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Identification
- Summary
Fesoterodine is an antimuscarinic agent used in the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.
- Brand Names
- Toviaz
- Generic Name
- Fesoterodine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06702
- Background
Fesoterodine is an antimuscarinic prodrug for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Fesoterodine (DB06702)
- Weight
- Average: 411.5769
Monoisotopic: 411.277344055 - Chemical Formula
- C26H37NO3
- Synonyms
- FESO
- Fesoterodina
- Fesoterodine
Pharmacology
- Indication
Fesoterodine is indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder in adult patients with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.3 It is also indicated in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in pediatric patients ≥6 years old weighing >25 kg.3
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Neurogenic detrusor overactivity •••••••••••• ••••••••• •••••• •••• •••• •• •• ••••••• •••••••• ••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Overactive bladder syndrome (oabs) •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••• •••••••• ••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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In-vivo the fesoteridine prodrug is broken down into its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT), by plasma esterases. The 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite, which exhibits an antimuscarinic activity. Both urinary bladder contraction and salivation are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Therefore, acting as a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, fesoterodine ultimately acts to decrease the detrusor pressure by its muscarinic antagonism, thereby decreasing bladder contraction and consequently, the urge to urinate.
- Mechanism of action
Fesoterodine, once converted to its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, acts as a competitive antagonists at muscarinic receptors. This results in the inhibition of bladder contraction, decrease in detrusor pressure, and an incomplete emptying of the bladder.
Target Actions Organism AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 antagonistHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 antagonistHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonistHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 antagonistHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 antagonistHumans - Absorption
Tmax (5-HMT): 5 hours post-adminitration of fesoterodine. AUC (0,∞)= 49.5 ng·h/ ml
Bioavailability, 5-HMT = 52%- Volume of distribution
IV, 5-HMT: 169 L
- Protein binding
5-HMT: 50% to albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein
- Metabolism
Metabolized by ubiquitous, nonspecific esterases to transform fesoterodine into 5-HMT Extensive metabolism via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 into inactive metabolites
- Route of elimination
Renal: 70% of fesoterodine was recovered in urine as 5-HMT; 35% carboxy metabolite; 18% carboxy-N-desisopropylmetabolite, and 1% N-desisopropyl metabolite Fecal: 7% Hepatic: fesoterodine elimination via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4
- Half-life
7-8 hours for the active metabolite 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine
- Clearance
5-HMT, healthy subjects: 14.4 L/h 5-HMT is also secreted into the nephron.
- Adverse Effects
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Rat, Oral, LD50: ~ 681 mg/kg Mouse, Oral, LD50: ~ 316 mg/kg Rat, Intravenous, NOAEL: 10 mg/kg Mouse, Intravenous, NOAEL: 10 mg/kg
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*3 Not Available C allele Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*4 Not Available C allele Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*5 Not Available Whole-gene deletion Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*6 Not Available 1707delT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*7 Not Available 2935A>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*8 Not Available 1758G>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*11 Not Available 883G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*12 Not Available 124G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*13 Not Available CYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structure Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*14A Not Available 1758G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*15 Not Available 137insT, 137_138insT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*19 Not Available 2539_2542delAACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*20 Not Available 1973_1974insG Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*21 Not Available 2573insC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*31 Not Available -1770G>A / -1584C>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*36 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*38 Not Available 2587_2590delGACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*40 Not Available 1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2 Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*42 Not Available 3259_3260insGT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*44 Not Available 2950G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*47 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*51 Not Available -1584C>G / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*56 Not Available 3201C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*57 Not Available 100C>T / 310G>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*62 Not Available 4044C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68A Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68B Not Available Similar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4. Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*69 Not Available 2988G>A / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*92 Not Available 1995delC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*100 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*101 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Fesoterodine which could result in a higher serum level. Abametapir The serum concentration of Fesoterodine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Fesoterodine can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Fesoterodine can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Acebutolol The metabolism of Fesoterodine can be decreased when combined with Acebutolol. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Fesoterodine fumarate EOS72165S7 286930-03-8 MWHXMIASLKXGBU-RNCYCKTQSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Toviaz Tablet, extended release 8 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU 
