Leucine

Identification

Summary

Leucine is an amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition.

Brand Names

Aminosyn II 7 %, Sulfite-free, Aminosyn-PF 7%, Clinimix 2.75/5, Clinimix E 2.75/5, Clinisol 15, Freamine 6.9, Freamine III 10, Hepatamine 8, Nephramine, Olimel, Periolimel, Plenamine, Premasol, Primene, Procalamine 3, Prosol, Travasol 10, Trophamine 10 %

Generic Name

Leucine

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00149

Background

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Investigational, Nutraceutical

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 131.1729
Monoisotopic: 131.094628665
Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₃NO₂

Synonyms

(2S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(2S)-alpha-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid
(2S)-alpha-Leucine
(S)-(+)-Leucine
(S)-Leucine
2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid
L
L-Leucin
L-Leucine
L-Leuzin
Leu
Leucine

External IDs

FEMA NO. 3297

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated to assist in the prevention of the breakdown of muscle proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or severe stress.

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Associated Conditions

Hypoalbuminemia

Associated Therapies

Amino acid supplementation

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Our Blackbox Warnings cover Risks, Contraindications, and Adverse Effects

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Pharmacodynamics

An essential amino acid. (Claim) Leucine helps with the regulation of blood-sugar levels, the growth and repair of muscle tissue (such as bones, skin and muscles), growth hormone production, wound healing as well as energy regulation. It can assist to prevent the breakdown of muscle proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or severe stress. It may also be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria - a condition in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Mechanism of action

This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step in each case is a transamination using a single BCAA aminotransferase, with a-ketoglutarate as amine acceptor. As a result, three different a-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase, yielding the three different CoA derivatives. Subsequently the metabolic pathways diverge, producing many intermediates. The principal product from valine is propionylCoA, the glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. Isoleucine catabolism terminates with production of acetylCoA and propionylCoA; thus isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine gives rise to acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, and is thus classified as strictly ketogenic. There are a number of genetic diseases associated with faulty catabolism of the BCAAs. The most common defect is in the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. The disease is known as Maple syrup urine disease because of the characteristic odor of the urine in afflicted individuals. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. Unfortunately, since these are essential amino acids, they cannot be heavily restricted in the diet; ultimately, the life of afflicted individuals is short and development is abnormal The main neurological problems are due to poor formation of myelin in the CNS.

Target	Actions	Organism
UProbable leucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic	Not Available	Humans
ULeucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2	Not Available	Humans
ULeucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1	Not Available	Humans
ULeucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways

Pathway	Category
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	Disease
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I	Disease
beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency	Disease
Clarithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Roxithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Gentamicin Action Pathway	Drug action
Oxytetracycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Tetracycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Isovaleric Acidemia	Disease
Arbekacin Action Pathway	Drug action
Troleandomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Josamycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Glutaminolysis and Cancer	Disease
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	Disease
Methylmalonic Aciduria	Disease
Telithromycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Amikacin Action Pathway	Drug action
Spectinomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Demeclocycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Doxycycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Minocycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Lymecycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	Disease
Tigecycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Paromomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Methacycline Action Pathway	Drug action
Lincomycin Action Pathway	Drug action
Chloramphenicol Action Pathway	Drug action
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation	Metabolic
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type III	Disease

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions: This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions: Not Available

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
L-Leucine hydrochloride	N39KV97633	760-84-9	XKZZNHPZEPVUQK-JEDNCBNOSA-N

