylated to 8-hydroxy-acyclovir by aldehyde oxidase.4
Acyclovir is becomes acyclovir monophosphate due to the action of viral thymidine kinase.5 Acyclovir monophosphate is converted to the diphosphate form by guanylate kinase.1 Acyclovir diphosphate is converted to acyclovir triphosphate by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and adenylosuccinate synthetase.1,7
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
The majority of acyclovir is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.4,14 90-92% of the drug can be excreted unchanged through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.5 <2% of the drug is recovered in feces and <0.1% is expired as CO2.8
- Half-life
The clearance of acyclovir varies from 2.5-3 hours depending on the creatinine clearance of the patient.5 The plasma half life of acyclovir during hemodialysis is approximately 5 hours.11 The mean half life in patients from 7 months to 7 years old is 2.6 hours.11
- Clearance
The renal clearance of acyclovir is 248mL/min/1.73m2.8 The total clearance in neonates if 105-122mL/min/1.73m2.8
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Symptoms of overdose include agitation, coma, seizures, lethargy, and precipitation in renal tubules.11 These symptoms are more common in patients given high doses without monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance or reduced kidney function.11,4,6 In the case of an overdose, treat with symptomatic and supportive care.13
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level. Abametapir The serum concentration of Acyclovir can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Acyclovir can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The excretion of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Acyclovir can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids. Dehydration with acyclovir predisposes patients to nephrotoxicity.
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Acyclovir sodium 927L42J563 69657-51-8 RMLUKZWYIKEASN-UHFFFAOYSA-M - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Zovir
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acyclovir Tablet 400 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 1996-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Acyclovir Tablet 400 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2010-04-05 2017-07-31 Canada Acyclovir Tablet 200 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2010-04-05 2014-08-01 Canada Acyclovir Tablet 200 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 1996-12-31 Not applicable Canada Acyclovir Capsule 200 mg/1 Oral Boscogen, Inc. 2004-08-01 Not applicable US 
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acyclovir Capsule 200 mg/1 Oral RedPharm Drug, Inc. 2019-08-23 Not applicable US Acyclovir Tablet 400 mg/1 Oral DAVA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1997-11-19 2016-08-31 US Acyclovir Capsule 200 mg/1 Oral Denton Pharma, Inc. Dba Northwind Pharmaceuticals 2020-10-22 2024-04-30 US Acyclovir Tablet 800 mg/1 Oral American Health Packaging 2014-01-21 Not applicable US Acyclovir Suspension 200 mg/5mL Oral Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2002-09-03 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acyclovir Ointment 50 mg/1g Topical OASIS TRADING 2018-11-15 Not applicable US มาร์เวียร์ Cream 5 %w/w Topical บริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแหลมทองการแพทย์ จำกัด จำกัด 1998-03-18 Not applicable Thailand 
ไวราซิน 200 Tablet 200 mg บริษัท ซีฟาม จำกัด จำกัด 1998-12-18 Not applicable Thailand - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Activir Duo 50 mg/g + 10 mg/g Creme Acyclovir (50 mg/g) + Hydrocortisone (10 mg/g) Cream Topical Gsk Gebro Consumer Healthcare Gmb H 2010-02-09 Not applicable Austria 
Acyclovix Acyclovir (200 mg/1) + Benzyl alcohol (0.1 g/1g) Kit Oral; Topical Primary Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2020-09-20 Not applicable US HERPAZON % 5 + % 1 KREM, 5 GRAM Acyclovir (5 %) + Hydrocortisone (1 %) Cream Topical İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2018-11-08 Not applicable Turkey 
Xerese Acyclovir (50 mg/1g) + Hydrocortisone (10 mg/1g) Cream Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2009-07-31 Not applicable US Xerese Acyclovir (50 mg/1g) + Hydrocortisone (10 mg/1g) Cream Topical Meda Pharma S.P.A. 2010-07-15 2013-02-28 US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acyclovir Acyclovir (50 mg/1g) Ointment Topical OASIS TRADING 2018-11-15 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- J05AB01 — Aciclovir
- J05AB — Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- J05A — DIRECT ACTING ANTIVIRALS
- J05 — ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- J — ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- D06BB — Antivirals
- D06B — CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS FOR TOPICAL USE
- D06 — ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS FOR DERMATOLOGICAL USE
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- Drug Categories
- Acyclovir and prodrug
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
- Antiviral Agents
- Antivirals for Systemic Use
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Dermatologicals
- Direct Acting Antivirals
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Herpes Simplex Virus Nucleoside Analog DNA Polymerase Inhibitor
- Herpes Zoster Virus Nucleoside Analog DNA Polymerase Inhibitor
- Herpesvirus Nucleoside Analog DNA Polymerase Inhibitor
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- MATE 1 Substrates
- MATE 2 Substrates
- MATE substrates
- Nephrotoxic agents
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Nucleosides and Nucleotides Excl. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- OAT1/SLC22A6 inhibitors
- OAT1/SLC22A6 Substrates
