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Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 3-Methylhistidine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126757Metabolic3-Methylhistidine, also known as 3-MHis, 3MH, pi-methylhistidine or pros-methylhistidine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. 3MH is also classified as a methylamino … Methylamino acids are primarily proteogenic amino acids (found in proteins) which have been methylated (in situ) on their side chains by various methyltransferase enzymes.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000008MetabolicFumarylacetoacetate is finally split via fumarylacetoacetate-hydrolase into fumarate (also a metabolite of the citric acid cycle) and acetoacetate (3-ketobutyroate). … It may be (1) incorporated into cellular proteins, (2) converted to phenylpyruvic acid, or (3) converted to tyrosine.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Adenosine phosphate · Tyrosine · Glutamic acid · ATP +11 moreEnzymes: L-amino-acid oxidase, Phenylalanine--tRNA ligase beta subunitArginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020MetabolicThe arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals. … In particular, the amino acid citrulline is first synthesized from several other amino acids (glutamine, glutamate, and proline) in the mitochondria of the intestinal enterocytes (PMID: 9806879).
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreEnzymes: Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-3, D-amino-acid oxidaseMetabolism and Physiological Effects of 3-Deoxyglucosone
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125516MetabolicIt normally is synthesized and accumulates with high serum glucose due to diabetes. 3-deoxyglucosone causes cell apoptosis and neurotoxicity. … An amino acid like arginine or lysine are combined with glucose to make a schiff base and water. The schiff base is unstable so it becomes the stable amadori product.
Enzymes: Fructosamine-3-kinaseValine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicValine, isoleuciine, and leucine are essential amino acids and are identified as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). … The catabolism of all three amino acids starts in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation.
Enzymes: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, mitochondrial, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2Threonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452Metabolic2-oxobutanoate, also known as 2-Ketobutyric acid, is a 2-keto acid that is commonly produced in the metabolism of amino acids such as methionine and threonine. … Like other 2-keto acids, degradation of 2-oxobutanoate occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and begins with oxidative decarboxylation to its acyl coenzyme A derivative, propionyl-CoA.
Enzymes: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial, Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Hippuric Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123209MetabolicAfter ingestion and absorption in the gut, benzoic acid is transported into the hepatic liver cell from blood where it undergoes two metabolic reactions. … A monocarboxylate transporter then exports hippuric acid from the liver to the blood, where it exerts toxic effects. It can reduce blood clotting and, in the kidney, inhibit organic acid secretion.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123300MetabolicKynurenic acid is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, and it also disrupts the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation causing muscle atrophy. … Kynurenic acid is an indole uremic toxin compound that is formed through metabolism from dietary tryptophan in liver hepatic cells.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Imidazolepropionic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126521MetabolicImidazolepropionic acid, also known as deaminohistidine or 4-imidazolylpropionate (ImP), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. … Histidine can be obtained from the diet from foods such as meat and dairy and other foods high in protein. ImP is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa).
Drugs: HistidineMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenylacetic Acid
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123256MetabolicPhenylacetic acid is transported out of the bacteria, back into the intestine by an unknown transporter. … L-Phenylalanine is consumed through high protein foods such as eggs, chicken, liver, beef, milk, and soybeans.
Enzymes: Excitatory amino acid transporter 3, Y+L amino acid transporter 1