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose	Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix	L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix	L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (195 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02
2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex	Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex	Leucine (201 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (316 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (283 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (132 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (165 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine (159.5 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (154 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (187 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (137.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (159.5 mg / 100 mL)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 25% Dextrose Quickmix	L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (285 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120.5 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (131.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (159 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (115 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (126 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-02-02	2007-08-02
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 5% Dextrose Quickmix	L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (285 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120.5 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (131.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (159 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (115 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (256 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (126 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2007-08-02
2.75%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.5%dex.	Leucine (201 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (316 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (283 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (132 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (165 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine (159.5 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (154 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (187 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (137.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (159.5 mg / 100 mL)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-12-31	1999-08-10
20% Prosol	Leucine (1.08 g) + Alanine (2.76 g) + Arginine (1.96 g) + Aspartic acid (0.6 g) + D-Methionine (0.76 g) + Glutamic acid (1.02 g) + Glycine (2.06 g) + Histidine (1.18 g) + Isoleucine (1.08 g) + Lysine (1.35 g) + Methionine (0.76 g) + Phenylalanine (1 g) + Proline (1.34 g) + Serine (1.02 g) + Threonine (0.98 g) + Tryptophan (0.32 g) + Tyrosine (0.05 g) + Valine (1.44 g)	Liquid	Intravenous	Baxter Laboratories	1996-10-09	Not applicable
4.25% Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 20% Dextrose Quickmix	L-Leucine hydrochloride (263 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (880 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (440 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (20 g / 100 mL) + Glycine (880 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (186 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (203 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (246 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (246 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (263 mg / 100 mL) + Proline (178 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (178 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (76 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (17 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (195 mg / 100 mL)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ASCE plus Derma Signal Kit SRLV S	Leucine (0.0008 mg/20mg) + Leucine (0.0002 g/5.0mL) + Isoleucine (0.0006 mg/20mg) + Isoleucine (0.0001 g/5.0mL)	Kit	Topical	Exocobio Inc.	2019-03-01	Not applicable
ASCE plus Derma Signal Kit SRLV S	Leucine (0.0008 mg/20mg) + Leucine (0.0002 g/5.0mL) + Isoleucine (0.0006 mg/20mg) + Isoleucine (0.0001 g/5.0mL)	Kit	Topical	Exocobio Inc.	2019-03-01	Not applicable
Clinimix	Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (100.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Leucine (6.20 g/2L) + Alanine (17.60 g/2L) + Arginine (9.78 g/2L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.66 g/2L) + D-glucose monohydrate (300.00 g/2L) + Dipotassium phosphate (5.22 g/2L) + Glycine (8.76 g/2L) + Histidine (4.08 g/2L) + Isoleucine (5.10 g/2L) + Lysine (4.93 g/2L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1.02 g/2L) + Methionine (3.40 g/2L) + Phenylalanine (4.76 g/2L) + Proline (5.78 g/2L) + Serine (4.25 g/2L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (5.94 g/2L) + Sodium chloride (1.54 g/2L) + Threonine (3.57 g/2L) + Tryptophan (1.53 g/2L) + Tyrosine (0.34 g/2L) + Valine (4.93 g/2L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETLI)	Leucine (0.91 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Proline (1.12 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %)	Solution	Intravenous	ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETSIZ)	Leucine (0.91 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Proline (1.12 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %)	Solution	Intravenous	ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
FREAMINE III %10 500 ML(SETLI)	Leucine (0.91 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Proline (1.12 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %)	Solution	Intravenous	ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
FREAMINE III %10 500 ML(SETSIZ)	Leucine (0.91 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Proline (1.12 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %)	Solution	Intravenous	ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
FREAMINE III %8.5 500 ML(SETLI)	Leucine (0.77 %) + Alanine (0.6 %) + Arginine (0.81 %) + Cysteine (0.014 %) + Glycine (1.19 %) + Histidine (0.24 %) + Isoleucine (0.59 %) + Lysine (0.62 %) + Methionine (0.45 %) + Phenylalanine (0.48 %) + Proline (0.95 %) + Serine (0.5 %) + Threonine (0.34 %) + Tryptophan (0.13 %) + Valine (0.56 %)	Solution	Intravenous	ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: GMW67QNF9C
CAS number: 61-90-5
InChI Key: ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t5-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name: (2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
SMILES: CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Takayasu Tsuchida, Haruo Momose, Yoshio Hirose, "Process for producing L-leucine." U.S. Patent US3970519, issued February, 1975.