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Inhibitors
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Substrates
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- Ophthalmologicals
- Purines
- Purinones
- Sensory Organs
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. These are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Imidazopyrimidines
- Sub Class
- Purines and purine derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Hypoxanthines
- Alternative Parents
- 6-oxopurines / Pyrimidones / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / N-substituted imidazoles / Vinylogous amides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary amines / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds show 2 more
- Substituents
- 6-oxopurine / Alcohol / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hypoxanthine show 13 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- oxopurine, 2-aminopurines (CHEBI:2453)
- Affected organisms
- Human Herpes Virus
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- X4HES1O11F
- CAS number
- 59277-89-3
- InChI Key
- MKUXAQIIEYXACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C8H11N5O3/c9-8-11-6-5(7(15)12-8)10-3-13(6)4-16-2-1-14/h3,14H,1-2,4H2,(H3,9,11,12,15)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-amino-9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one
- SMILES
- NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N1)N(COCCO)C=N2
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US4294831
- General References
- O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
- Gunness P, Aleksa K, Bend J, Koren G: Acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity: the role of the acyclovir aldehyde metabolite. Transl Res. 2011 Nov;158(5):290-301. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.07.002. Epub 2011 Aug 3. [Article]
- Morrel EM, Spruance SL, Goldberg DI: Topical iontophoretic administration of acyclovir for the episodic treatment of herpes labialis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinic-initiated trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;43(4):460-7. Epub 2006 Jul 3. [Article]
- Smith JP, Weller S, Johnson B, Nicotera J, Luther JM, Haas DW: Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation after administration of high-dose valacyclovir in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Mar;54(3):1146-51. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00729-09. Epub 2009 Dec 28. [Article]
- King DH: History, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jan;18(1 Pt 2):176-9. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70022-5. [Article]
- Sadjadi SA, Regmi S, Chau T: Acyclovir Neurotoxicity in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient: Report of a Case and Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir. Am J Case Rep. 2018 Dec 9;19:1459-1462. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.911520. [Article]
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Laskin OL: Clinical pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1983 May-Jun;8(3):187-201. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198308030-00001. [Article]
- Yuen KH, Peh KK, Billa N, Chan KL, Toh WT: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of acyclovir tablet preparation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Feb;24(2):193-6. doi: 10.3109/03639049809085607. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Topical Cream [Link]
- FDA Drug Approval Package: Zovirax Oral Capsules, Oral Tablets, Oral Suspension [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Topical Ointment [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Xerese (Acyclovir and Hydrocortisone) Topical Cream [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Sitavig Buccal Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Avaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment (Discontinued) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Acyclovir Intravenous Infusion (Discontinued) [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014925
- KEGG Drug
- D00222
- KEGG Compound
- C06810
- PubChem Compound
- 2022
- PubChem Substance
- 46506002
- ChemSpider
- 1945
- BindingDB
- 50103518
- 281
- ChEBI
- 2453
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL184
- ZINC
- ZINC000001530555
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DNC000157
- PharmGKB
- PA448045
- PDBe Ligand
- AC2
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Aciclovir
- PDB Entries
- 1pwy / 2ki5 / 3ix2 / 3mjr / 4da7 / 5i3c / 7vrh / 7vri
- MSDS
- Download (37 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Genital Herpes 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Infection 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Dermatological disorders 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Drug Use 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Prevention Herpes virus infection 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Actavis elizabeth llc
- Apotex inc etobicoke site
- Belcher pharmaceuticals inc
- Dava pharmaceuticals inc
- Genpharm inc
- Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Lek pharmaceutical and chemical co dd
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Stason industrial corp
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Watson laboratories inc
- Glaxosmithkline
- Actavis mid atlantic llc
- Hi tech pharmacal co inc
- Carlsbad technology inc
- Mylan laboratories inc
- Abbott laboratories
- Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
- Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
- App pharmaceuticals llc
- Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
- Hospira inc
- Teva parenteral medicines inc
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals
- Apotex Inc.