Toviaz Tablet, film coated, extended release 4 mg/1 Oral U.S. Pharmaceuticals 2008-10-31 Not applicable US 
Toviaz Tablet, extended release 4 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Toviaz Tablet, film coated, extended release 8 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 2008-10-31 2020-11-30 US Toviaz Tablet, extended release 4 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ach-fesoterodine Tablet, extended release 8 mg Oral Accord Healthcare, S.L.U. Not applicable Not applicable Canada 
Ach-fesoterodine Tablet, extended release 4 mg Oral Accord Healthcare, S.L.U. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Apo-fesoterodine Tablet, extended release 8 mg Oral Apotex Corporation Not applicable Not applicable Canada Apo-fesoterodine Tablet, extended release 4 mg Oral Apotex Corporation Not applicable Not applicable Canada Fesoterodine Fumarate Tablet, extended release 4 mg/1 Oral AvKARE 2023-11-07 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- G04BD11 — Fesoterodine
- Drug Categories
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Anticholinergic Agents
- Benzene Derivatives
- Cholinergic Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs for Urinary Frequency and Incontinence
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Genitourinary Agents
- Muscarinic Antagonists
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Urological Agents
- Urologicals
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Diphenylmethanes
- Direct Parent
- Diphenylmethanes
- Alternative Parents
- Phenol esters / Phenoxy compounds / Benzyl alcohols / Aralkylamines / Trialkylamines / Carboxylic acid esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds show 4 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzyl alcohol / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 621G617227
- CAS number
- 286930-02-7
- InChI Key
- DCCSDBARQIPTGU-HSZRJFAPSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C26H37NO3/c1-18(2)26(29)30-25-13-12-21(17-28)16-24(25)23(22-10-8-7-9-11-22)14-15-27(19(3)4)20(5)6/h7-13,16,18-20,23,28H,14-15,17H2,1-6H3/t23-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 2-[(1R)-3-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]-1-phenylpropyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl 2-methylpropanoate
- SMILES
- CC(C)N(CC[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=C(OC(=O)C(C)C)C=CC(CO)=C1)C(C)C
References
- Synthesis Reference
Claus Meese, "CHIRAL INTERMEDIATE, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND ITS USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOLTERODINE, FESOTERODINE, OR THE ACTIVE METABOLITE THEREOF." U.S. Patent US20090192224, issued July 30, 2009.
US20090192224- General References
- Malhotra B, Dickins M, Alvey C, Jumadilova Z, Li X, Duczynski G, Gandelman K: Effects of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, fluconazole, on the pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;72(2):263-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04007.x. [Article]
- Malhotra B, Gandelman K, Sachse R, Wood N, Michel MC: The design and development of fesoterodine as a prodrug of 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT), the active metabolite of tolterodine. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(33):4481-9. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: TOVIAZ (fesoterodine fumarate) extended-release tablets [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015648
- KEGG Drug
- D07226
- PubChem Compound
- 6918558
- PubChem Substance
- 99443256
- ChemSpider
- 5293755
- 797195
- ChEBI
- 135920
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1201764
- ZINC
- ZINC000001552908
- PharmGKB
- PA165958376
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Fesoterodine
- FDA label
- Download (430 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (102 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) 7 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) / Urinary Bladder Diseases / Urological Diseases 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) / Urinary Incontinence (UI) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Other Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet, extended release Oral 4 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 8 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 4 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 8 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 4 mg Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 4 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 8 mg Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 8 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6858650 Yes 2005-02-22 2023-01-03 US US7384980 No 2008-06-10 2019-05-11 US US7807715 Yes 2010-10-05 2027-12-07 US US7855230 No 2010-12-21 2019-05-11 US US7985772 No 2011-07-26 2019-05-11 US US8088398 Yes 2012-01-03 2027-12-07 US US8338478 No 2012-12-25 2019-05-11 US US8501723 Yes 2013-08-06 2027-12-07 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility Highly soluble MSDS - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00205 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 5.45 ALOGPS logP 5.7 Chemaxon logS -5.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 14.98 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 10.64 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 49.77 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 11 Chemaxon Refractivity 124.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 48.29 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9535 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.5648 Caco-2 permeable + 0.7699 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5268 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.5556 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.625 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.6025 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.6853 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.5151 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5939 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.6306 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7227 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6255 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7334 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5718 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.6144 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.646 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7213 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9385 Rat acute toxicity 2.4003 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9196 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.5602