US3970519

General References

Not Available

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0000687
KEGG Drug: D00030
KEGG Compound: C00123
PubChem Compound: 6106
PubChem Substance: 46507163
ChemSpider: 5880
BindingDB: 50219348
RxNav: 6308
ChEBI: 57427
ChEMBL: CHEMBL291962
ZINC: ZINC000003645145
PharmGKB: PA450197
PDBe Ligand: LEU
PDRhealth: PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia: Leucine

MSDS

Download (72.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Critically Ill Patients / Starvation	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Cancer-related Malnutrition	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Critically Ill Patients	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Parenteral Nutrition (No Primary Condition Studied)	1
4	Withdrawn	Supportive Care	Malnutrition	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Critically Ill Patients	2
3	Completed	Treatment	Infants, Premature / Low Birth Weight Infants / Newborn Infants / Septic / Small for Gestational Age Infants	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Parenteral Feedings / Surgery	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Parenteral Nutrition for Patients With Proven Insufficient Enteral Resorption	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Parenteral Nutrition / Surgery	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Gallipot
Vitaflo

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Liquid	Intravenous
Solution	Parenteral
Solution	Intravenous	2.453 g
Solution, concentrate	Intravenous
Kit	Topical
Tablet	Oral
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Emulsion	Parenteral
Capsule	Oral
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous
Injection, solution, concentrate	Intravenous
Injection, emulsion	Parenteral
Injection, emulsion; injection, solution	Intravenous
Emulsion	Intravenous
Injection, solution
Solution
Injection, solution	Intraperitoneal
Liquid	Hemodialysis
Solution	Intraperitoneal
Emulsion	Intravenous	4 g
Emulsion	Intravenous	3 g
Solution	Intravenous
Injection	Intravenous
Granule

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Leucine powder	1.62USD	each
L-leucine powder	0.28USD	g

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	293 °C	PhysProp
water solubility	2.15E+004 mg/L (at 25 °C)	YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP	-1.52	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa	2.35 (at 13 °C)	KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	69.8 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-1.8	ALOGPS
logP	-1.6	ChemAxon
logS	-0.27	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.79	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.52	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	34.17 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	14.16 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

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Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0pb9-0900000000-c0176b3cef05fc597576
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-eb7cee37b9d78694010c
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-7033b5fdcd4216168462
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-cd1de48a6db61eb4455e
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-05fr-7900000000-e3b993b282ec2115b484
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-0019-9000000000-6e468213b3429cf627bc
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-ef06e48ca82519977a37
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0pb9-0900000000-c0176b3cef05fc597576
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-eb7cee37b9d78694010c
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-7033b5fdcd4216168462
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-cd1de48a6db61eb4455e
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-1391000000-5183562a14017e557e33
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-05fr-7900000000-e3b993b282ec2115b484
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9100000000-05b5a7a191a32803595e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-5302e9c96e75e06e9705
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-9e70778b46864cd22996
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0019-9000000000-6e468213b3429cf627bc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-4f403c61aaa8a103c049
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-d85fcc558423654f45fd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-931937d3bdd49b3ae623
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0930000000-aa1256c9224fecacf025
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-0a72425a86f804d3a16b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-4ed8cafebf4ee4e82e6a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-3ac62b780abd90dd28b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-eb75eb03a58512ea36df
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-c0f28e4ebdef67c5b509
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-0751a9e803a2e7715d1a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-5900000000-8040fc883917239630a7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-016s-9000000000-a7f9e8d43e66dbd02b6f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001r-7900000000-da119558c426d9c9d3a1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-ae8365105ae2a18e0c10
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000f-9000000000-228ee614be6648b37433
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-d1f3e047af455e156a1e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-409dfbdb20719c3afda5
MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-720554d58264a9cfdb67
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-90fab591d1f6d6318002
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-ed843252a559d532dc5e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-c0f28e4ebdef67c5b509
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-0751a9e803a2e7715d1a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-5900000000-8040fc883917239630a7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-016s-9000000000-a7f9e8d43e66dbd02b6f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-0900000000-ed843252a559d532dc5e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001r-7900000000-da119558c426d9c9d3a1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-ae8365105ae2a18e0c10
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000f-9000000000-228ee614be6648b37433
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-a4610cd110c812c4f490
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9000000000-409dfbdb20719c3afda5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-d85fcc558423654f45fd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-9000000000-4ed8cafebf4ee4e82e6a
13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Targets

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Details1. Probable leucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Leucine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: LARS2
Uniprot ID: Q15031
Uniprot Name: Probable leucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 101975.43 Da