- Apotheca Inc.
- Apothecary Shop Wholesale
- APP Pharmaceuticals
- AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Bedford Labs
- Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- BTA Pharmaceuticals
- Cardinal Health
- Carlsbad Technology Inc.
- Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
- Corepharma LLC
- DAVA Pharmaceuticals
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- DSM Corp.
- East Coast Medical Network Inc.
- Eczacibasi Health Products Co.
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Goldline Laboratories Inc.
- H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
- Heritage Pharmaceuticals
- Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Mckesson Corp.
- Medvantx Inc.
- Meridian Medical Technologies Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Neuman Distributors Inc.
- Novopharm Ltd.
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Patheon Inc.
- PCA LLC
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Pharmpak Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Redpharm Drug
- Remedy Repack
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Roxane Labs
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
- Stason Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- UDL Laboratories
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Xactdose Inc.
- Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Cream Topical 3 G Granule, for suspension Oral 800 MG Powder, for solution 250 MG Cream Topical Tablet Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous Powder, for solution Topical Tablet, for suspension Tablet, soluble Tablet Oral 20000000 mg Tablet Oral 204 mg Tablet Oral 80000000 mg Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Powder 250 MG Cream Cutaneous Cream Topical 5 g Ointment Topical 5 % Syrup Oral 8 g/100ml Powder, for solution Parenteral 500 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 250 mg Powder Parenteral 250 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 500 mg Powder Parenteral 500 MG Solution Parenteral 25 MG/ML Powder, for solution 500 MG Cream Cutaneous 5 % Powder, for suspension Oral 4 g Suspension Oral 2 g Tablet, film coated Oral 200 MG Powder, for solution Parenteral 250 MG Suspension Oral 8 G/100ML Powder Intravenous 250 mg/1vial Powder Intravenous 250 MG Tablet Oral 800 mg Tablet Oral 200 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 250 mg Cream 5 % W/W Solution Topical 5 g Cream 50 mg/g Ointment Ophthalmic 30 MG/G Cream Topical 50 mg Capsule Oral 200 mg/1 Capsule Oral 400 mg/1 Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 1 g/1 Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 1000 mg/1 Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 1000 mg/20mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 500 mg/10mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 500 mg/1 Injection, solution Intravenous 25 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 mg/1mL Ointment Cutaneous 50 mg/1g Suspension Oral 200 mg/5mL Tablet Oral 200 mg/1 Tablet Oral 400 mg/1 Tablet Oral 400.00 mg/1 Tablet Oral 800 mg/1 Tablet Oral 800.00 mg/1 Injection, solution Intravenous 1000 mg/20mL Injection, solution Intravenous 500 mg/10mL Powder, for solution Intravenous 500 mg / vial Solution Intravenous 25 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 50 mg / mL Tablet, coated Oral 200 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg / tab Tablet Oral 800 mg / tab Kit Oral; Topical Tablet 200 mg Suspension Oral Stick Topical Tablet Oral 200 mg / tab Tablet Oral 400 mg Injection Parenteral 250 mg Solution Intravenous 274.41 mg Solution Intravenous 250.000 mg Tablet Oral 1 g Cream Cutaneous 5.00 g Cream 5 % Cream Topical 50.00 mg Solution Cutaneous 5.00 g Solution Parenteral 250.00 mg Suspension Oral 4.0000 g Ointment Topical 0.05 g Cream Cutaneous Solution Cutaneous Powder, for suspension Oral 2 g Suspension Oral 8 G/ML Cream Topical 0.050 g Suspension Oral 4.000 g Cream Cutaneous 5.000 g Solution Intravenous 274.402 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 250 mg Suspension Oral 400 MG/5ML Injection Intravenous 250 mg Injection, solution Intravenous 25 mg/ml Ointment Topical 5000 mg Ointment Ophthalmic 3 % Suspension Oral 8 % Tablet 400 mg Tablet 800 mg Ointment Topical 5 % w/w Tablet 50 MG Ointment Ophthalmic 30.000 mg Tablet Oral Cream Cutaneous 50.000 mg Tablet Oral 200.000 mg Cream Cutaneous 0.050 g Tablet Oral 400.00 mg Cream Kit Not applicable Injection, powder, for suspension Parenteral 250 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 800 mg Cream Extracorporeal; Topical Ointment Ophthalmic 30.00 mg Ointment Cream Topical 5 % Ointment Topical Solution Intravenous 250.00 mg Powder, for solution Cream Cutaneous 0.05000 g Tablet Buccal 50 mg Tablet, delayed release Buccal 50 mg/1 Tablet Oral 400.000 mg Tablet Topical 200 mg Tablet Topical 400 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 25 mg/ml Tablet, coated Oral 800 mg Ointment Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 3 g Ointment Ophthalmic 3 g Tablet Oral 200.00 MG Cream Vaginal 5 g Ointment Ophthalmic; Topical 3 g Powder, for suspension Oral 8 g Cream Cutaneous 50 mg/g Cream Topical 50 mg/g Ointment Topical Tablet 200.00 mg Ointment Topical 5 g Cream 0.05 G/G Ointment Ophthalmic 30 mg Cream Topical Ointment Ophthalmic Cream Cutaneous 5 g Cream 