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-03k9-8779000000-2e606385c85d52b6ad73 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0006-9114200000-faac50e33136b7b4e9fc Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-03di-4000900000-43a471a8e77287c238f5 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0006-9315000000-4965bc7ae400398e7a26 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-01p9-9202300000-db69989cdbade9effe1a Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0296-6493000000-a8dbdc2c25ee7637c7da Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0079-9025000000-f07b5c4b45c2af0ad87a Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 216.9453037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 218.1316037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 203.6327 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 217.3607037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 218.4201037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 206.02827 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 216.4638037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 218.1647037 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 211.94078 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine binding
- Gene Name
- CHRM3
- Uniprot ID
- P20309
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
- Molecular Weight
- 66127.445 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is inhibition of adenylate cyclase
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Gene Name
- CHRM4
- Uniprot ID
- P08173
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
- Molecular Weight
- 53048.65 Da
References
- Mansfield KJ, Chandran JJ, Vaux KJ, Millard RJ, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson FJ, Burcher E: Comparison of receptor binding characteristics of commonly used muscarinic antagonists in human bladder detrusor and mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):893-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145508. Epub 2008 Nov 24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Gene Name
- CHRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P11229
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
- Molecular Weight
- 51420.375 Da
References
- Nilvebrant L: Tolterodine and its active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite: pure muscarinic receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002 May;90(5):260-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition. Signaling promotes phospholipase C activity, leading to the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3); this then triggers calcium ion release into the cytosol
- Specific Function
- arrestin family protein binding
- Gene Name
- CHRM2
- Uniprot ID
- P08172
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
- Molecular Weight
- 51714.605 Da
References
- Mansfield KJ, Chandran JJ, Vaux KJ, Millard RJ, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson FJ, Burcher E: Comparison of receptor binding characteristics of commonly used muscarinic antagonists in human bladder detrusor and mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):893-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145508. Epub 2008 Nov 24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Gene Name
- CHRM5
- Uniprot ID
- P08912
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5
- Molecular Weight
- 60073.205 Da
References
- Mansfield KJ, Chandran JJ, Vaux KJ, Millard RJ, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson FJ, Burcher E: Comparison of receptor binding characteristics of commonly used muscarinic antagonists in human bladder detrusor and mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):893-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145508. Epub 2008 Nov 24. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Malhotra B, Guan Z, Wood N, Gandelman K: Pharmacokinetic profile of fesoterodine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Nov;46(11):556-63. [Article]
- Malhotra B, Dickins M, Alvey C, Jumadilova Z, Li X, Duczynski G, Gandelman K: Effects of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, fluconazole, on the pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;72(2):263-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04007.x. [Article]
- Malhotra B, Sachse R, Wood N: Evaluation of drug-drug interactions with fesoterodine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;65(6):551-60. doi: 10.1007/s00228-009-0648-1. Epub 2009 Apr 4. [Article]
- Malhotra BK, Wood N, Sachse R: Influence of age, gender, and race on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fesoterodine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;47(9):570-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Malhotra B, Guan Z, Wood N, Gandelman K: Pharmacokinetic profile of fesoterodine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Nov;46(11):556-63. [Article]
- Malhotra B, Dickins M, Alvey C, Jumadilova Z, Li X, Duczynski G, Gandelman K: Effects of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, fluconazole, on the pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;72(2):263-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04007.x. [Article]
- Malhotra B, Sachse R, Wood N: Evaluation of drug-drug interactions with fesoterodine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;65(6):551-60. doi: 10.1007/s00228-009-0648-1. Epub 2009 Apr 4. [Article]
- Malhotra BK, Wood N, Sachse R: Influence of age, gender, and race on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fesoterodine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;47(9):570-8. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Chancellor MB, Staskin DR, Kay GG, Sandage BW, Oefelein MG, Tsao JW: Blood-brain barrier permeation and efflux exclusion of anticholinergics used in the treatment of overactive bladder. Drugs Aging. 2012 Apr 1;29(4):259-73. doi: 10.2165/11597530-000000000-00000. [Article]
Drug created at May 06, 2010 16:47 / Updated at October 21, 2024 08:50