References

Ma JJ, Zhao MW, Wang ED: Split leucine-specific domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 12;45(49):14809-16. [Article]
Zhu B, Zhao MW, Eriani G, Wang ED: A present-day aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase with ancestral editing properties. RNA. 2007 Jan;13(1):15-21. Epub 2006 Nov 9. [Article]
Vu MT, Martinis SA: A unique insert of leucyl-tRNA synthetase is required for aminoacylation and not amino acid editing. Biochemistry. 2007 May 1;46(17):5170-6. Epub 2007 Apr 4. [Article]
Hsu JL, Rho SB, Vannella KM, Martinis SA: Functional divergence of a unique C-terminal domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase to accommodate its splicing and aminoacylation roles. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 11;281(32):23075-82. Epub 2006 Jun 14. [Article]
Lue SW, Kelley SO: A single residue in leucyl-tRNA synthetase affecting amino acid specificity and tRNA aminoacylation. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 17;46(15):4466-72. Epub 2007 Mar 23. [Article]

Details2. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.
Gene Name: BCAT2
Uniprot ID: O15382
Uniprot Name: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 44287.445 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH: Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol. 2003 Apr;185(8):2418-31. [Article]

Details3. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Gene Name: BCAT1
Uniprot ID: P54687
Uniprot Name: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
Molecular Weight: 42965.815 Da

References

Chen CD, Huang TF, Lin CH, Guan HH, Hsieh YC, Lin YH, Huang YC, Liu MY, Chang WC, Chen CJ: Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of branched-chain aminotransferase from Deinococcus radiodurans. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Jun 1;63(Pt 6):492-4. Epub 2007 May 5. [Article]
Saito M, Nishimura K, Wakabayashi S, Kurihara T, Nagata Y: Purification of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase from Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637. Amino Acids. 2007 Sep;33(3):445-9. Epub 2006 Nov 2. [Article]

Details4. Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Trna methyltransferase activity
Specific Function: Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at...
Gene Name: LCMT2
Uniprot ID: O60294
Uniprot Name: tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 4
Molecular Weight: 75601.095 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]

Details5. Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase activity
Specific Function: Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Gene Name: LCMT1
Uniprot ID: Q9UIC8
Uniprot Name: Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1
Molecular Weight: 38378.695 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]

Details6. Leucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Leucine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end ...
Gene Name: LARS
Uniprot ID: Q9P2J5
Uniprot Name: Leucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Molecular Weight: 134465.155 Da

References

Ma JJ, Zhao MW, Wang ED: Split leucine-specific domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 12;45(49):14809-16. [Article]
Karkhanis VA, Boniecki MT, Poruri K, Martinis SA: A viable amino acid editing activity in the leucyl-tRNA synthetase CP1-splicing domain is not required in the yeast mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 3;281(44):33217-25. Epub 2006 Sep 6. [Article]
Vu MT, Martinis SA: A unique insert of leucyl-tRNA synthetase is required for aminoacylation and not amino acid editing. Biochemistry. 2007 May 1;46(17):5170-6. Epub 2007 Apr 4. [Article]
Hsu JL, Rho SB, Vannella KM, Martinis SA: Functional divergence of a unique C-terminal domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase to accommodate its splicing and aminoacylation roles. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 11;281(32):23075-82. Epub 2006 Jun 14. [Article]
Dohm JC, Vingron M, Staub E: Horizontal gene transfer in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases including leucine-specific subtypes. J Mol Evol. 2006 Oct;63(4):437-47. Epub 2006 Sep 4. [Article]

Transporters

Details1. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
Gene Name: SLC16A10
Uniprot ID: Q8TF71
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Molecular Weight: 55492.07 Da

References

Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [Article]
Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]

Details2. Monocarboxylate transporter 8

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter. Stimulates cellular uptake of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and diidothyronine. Does not transport Leu,...
Gene Name: SLC16A2
Uniprot ID: P36021
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 8
Molecular Weight: 59510.86 Da

References

Friesema EC, Ganguly S, Abdalla A, Manning Fox JE, Halestrap AP, Visser TJ: Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 10;278(41):40128-35. Epub 2003 Jul 18. [Article]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated on July 03, 2021 08:57

Leucine

Identification

Structure for Leucine (DB00149)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Targets

References

References

References

References

References

References

Transporters

References

References