50 mg Cream Topical 50 mg/1g Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 500 MG Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 50 mg/1mL Ointment Topical 50 mg/1g Powder, for solution Intravenous 1 g / vial Suspension Oral 200 mg / 5 mL Tablet, film coated Oral Ointment Ophthalmic 4.5 g Solution Oral Solution Oral 400 mg/5ml Cream Cutaneous 5 % W/W Cream Topical 5 % w/w Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Parenteral 250 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous Ointment Ophthalmic 3 % w/w Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 250 mg/1vial Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 500 mg/1vial Cream Topical 5 %w/w Capsule Oral 200 mg Powder 250 mg/1vial - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Zovirax 200 mg/5ml Suspension 473ml Bottle 264.95USD bottle Zovirax 5% Ointment 15 gm Tube 191.56USD tube Zovirax 5% Cream 5 gm Tube 165.07USD tube Zovirax 5% Cream 2 gm Tube 69.44USD tube Zovirax 5% cream 30.22USD g Zovirax 800 mg tablet 11.83USD tablet Zovirax 400 mg tablet 6.09USD tablet Zovirax 800 mg Tablet 5.71USD tablet Acyclovir 800 mg tablet 3.81USD tablet Zovirax 200 mg capsule 3.08USD capsule Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Apo-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Mylan-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Novo-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Nu-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Ratio-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet 2.99USD tablet Zovirax 400 mg Tablet 2.9USD tablet Acyclovir 400 mg tablet 2.26USD tablet Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Apo-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Mylan-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Novo-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Nu-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Ratio-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet 1.63USD tablet Zovirax 200 mg Tablet 1.44USD tablet Acyclovir 200 mg capsule 1.01USD capsule Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Apo-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Mylan-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Novo-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Ratio-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Acyclovir 200 mg/5ml Suspension 0.3USD ml Zovirax 40 mg/ml Suspension 0.28USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region CA2098108 No 2001-07-03 2012-01-29 Canada USRE39264 No 2006-09-05 2016-08-02 US US6514980 No 2003-02-04 2019-01-24 US US7223387 No 2007-05-29 2021-07-24 US US8747896 No 2014-06-10 2027-06-03 US US8791127 No 2014-07-29 2027-03-23 US US8592434 No 2013-11-26 2030-06-16 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 255 °C http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html boiling point (°C) 595 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html water solubility 1.41mg/mL at 25°C Avaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment FDA label logP -1.76 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html Caco2 permeability -6.15 ADME Research, USCD pKa 2.52 and 9.35 Avaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment FDA label - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 9.08 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.95 ALOGPS logP -1 Chemaxon logS -1.4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.98 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.02 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 114.76 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 4 Chemaxon Refractivity 54.63 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 21.51 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 157.4806314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 158.0267314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 146.26117 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 157.4806314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 158.0267314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 146.26117 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 158.4536314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 159.0177314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 148.61916 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 158.4536314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 159.0177314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 148.61916 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 157.7484314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 158.3637314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 155.20589 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 157.7484314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 158.3637314 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 155.20589 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HHV-1
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding protein. Additionally, the polymerase contains an intrinsic ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that specifically degrades RNA/DNA heteroduplexes or duplex DNA substrates in the 5' to 3' direction. Therefore, it can catalyze the excision of the RNA primers that initiate the synthesis of Okazaki fragments at a replication fork during viral DNA replication.
