Eravacycline

Identification

Summary

Eravacycline is a tetracycline antibiotic used to treat complicated intra-abdominal infections.

Brand Names
Xerava
Generic Name
Eravacycline
DrugBank Accession Number
DB12329
Background

Eravacycline, known as Xerava by Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, is a fully synthetic fluorocycline antibiotic of the tetracycline class with activity against clinically significant gram-negative, gram-positive aerobic, and facultative bacteria. This includes most of those bacteria resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, multidrug-resistant strains, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and the majority of anaerobic pathogens 1. It was first approved by the FDA on August 27, 2018 4. Eravacycline has demonstrated superior potency to that of antibiotics that are currently being marketed for intraabdominal infections 3.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 558.563
Monoisotopic: 558.212592137
Chemical Formula
C27H31FN4O8
Synonyms
  • Eravacyclina
  • Eravacycline
  • Eravacyclinum
External IDs
  • TP-434

Pharmacology

Indication

Eravacycline is a tetracycline class antibacterial indicated for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in patients 18 years of age and older Label.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofIntraabdominal infections••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Eravacycline is an antibiotic that disrupts bacterial protein synthesis, treating complicated intraabdominal infections Label.

Mechanism of action

Eravacycline is a fluorocycline antibacterial of the tetracycline class of antibacterial drugs. Eravacycline disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the incorporation of amino acid residues into elongating peptide chains. In general, eravacycline is bacteriostatic against gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis); however, in vitro bactericidal activity has been shown against certain strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Label.

TargetActionsOrganism
A30S ribosomal protein S4
inhibitor
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Absorption

Following single-dose intravenous administration, eravacycline AUC (area under the curve) and Cmax (maximum concentration) increase dose-proportionally for doses from 1 mg/kg - 3 mg/kg (3 times the approved dose). There is approximately 45% accumulation following intravenous dosing of 1 mg/kg every 12 hours Label.

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution at steady-state is approximately 321 L Label.

Protein binding

Protein binding of eravacycline to human plasma proteins increases with increasing plasma concentrations, with 79% to 90% (bound) at plasma concentrations ranging from 100 to 10,000 ng/mL Label.

Metabolism

Eravacycline is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4- and FMO-mediated oxidation Label.

Route of elimination

Following a single intravenous dose of radiolabeled eravacycline 60 mg, approximately 34% of the dose is excreted in urine and 47% in feces as unchanged eravacycline (20% in urine and 17% in feces) and metabolites Label.

Half-life

The mean elimination half-life is 20 hours Label.

Clearance

17.82 L/min (standard deviation of 3.4) 2.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 3%) are infusion site reactions, nausea, and vomiting Label. Less common (incidence ≥ 1%) adverse effects are palpitations, chest pain, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, hypocalcemia, dizziness, dysgeusia, anxiety, insomnia, depression, pleural effusion, dyspnea, rash and hyperhidrosis Label.

The following are various side effects that may occur due to eravacycline use Label:

Hypersensitivity: Life-threatening anaphylaxis has been reported with the administration of eravacycline. Antibacterial drugs and should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity to tetracycline-class antibacterial drugs Label.

Tooth Discoloration/enamel hypoplasia: The use of this drug during tooth development (last half of pregnancy, infancy and childhood to the age of 8 years) may lead to the permanent discoloration of teeth (yellow-grey-brown) Label.

Inhibition of bone growth: The use of eravacycline during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, infancy and childhood until the age of 8 years old may cause reversible inhibition of bone growth. All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in bone-forming tissue Label.

Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of the majority of antibacterial agents, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents changes the normal flora of the colon, leading to an overgrowth of C. difficile.

Tetracycline class adverse reactions: This drug is structurally similar to tetracycline-class antibacterial drugs and may have similar adverse reactions. Adverse reactions including photosensitivity, pseudotumor cerebri, and anti-anabolic action which has led to increased BUN, azotemia, acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, pancreatitis, and abnormal liver function tests, have been reported for other tetracycline-class antibacterial agents, and may occur with eravacycline. Discontinue eravacycline if any of these adverse reactions are suspected or observed Label.

Potential for microbial overgrowth: The use of eravacycline may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If such infections occur, discontinue eravacycline and manage with appropriate therapy Label.

Development of drug-resistant bacteria: Prescribing eravacycline in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria Label.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Eravacycline can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AcenocoumarolEravacycline may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.
AcitretinThe risk or severity of pseudotumor cerebri can be increased when Acitretin is combined with Eravacycline.
AlitretinoinThe risk or severity of pseudotumor cerebri can be increased when Alitretinoin is combined with Eravacycline.
AmbroxolThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Eravacycline is combined with Ambroxol.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A metabolism and may reduce serum levels of eravacycline. Dose adjustment may be necessary for co-administration.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Eravacycline dihydrochlorideWK1NMH89VJ1334714-66-7JYCNMRVZELJVAW-RZVFYPHASA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
XeravaInjection, powder, for solution100 mgIntravenousPaion Deutschland Gmb H2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag
XeravaInjection, powder, for solution50 mgIntravenousPaion Deutschland Gmb H2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
XeravaInjection, powder, for solution100 mgIntravenousPaion Deutschland Gmb H2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag
XeravaInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution100 mg/1IntravenousTetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2018-09-10Not applicableUS flag
XeravaInjection, powder, for solution100 mgIntravenousPaion Deutschland Gmb H2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag

Categories

ATC Codes
J01AA13 — EravacyclineJ01AA20 — Combinations of tetracyclines
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetracyclines. These are polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Tetracyclines
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Tetracyclines
Alternative Parents
Naphthacenes / Anthracenecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acid amides / Tetralins / P-fluorophenols / Aryl ketones / N-arylamides / Aralkylamines / Cyclohexenones / Aryl fluorides
show 12 more
Substituents
4-fluorophenol / 4-halophenol / Alcohol / Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Anthracene carboxylic acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
show 35 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
07896928ZC
CAS number
1207283-85-9
InChI Key
HLFSMUUOKPBTSM-ISIOAQNYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C27H31FN4O8/c1-31(2)20-13-8-11-7-12-14(28)9-15(30-16(33)10-32-5-3-4-6-32)21(34)18(12)22(35)17(11)24(37)27(13,40)25(38)19(23(20)36)26(29)39/h9,11,13,20,34,36-37,40H,3-8,10H2,1-2H3,(H2,29,39)(H,30,33)/t11-,13-,20-,27-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-7-fluoro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-9-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamido]-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC3=C(F)C=C(NC(=O)CN4CCCC4)C(O)=C3C(=O)C1=C(O)[C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@@H](N(C)C)[C@]1([H])C2

References

General References
  1. Solomkin J, Evans D, Slepavicius A, Lee P, Marsh A, Tsai L, Sutcliffe JA, Horn P: Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Eravacycline vs Ertapenem in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in the Investigating Gram-Negative Infections Treated With Eravacycline (IGNITE 1) Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):224-232. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4237. [Article]
  2. Connors KP, Housman ST, Pope JS, Russomanno J, Salerno E, Shore E, Redican S, Nicolau DP: Phase I, open-label, safety and pharmacokinetic study to assess bronchopulmonary disposition of intravenous eravacycline in healthy men and women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(4):2113-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02036-13. Epub 2014 Jan 27. [Article]
  3. Thakare R, Dasgupta A, Chopra S: Eravacycline for the treatment of patients with bacterial infections. Drugs Today (Barc). 2018 Apr;54(4):245-254. doi: 10.1358/dot.2018.54.4.2800623. [Article]
  4. Xerava Approval History [Link]
  5. FDA Approved Drug Products: XERAVA (eravacycline) injection [Link]
PubChem Compound
54726192
PubChem Substance
347828591
ChemSpider
28495485
RxNav
2055906
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1951095
Wikipedia
Eravacycline
FDA label
Download (194 KB)
MSDS
Download (22 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous100 MG
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous50 MG
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous100 mg/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8796245No2014-08-052029-08-07US flag
US8906887No2014-12-092030-12-28US flag
US10961190No2021-03-302037-10-19US flag
US11578044No2017-10-192037-10-19US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.838 mg/mLALOGPS
logP0.24ALOGPS
logP-3.5Chemaxon
logS-2.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.96Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area193.73 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity144.16 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability53.6 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings5Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-1100090000-e13d41491f42d7cfd2fc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-059i-0004890000-1619072d47f491e780b3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-006x-1000090000-8e216249a6b0981826d9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-08fr-0007950000-3353f79202848fda3c91
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bu1-7910060000-34bb54d9a62d6c81936d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f9i-2014890000-369d2eb2f90fc4624375
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-226.48743
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+228.88301
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+234.79553
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Translation repressor activity, nucleic acid binding
Specific Function
One of two assembly initiator proteins for the 30S subunit, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.With S5 and S12 plays an important role in trans...
Gene Name
rpsD
Uniprot ID
P0A7V8
Uniprot Name
30S ribosomal protein S4
Molecular Weight
23468.915 Da
References
  1. Zhanel GG, Cheung D, Adam H, Zelenitsky S, Golden A, Schweizer F, Gorityala B, Lagace-Wiens PR, Walkty A, Gin AS, Hoban DJ, Karlowsky JA: Review of Eravacycline, a Novel Fluorocycline Antibacterial Agent. Drugs. 2016 Apr;76(5):567-88. doi: 10.1007/s40265-016-0545-8. [Article]
  2. Grossman TH, Starosta AL, Fyfe C, O'Brien W, Rothstein DM, Mikolajka A, Wilson DN, Sutcliffe JA: Target- and resistance-based mechanistic studies with TP-434, a novel fluorocycline antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 May;56(5):2559-64. doi: 10.1128/AAC.06187-11. Epub 2012 Feb 21. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Eravacycline [Link]
  2. Eravacycline FDA label [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Serotonin binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
Gene Name
MAOA
Uniprot ID
P21397
Uniprot Name
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
Molecular Weight
59681.27 Da
References
  1. Eravacycline FDA label [File]

Drug created at October 20, 2016 21:57 / Updated at October 07, 2021 12:09