- Specific Function
- 3'-5'-DNA exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P04293
- Uniprot Name
- DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 136419.66 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Sergerie Y, Boivin G: Hydroxyurea enhances the activity of acyclovir and cidofovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant strains harboring mutations in the thymidine kinase and/or the DNA polymerase genes. Antiviral Res. 2008 Jan;77(1):77-80. Epub 2007 Sep 17. [Article]
- Suzuki M, Okuda T, Shiraki K: Synergistic antiviral activity of acyclovir and vidarabine against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 2006 Nov;72(2):157-61. Epub 2006 May 30. [Article]
- Liu S, Knafels JD, Chang JS, Waszak GA, Baldwin ET, Deibel MR Jr, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Wells PA, Tory MC, Poorman RA, Gao H, Qiu X, Seddon AP: Crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 30;281(26):18193-200. Epub 2006 Apr 24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HHV-3
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding protein. Additionally, the polymerase contains an intrinsic ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that specifically degrades RNA/DNA heteroduplexes or duplex DNA substrates in the 5' to 3' direction. Therefore, it can catalyze the excision of the RNA primers that initiate the synthesis of Okazaki fragments at a replication fork during viral DNA replication (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- 3'-5'-DNA exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P09252
- Uniprot Name
- DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 134046.615 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Sergerie Y, Boivin G: Hydroxyurea enhances the activity of acyclovir and cidofovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant strains harboring mutations in the thymidine kinase and/or the DNA polymerase genes. Antiviral Res. 2008 Jan;77(1):77-80. Epub 2007 Sep 17. [Article]
- Suzuki M, Okuda T, Shiraki K: Synergistic antiviral activity of acyclovir and vidarabine against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 2006 Nov;72(2):157-61. Epub 2006 May 30. [Article]
- Liu S, Knafels JD, Chang JS, Waszak GA, Baldwin ET, Deibel MR Jr, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Wells PA, Tory MC, Poorman RA, Gao H, Qiu X, Seddon AP: Crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 30;281(26):18193-200. Epub 2006 Apr 24. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HHV-1
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phospho group of ATP to thymidine to generate dTMP in the salvage pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. The dTMP serves as a substrate for DNA polymerase during viral DNA replication. Allows the virus to be reactivated and to grow in non-proliferative cells lacking a high concentration of phosphorylated nucleic acid precursors.
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- TK
- Uniprot ID
- Q9QNF7
- Uniprot Name
- Thymidine kinase
- Molecular Weight
- 40896.475 Da
References
- King DH: History, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jan;18(1 Pt 2):176-9. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70022-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of GMP to GDP. Essential enzyme for recycling GMP and indirectly, cyclic GMP (cGMP) (PubMed:31201273). Involved in the cGMP metabolism in photoreceptors (By similarity). It may also have a role in the survival and growth progression of some tumors (PubMed:31201273). In addition to its physiological role, GUK1 is essential for convert prodrugs used for the treatment of cancers and viral infections into their pharmacologically active metabolites, most notably acyclovir, ganciclovir, and 6-thioguanine and its closely related analog 6-mercaptopurine (PubMed:197968, PubMed:6248551, PubMed:6306664)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- GUK1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16774
- Uniprot Name
- Guanylate kinase
- Molecular Weight
- 21725.41 Da
References
- O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which nucleoside diphosphate kinase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination. During GZMA-mediated cell death, works in concert with TREX1. NME1 nicks one strand of DNA and TREX1 removes bases from the free 3' end to enhance DNA damage and prevent DNA end reannealing and rapid repair
- Specific Function
- 3'-5' exonuclease activity
Components:
References
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which pyruvate kinase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with the synthesis of ATP, and which plays a key role in glycolysis
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Pyruvate kinase PKLR | P30613 |
| Pyruvate kinase PKM | P14618 |
References
- O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which creatine kinase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate) (PubMed:8186255). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa (Probable). Acts as a key regulator of adaptive thermogenesis as part of the futile creatine cycle: localizes to the mitochondria of thermogenic fat cells and acts by mediating phosphorylation of creatine to initiate a futile cycle of creatine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (By similarity). During the futile creatine cycle, creatine and N-phosphocreatine are in a futile cycle, which dissipates the high energy charge of N-phosphocreatine as heat without performing any mechanical or chemical work (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Creatine kinase B-type | P12277 |
| Creatine kinase M-type | P06732 |
| Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial | P17540 |
| Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial | P12532 |
References
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which phosphoglycerate kinase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Catalyzes one of the two ATP producing reactions in the glycolytic pathway via the reversible conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate (PubMed:30323285, PubMed:7391028). In addition to its role as a glycolytic enzyme, it seems that PGK-1 acts as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein (primer recognition protein) (PubMed:2324090). May play a role in sperm motility (PubMed:26677959)
- Specific Function
- ADP binding
Components:
References
- O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Succinyl-CoA synthetase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA (PubMed:15877282). The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
Components:
References
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase that catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle (PubMed:28955899). Can play an active role in glyceroneogenesis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:28955899)
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial | Q16822 |
| Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] | P35558 |
References
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Adenylosuccinate Synthetase is responsible for this action.
- General Function
- Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP
- Specific Function
- actin filament binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1 | Q8N142 |
| Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 | P30520 |
References
- Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Abdelhameed AS, Bakheit AH, Almutairi FM, AlRabiah H, Kadi AA: Biophysical and In Silico Studies of the Interaction between the Anti-Viral Agents Acyclovir and Penciclovir, and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules. 2017 Nov 5;22(11). pii: molecules22111906. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111906. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
- Shugarts S, Benet LZ: The role of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Pharm Res. 2009 Sep;26(9):2039-54. doi: 10.1007/s11095-009-9924-0. Epub 2009 Jun 30. [Article]
- Boxberger KH, Hagenbuch B, Lampe JN: Common drugs inhibit human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1)-mediated neurotransmitter uptake. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jun;42(6):990-5. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.055095. Epub 2014 Mar 31. [Article]
- Wagner DJ, Hu T, Wang J: Polyspecific organic cation transporters and their impact on drug intracellular levels and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:237-246. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.002. Epub 2016 Jun 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:11907186, PubMed:14675047, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370, PubMed:28534121, PubMed:9950961). Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine (PubMed:9887087). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion (PubMed:11907186). Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:26377792). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). May transport glutamate (PubMed:26377792). Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:14675047). Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate (PubMed:14675047, PubMed:26377792). Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) (PubMed:11669456). May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
- Wada S, Tsuda M, Sekine T, Cha SH, Kimura M, Kanai Y, Endou H: Rat multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) transports zidovudine, acyclovir, and other antiviral nucleoside analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Sep;294(3):844-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15644426, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804, PubMed:31553721). Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:15864504, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (PubMed:11306713, PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (PubMed:26377792). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule (PubMed:11907186). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside (PubMed:15644426). May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (PubMed:14675047). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (PubMed:15864504). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Organic anion transporter 3
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
- Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya K, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem. 2002 Oct;83(1):57-66. [Article]
- Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Plays a critical role in the sodium-dependent reabsorption of bile acids from the lumen of the small intestine (PubMed:7592981, PubMed:9458785, PubMed:9856990). Transports various bile acids, unconjugated or conjugated, such as cholate and taurocholate (PubMed:7592981, PubMed:9458785, PubMed:9856990). Also responsible for bile acid transport in the renal proximal tubules, a salvage mechanism that helps conserve bile acids (Probable). Works collaboratively with the Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), the organic solute transporter (OST), and the bile salt export pump (BSEP), to ensure efficacious biological recycling of bile acids during enterohepatic circulation (PubMed:33222321)
- Specific Function
- bile acid
- Gene Name
- SLC10A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q12908
- Uniprot Name
- Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter
- Molecular Weight
- 37713.405 Da
References
- Tolle-Sander S, Lentz KA, Maeda DY, Coop A, Polli JE: Increased acyclovir oral bioavailability via a bile acid conjugate. Mol Pharm. 2004 Jan 12;1(1):40-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17509534). Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96FL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61921.585 Da
References
- Nies AT, Damme K, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(12):1565-77. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722996. Epub 2012 Sep 13. [Article]
- Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhou N, Peng J, Gong L, Ren J, Luo C, Luo X, Jiang H, Chen K, Zheng M: Combinatorial Pharmacophore Modeling of Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporter 1 Inhibitors: a Theoretical Perspective for Understanding Multiple Inhibitory Mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 2;5:13684. doi: 10.1038/srep13684. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter. Mediates the efflux of cationic compounds, such as the model cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the platinum-based drug oxaliplatin or weak bases that are positively charged at physiological pH, cimetidine, the platinum-based drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin or the antidiabetic drug metformin. Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as, creatinine, thiamine and estrone-3-sulfate. Plays a physiological role in the excretion of drugs, toxins and endogenous metabolites through the kidney
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q86VL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 65083.915 Da
References
- Nies AT, Damme K, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(12):1565-77. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722996. Epub 2012 Sep 13. [Article]
- Yonezawa A, Inui K: Importance of the multidrug and toxin extrusion MATE/SLC47A family to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics/toxicodynamics and pharmacogenomics. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;164(7):1817-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01394.x. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 15, 2024 05:47